Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o modo como vem sendo implementado o tratamento diretamente observado (TDO) da tuberculose (TB) pulmonar no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, identificando suas aproximações com as ações de Promoção da Saúde recomendadas/sugeridas pelo Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose. O estudo foi realizado com base no referencial da Promoção da Saúde, e teve caráter qualitativo do tipo exploratório-descritivo. As informações analisadas foram obtidas a partir de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com nove profissionais da saúde envolvidos no TDO bem como de documentos oficiais e manuais técnicos de controle da (TB). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre. Os resultados foram organizados em uma categoria principal “O Cenário do TDO da TB em Serviços de Saúde de Porto Alegre” que se divide em três subcategorias: “As palavras das gestoras: nossa fala é a fala do Ministério”, “A consciência dos limites da prática: TDO não é a nossa realidade” e “É preciso ampliar: não existe solução mágica para a tuberculose”. As informações coletadas tem a ver com a visão dos gestores sobre a implementação do TDO da TB em Porto Alegre, os limites encontrados pelos profissionais da saúde para realizarem o TDO e os movimentos, na lógica da promoção da saúde, realizados pelos profissionais no controle da doença. A pesquisa identificou uma baixa cobertura de TDO em Porto Alegre, além de discrepâncias entre o que é recomendado e planejado para a implementação do TDO e o que é colocado em prática. Por fim, foram indicadas estratégias que levam em conta os determinantes sociais da saúde, identificadas pelos profissionais como importantes para o controle da TB. Contudo, segundo os participantes ainda é pouco explorada a potência destes projetos para a realização do TDO. Sugere-se, devido à importância e à complexidade do tema TB, que se siga investindo em estudos que analisem o contexto de implementação do TDO, analisando os limites e as possibilidades da realização de ações que objetivem a promoção da saúde dos usuários acometidos por TB. / This research aimed at analyzing how the Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) of lung tuberculosis (TB) is being implemented in the municipality of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by identifying its approaches to the actions of Health Promotion as recommended and suggested by the National Program of Tuberculosis Control. The study was qualitative. It was carried out on the basis of Health Promotion assumptions and concepts. Data was gathered from semi-structured interviews with nine health professionals who are involved in the implementation of the DOT strategy in selected health services, as well as from official documents and technical manuals of TB control. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and by the Research Ethics Committee of the Municipal Health Secretariat of Porto Alegre. The results were organized in a main category called “The scenario of the DOT of TB in Health Services of Porto Alegre”. This category was divided into three subcategories: “The managers’ words: our speech is the speech of the Ministry”, The awareness of the limits of practice: DOT is not our reality” and “Broadening is needed: there is no magic solution for TB”. The information analysis comprised the managers´ vision as to the implementation of the supervised tuberculosis treatment, the difficulties of health professionals to carry out the DOT and the movements within the health promotion logics, made by the professionals within the field of disease control. The research led to the conclusion that there is a low coverage of the DOT in Porto Alegre. In addition, there are discrepancies between what is recommended and planned for the implementation of DOT and what is put into practice. At last, strategies that take into account the social determinants of health were indicated by the professionals as important for TB control. However, the research participants suggested that the potential of these projects for the realization of DOT is still less explored. Due to the importance and complexity of the TB issue, it is suggested the continuing of investments on studies that analize the context of the implementation of DOT, analyzing the limits and possibilities of performing actions to promote the health of people with TB. / Este estudio tenía como objetivo analizar el modo cómo está siendo implantado el tratamiento directamente observado (TDO) de la tuberculosis (TB) pulmonar en la municipalidad de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, identificando sus aproximaciones con las acciones de Promoción de la Salud recomendadas y sugeridas por el Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis. El estudio fue realizado con base en el referencial de la Promoción de la Salud, y delineado por el carácter cualitativo del tipo exploratorio-descriptivo. Las informaciones analizadas se obtuvieron a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 9 profesionales de la salud involucrados en el TDO así como de documentos oficiales y manuales técnicos de control de la TB. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad Federal del Rio Grande do Sul y por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Porto Alegre. Los resultados se organizaron en una categoría principal “El Escenario del TDO de la TB en Servicios de Salud de Porto Alegre” que se divide en três subcategorías: “Las palabras de la gestión: nuestra habla es el habla del Ministerio”, “La consciencia de los límites de la práctica: TDO no es la nuestra realidad” y “Es preciso ampliar: no existe solución mágica para la TB”. El análisis de las informaciones comprendió la visión de los gestores en cuanto a la implementación del TDO de la TB, las dificultades de los profesionales de la salud para realizar el TDO y los movimientos, en la lógica de la promoción de la salud, realizados por los profesionales en el control de la enfermedad. El estudio generó la conclusión de que hay una baja cobertura de TDO en Porto Alegre. Además, hay discrepancias entre lo que es planeado y orientado con lo que es puesto en práctica, con respecto al TDO. Por fin, se identificaron estrategias innovadoras realizadas por los profesionales de la salud para el control de la TB, que consideran los determinantes sociales de la salud. Sin embargo, todavía es poco explorada la potencia de estos proyectos para la realización del TDO. Debido a la importancia y a la complejidad del tema TB, se sugiere seguir con inversiones en estudios que presentan nuevas estrategias para el control de la enfermedad.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o modo como vem sendo implementado o tratamento diretamente observado (TDO) da tuberculose (TB) pulmonar no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, identificando suas aproximações com as ações de Promoção da Saúde recomendadas/sugeridas pelo Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose. O estudo foi realizado com base no referencial da Promoção da Saúde, e teve caráter qualitativo do tipo exploratório-descritivo. As informações analisadas foram obtidas a partir de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com nove profissionais da saúde envolvidos no TDO bem como de documentos oficiais e manuais técnicos de controle da (TB). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre. Os resultados foram organizados em uma categoria principal “O Cenário do TDO da TB em Serviços de Saúde de Porto Alegre” que se divide em três subcategorias: “As palavras das gestoras: nossa fala é a fala do Ministério”, “A consciência dos limites da prática: TDO não é a nossa realidade” e “É preciso ampliar: não existe solução mágica para a tuberculose”. As informações coletadas tem a ver com a visão dos gestores sobre a implementação do TDO da TB em Porto Alegre, os limites encontrados pelos profissionais da saúde para realizarem o TDO e os movimentos, na lógica da promoção da saúde, realizados pelos profissionais no controle da doença. A pesquisa identificou uma baixa cobertura de TDO em Porto Alegre, além de discrepâncias entre o que é recomendado e planejado para a implementação do TDO e o que é colocado em prática. Por fim, foram indicadas estratégias que levam em conta os determinantes sociais da saúde, identificadas pelos profissionais como importantes para o controle da TB. Contudo, segundo os participantes ainda é pouco explorada a potência destes projetos para a realização do TDO. Sugere-se, devido à importância e à complexidade do tema TB, que se siga investindo em estudos que analisem o contexto de implementação do TDO, analisando os limites e as possibilidades da realização de ações que objetivem a promoção da saúde dos usuários acometidos por TB. / This research aimed at analyzing how the Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) of lung tuberculosis (TB) is being implemented in the municipality of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by identifying its approaches to the actions of Health Promotion as recommended and suggested by the National Program of Tuberculosis Control. The study was qualitative. It was carried out on the basis of Health Promotion assumptions and concepts. Data was gathered from semi-structured interviews with nine health professionals who are involved in the implementation of the DOT strategy in selected health services, as well as from official documents and technical manuals of TB control. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and by the Research Ethics Committee of the Municipal Health Secretariat of Porto Alegre. The results were organized in a main category called “The scenario of the DOT of TB in Health Services of Porto Alegre”. This category was divided into three subcategories: “The managers’ words: our speech is the speech of the Ministry”, The awareness of the limits of practice: DOT is not our reality” and “Broadening is needed: there is no magic solution for TB”. The information analysis comprised the managers´ vision as to the implementation of the supervised tuberculosis treatment, the difficulties of health professionals to carry out the DOT and the movements within the health promotion logics, made by the professionals within the field of disease control. The research led to the conclusion that there is a low coverage of the DOT in Porto Alegre. In addition, there are discrepancies between what is recommended and planned for the implementation of DOT and what is put into practice. At last, strategies that take into account the social determinants of health were indicated by the professionals as important for TB control. However, the research participants suggested that the potential of these projects for the realization of DOT is still less explored. Due to the importance and complexity of the TB issue, it is suggested the continuing of investments on studies that analize the context of the implementation of DOT, analyzing the limits and possibilities of performing actions to promote the health of people with TB. / Este estudio tenía como objetivo analizar el modo cómo está siendo implantado el tratamiento directamente observado (TDO) de la tuberculosis (TB) pulmonar en la municipalidad de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, identificando sus aproximaciones con las acciones de Promoción de la Salud recomendadas y sugeridas por el Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis. El estudio fue realizado con base en el referencial de la Promoción de la Salud, y delineado por el carácter cualitativo del tipo exploratorio-descriptivo. Las informaciones analizadas se obtuvieron a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 9 profesionales de la salud involucrados en el TDO así como de documentos oficiales y manuales técnicos de control de la TB. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad Federal del Rio Grande do Sul y por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Porto Alegre. Los resultados se organizaron en una categoría principal “El Escenario del TDO de la TB en Servicios de Salud de Porto Alegre” que se divide en três subcategorías: “Las palabras de la gestión: nuestra habla es el habla del Ministerio”, “La consciencia de los límites de la práctica: TDO no es la nuestra realidad” y “Es preciso ampliar: no existe solución mágica para la TB”. El análisis de las informaciones comprendió la visión de los gestores en cuanto a la implementación del TDO de la TB, las dificultades de los profesionales de la salud para realizar el TDO y los movimientos, en la lógica de la promoción de la salud, realizados por los profesionales en el control de la enfermedad. El estudio generó la conclusión de que hay una baja cobertura de TDO en Porto Alegre. Además, hay discrepancias entre lo que es planeado y orientado con lo que es puesto en práctica, con respecto al TDO. Por fin, se identificaron estrategias innovadoras realizadas por los profesionales de la salud para el control de la TB, que consideran los determinantes sociales de la salud. Sin embargo, todavía es poco explorada la potencia de estos proyectos para la realización del TDO. Debido a la importancia y a la complejidad del tema TB, se sugiere seguir con inversiones en estudios que presentan nuevas estrategias para el control de la enfermedad.

O estudo teve como foco a análise do envolvimento de gestores (secretários) municipais e equipes de saúde da atenção básica com as ações de controle da tuberculose (TB) em nove municípios prioritários do Estado de São Paulo, a partir da percepção dos coordenadores do Programa de Controle da TB. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico o modelo proposto pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (2003) baseado na integração dos componentes estruturais (Macro, Meso e Micro) do sistema de saúde para a organização da atenção às condições crônicas, dentre elas a TB. Trata-se de uma pesquisa que utilizou a abordagem qualitativa, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada e analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo-modalidade temática. A codificação dos depoimentos resultou em duas Unidades Temáticas Centrais: \"O controle da Tuberculose na agenda municipal de saúde: uma prioridade política?\" e \"A incorporação das ações de controle da TB na Atenção Básica à Saúde\". A primeira Unidade Temática apontou o desinteresse pelas políticas e estratégias de controle da TB, a discordância com a prática do Tratamento Supervisionado, a presença de outras prioridades de saúde com caráter emergencial e o enfoque na implantação e expansão de equipes de saúde da família pela gestão municipal como elementos que dificultam a valorização da TB na agenda de saúde e a disponibilização de recursos essenciais para seu controle. Na segunda Unidade Temática identificou-se que a falta de recursos humanos, a inadequada qualificação dos profissionais e a visão centralizada e fragmentada da organização das ações de controle da doença no sistema de saúde representam as principais barreiras para a incorporação da TB no âmbito da atenção básica. Considera-se que a construção de um sistema municipal de saúde mais responsável e com ampla participação da atenção básica no efetivo controle da TB exige um padrão de gestão comprometido com a doença e com as estratégias difundidas para seu controle como o DOTS; a organização de uma rede de serviços integrada, resolutiva e humanizada e a elaboração/implementação de uma política de recursos humanos capaz de garantir formação e capacitação contínua das equipes de saúde. / The aim of this study was to explore the involvement of municipal health managers (Health Secretaries) and basic health attention teams with actions for tuberculosis (TB) control in nine priority cities in São Paulo, from the viewpoint of the TB Control Program coordinators. Theoretical references were based on the model proposed by the World Health Organization (2003), which consists of the integration of health system structural elements (Macro, Meso, and Micro) for the organization of services targeting chronic conditions, among which is TB. This study involves the use of a qualitative approach and data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by means of theme unit content analysis techniques. Two major theme units stood out after testimonials were encoded: \"Tuberculosis control in the municipal health agenda: Is it a priority?\" and \"The incorporation of TB control actions into basic Health services\". The first theme unit identified the following, as elements that hinder the inclusion of TB in the health agenda and allocation of essential financial resources for its control: 1) a lack of interest in strategies and policies for TB control; 2) disagreement on Supervised Treatment practice; 3) other existing health priorities, and 4) the Health Secretary\'s focus on implementing and expanding the Family Health Program actions and teams. The second theme unit showed that the lack of human resources, inadequate professional capacity building, and a centralized and fragmented understanding about organizing the disease control actions within the health system represent barriers that need to be overcome in order to include TB into the Basic Health Services. The conclusion is that setting up a more responsible municipal health system and making basic health attention providers more participatory in an effective control of TB requires a kind of management that is concerned with the disease and the strategies proposed for its control, such as DOTS. Furthermore, it is mandatory to organize an integrated, problem-solving, and human service network as well as design and implement a human resources policy that will ensure continuing education and capacity building targeting health teams.

L'estimation du maximum de vraisemblance est une méthode répandue pour l'identification d'un modèle paramétré de série temporelle à partir d'un échantillon d'observations. Dans le cadre de modèles bien spécifiés, il est primordial d'obtenir la consistance de l'estimateur, à savoir sa convergence vers le vrai paramètre lorsque la taille de l'échantillon d'observations tend vers l'infini. Pour beaucoup de modèles de séries temporelles, par exemple les modèles de Markov cachés ou « hidden Markov models »(HMM), la propriété de consistance « forte » peut cependant être dfficile à établir. On peut alors s'intéresser à la consistance de l'estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance (EMV) dans un sens faible, c'est-à-dire que lorsque la taille de l'échantillon tend vers l'infini, l'EMV converge vers un ensemble de paramètres qui s'associent tous à la même distribution de probabilité des observations que celle du vrai paramètre. La consistance dans ce sens, qui reste une propriété privilégiée dans beaucoup d'applications de séries temporelles, est dénommée consistance de classe d'équivalence. L'obtention de la consistance de classe d'équivalence exige en général deux étapes importantes : 1) montrer que l'EMV converge vers l'ensemble qui maximise la log-vraisemblance normalisée asymptotique ; et 2) montrer que chaque paramètre dans cet ensemble produit la même distribution du processus d'observation que celle du vrai paramètre. Cette thèse a pour objet principal d'établir la consistance de classe d'équivalence des modèles de Markov partiellement observés, ou « partially observed Markov models » (PMM), comme les HMM et les modèles « observation-driven » (ODM). / Maximum likelihood estimation is a widespread method for identifying a parametrized model of a time series from a sample of observations. Under the framework of well-specified models, it is of prime interest to obtain consistency of the estimator, that is, its convergence to the true parameter as the sample size of the observations goes to infinity. For many time series models, for instance hidden Markov models (HMMs), such a “strong” consistency property can however be difficult to establish. Alternatively, one can show that the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is consistent in a weakened sense, that is, as the sample size goes to infinity, the MLE eventually converges to a set of parameters, all of which associate to the same probability distribution of the observations as for the true one. The consistency in this sense, which remains a preferred property in many time series applications, is referred to as equivalence-class consistency. The task of deriving such a property generally involves two important steps: 1) show that the MLE converges to the maximizing set of the asymptotic normalized loglikelihood; and 2) show that any parameter in this maximizing set yields the same distribution of the observation process as for the true parameter. In this thesis, our primary attention is to establish the equivalence-class consistency for time series models that belong to the class of partially observed Markov models (PMMs) such as HMMs and observation-driven models (ODMs).

The thesis deals comparison of house prices in Nový Jičín and its surroundings in 2015 and 2016. This family house is located in the village Starý Jičín and then for comparison will be moved to the center of Nový Jičín. In given locations we have to determined observed price and market value. In theoretical part is explained basic terminology, the main legislation which was used and methods of valuation of immovable property. The result of this work is getting to know the influences of locations of family house and it´s price. and identify factors that influence these prices.

No description available.

The subject of teacher competencies or knowledge has been a key issue in mathematics education reform. This study attempts to identify and analyze teacher competencies necessary in the orchestration of a problem-centred approach to dynamic geometry teaching and learning. The advent of dynamic geometry environments into classrooms has placed new demands and expectations on mathematics teachers. In this study the Teacher Development Experiment was used as the main method of investigation. Twenty third-year mathematics major teachers participated in workshop and microteaching sessions involving the use of the Geometer's Sketchpad dynamic geometry software in the teaching and learning of the geometry of triangles and quadrilaterals. Five intersecting categories of teacher competencies were identified: mathematical/geometrical competencies. pedagogical competencies. computer and software competences, language and assessment competencies. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Ed. (Mathematical Education)

This quantitative, descriptive study investigated risk factors for MDR-TB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 439 medical records belonging to MDR-TB and non MDR-TB patients managed in public health centres from January 2008 to December 2011 were analysed. Data were transcribed from each TB patient‟s medical records using a specifically designed checklist. The findings revealed that male gender, previous history of TB treatment, poor treatment adherence, an outcome of failure after TB re-treatment, previous category of failure, pulmonary involvement of TB infection and HIV infection were associated with MDR-TB. The findings illustrate that efforts should be made to prioritise the development and implementation of effective MDR TB screening and treatment protocols for these high risk groups to improve treatment outcome and minimize the emergence of XDR TB. / Health Studies / M. Public Health

The subject of teacher competences or knowledge has been a key issue in mathematics education reform. This study attempts to identify and analyze teacher competences necessary in the orchestration of a problem-centred approach to dynamic geometry teaching and learning. The advent of dynamic geometry environments into classrooms has placed new demands and expectations on mathematics teachers. In this study the Teacher Development Experiment was used as the main method of investigation. Twenty third-year mathematics major teachers participated in workshop and microteaching sessions involving the use of the Geometer’s Sketchpad dynamic geometry software in the teaching and learning of the geometry of triangles and quadrilaterals. Five intersecting categories of teacher competences were identified: mathematical/geometrical competences, pedagogical competences, computer and software competences, language and assessment competencies. / Mathematics Education / M. Ed. (Mathematics Education)

This quantitative, descriptive study investigated risk factors for MDR-TB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 439 medical records belonging to MDR-TB and non MDR-TB patients managed in public health centres from January 2008 to December 2011 were analysed. Data were transcribed from each TB patient‟s medical records using a specifically designed checklist. The findings revealed that male gender, previous history of TB treatment, poor treatment adherence, an outcome of failure after TB re-treatment, previous category of failure, pulmonary involvement of TB infection and HIV infection were associated with MDR-TB. The findings illustrate that efforts should be made to prioritise the development and implementation of effective MDR TB screening and treatment protocols for these high risk groups to improve treatment outcome and minimize the emergence of XDR TB. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)