63 Set-off Defence Abstract The thesis deals with set-off from the point of view of procedural law and using the method of functional interpretation of law, strives to provide answers to questions that appear in the court proceedings in connection with its use. It builds on theorists who dealt with the issue of inducing an effect of set-off in the proceedings in the late 20th century, but also takes into account the findings of current academic community and presents the judicial conclusions reached by (not only Czech) courts. The thesis is divided into 4 chapters. The first chapter briefly deals with the substantive legislation of set-off (especially the requirements laid down for the receivables that are to be set-off, and cases where set-off is prohibited by law). A declaration of set-off as a substantive act may be decisive in assessing the admissibility of set-off in proceedings. The second chapter describes the origin of set-off in ancient Rome and the different concepts of set-off in current legal codifications, which is the result of inconsistent interpretation and reception of this institute by medieval scholars. This is reflected by Czech legal science in existence of civilian and procedural theory of offsetting. In the third chapter, the thesis deals with purely procedural aspects of set-off. The...

This work deals with the thermal load during cut-off grinding of high-strength bearing rings. Linear cut-off operations lead to a high rise in temperature over the cutting process. These leads, together with the limited material volume, in a heat build-up and the resulting grinding burn. The aim of this work was to prevent this head build-up by using two-axis cut-off operations. Therefore, known methods were theoretically considered and from this, alternative two-axis strategies were determined. For testing, experiments were carried out on a test set-up developed in this work. The tests showed that the two-axis strategies lead to significantly reduced temperatures, as well as non-grinding burn and partially burr-free cutting surfaces. However, the two-axis methods lead to increased process times, which is why approaches for their optimization have been discussed.

The Swedish Tourist Association, STF, is an organization which strives to make the Swedish nature more accessible to people. Since its founding, STF has been a key player in the development of the tourism in the Swedish mountain regions. Today the organization have 44 mountain cabins along the Swedish mountain range, and a majority of the huts are completely off-grid with no other connection to them but hiking trails. To accommodate for the needs of hikers and skiers throughout the year, the huts need electricity for lighting and in many cases cash registers and satellite modems to run small shops selling simple commodities. Many of the huts use solar energy combined with lead acid batteries, but not all of them can make it through the year without the use of a backup gasoline generator. This master thesis analyzes the different energy systems of four huts run by STF and using solar radiance data from PVGIS to calculate whether or not they are self-sufficient throughout the year using only solar energy. In the cases where the huts were found not to be self-sufficient, suggestions on actions that STF could implement to optimize the systems were found. For two out of the four huts, the thesis found that they were not self-sufficient, but after optimizing the energy systems with new energy saving appliances as well as tilting the solar panels between the winter and summer seasons, all four huts were found to be able to reach self-sufficiency.

This report is the result of a Master’s Degree Thesis done at the Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, during October 2014 to April 2015. The project was commissioned by Lidl in collaboration with Stockholms Stad and Integrated Transport Research Labs at KTH, and is a part of the Off-peak project. The Aim of the project was to help Lidl perform quieter street unloadings during off-peak hours. The unloading, today, is done with electrical pedestrian trucks and roll containers. Information was gathered about the current equipment and the current method of unloading was studied through observations. There were three problematic areas identified: the uneven ground, the hardware and the user. These were studied further on a pedestrian truck which was borrowed from Lidl for the thesis work. A market study was performed to see what solutions existed on the market. Information was also gathered on Off-peak projects in other cities and what the benefits of such projects could be. Study visits were made to Toyota-BT in Mjölby and Karnag in Täby to gather further knowledge. A meeting was held with K.Hartwall at Integrated Transport Research Lab to discuss their current solutions. The three problematic areas were discussed during a midterm meeting. Two of them were selected for future work: an add-on module to keep the fork carriage from rattling and an aid for the drivers of the trucks that shows the noise level. Many iterations of brainstorming, testing and evaluating led to the final results. The testing showed that the module that was supposed to keep the fork carriage from rattling didn’t have the desired results. The choice was then made to develop a spring solution to keep the forks from bouncing of each other. This led to the development of a leaf spring solution that is mounted on the underside of the fork carriage. The development of an aid for the drivers led to the Noise Advisor which is a sound level meter that sits on the side of the trucks mast and gives visual feedback to the driver. / Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete utfört på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, KTH, från oktober 2014 till april 2015. Projektets uppdragsgivare var Lidl och det utfördes i samarbete med Stockholms Stad och Integrated Transport Research Labs på KTH, som en del av Off-peak projektet. Målet med projektet var att hjälpa Lidl utföra tystare gatulossningar under off-peak tider. Lossningen idag sker med hjälp av elektriska ledtruckar samt rullburar. En bakgrundsstudie genomfördes där den nuvarande utrustningen och metoden för gatulossning studerades genom observationer på plats. Då identifierades tre problemområden: den ojämna marken, utrusningen och användaren. Dessa studerades vidare på en ledtruck och några rullburar som lånades in från Lidl. En marknadsundersökning utfördes för att se vilka lösningar som redan fanns på marknaden. Andra off-peak projekt i andra städer studerades och vilka fördelar de medförde. Studiebesök gjordes på Toyota-BT i Mjölby och Karnag i Täby för att samla ytterligare kunskap. Ett möte hölls med K.Hartwall på Integrated Transport Research Lab för att diskutera deras nuvarande lösningar. De tre problemområdena diskuterades under ett avstämmningsmöte som hölls i mitten av projektet. Då valdes två av dessa områden: en tilläggsmodul som ska motverka att gaffeln skramlar och en dosa som ger feedback till förare om ljudnivån när hen kör den. Många iterationer av brainstorming, tester och utvärderingar ledde till det slutliga resultatet. Testen visade att påbyggnadsmodulen, som var tänkt att förhindra gaffeln från att skramla, inte gav något bra resultatet. Då gjordes valet att utveckla en lösning som med hjälp av en fjäder förhindrar att gafflarna slår mot varandra. Detta ledde till utvecklingen av en lösning med en bladfjäder som monteras på undersidan av gaffeln. Utvecklingen av ett hjälpmedel till förarna ledde till Noise advisor som är en ljudnivåmätare som sitter på sidan av ledtrucken och ger en visuell feedback till föraren.

La détection de potentielles cibles secondaires ou off-targets d’un ligand donné requiert la détermination de son site d’interaction et la recherche de sites d’interaction similaires sur d’autres protéines. Dans le but de mener à bien cette étude, nous avons développé PatchSearch : cet outil compare un patch requête, correspondant à un site d’interaction, avec la surface d’une cible potentielle. L’algorithme employé s’appuie sur une méthode originale de recherche de quasi-cliques dans un graphe produit : cette approche identifie des groupes d’atomes du patch appariés avec ceux de la surface ciblée avec des propriétés physico-chimiques conservées et dans des configurations proches. Nous montrons que PatchSearch trouve des patches qui correspondent à ceux qui sont connus sur les surfaces ciblées. De plus, les résultats de l’application de PatchSearch sur des protéines flexibles indiquent que l’approche des quasi-cliques permet de retrouver à la fois les parties rigides et flexibles des patches,contrairement à la recherche classique de cliques. Enfin, les performances de Patch-Search sont équivalentes à celles des autres outils de comparaison de sites de liaison.Nous avons également appliqué PatchSearch sur des off-targets de médicaments impliqués dans le traitement de cancers. Nos expériences suggèrent l’utilisation de PatchSearch dans la recherche des éventuelles off-targets d’un médicament. / Detection of putative off-targets for a ligand requires to search for some similarbinding sites onto other proteins surface. In order to achieve this goal, we developeda tool named PatchSearch. This program compares a query patch, whichcontains the binding site, with the surface a potentially targeted protein. Patch-Search’s algorithm is based on an original method searching for some quasi-cliquesin a graph product, which identifies some atoms both in the patch and in the surfacewith conserved physicochemical properties and in similar configurations. Weshow that PatchSearch efficiently finds known patches on protein surfaces. Moreover,application of PatchSearch on flexible proteins shows that, unlike the classiccliques approach, quasi-cliques method allows to find both rigid and flexible partsof the patches. PatchSearch gets similar results compared to the other binding sitecomparison tools. We also applied PatchSearch to find patches binding polypharmacologicaldrugs involved in cancer treatment, in order to identify them on knownoff targets. Our experiments suggest to employ PatchSearch in off-targets detectionprocess.

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo um estudo da viabilidade de se fazer varreduras com uma antena gregoriana off-set com deslocamentos apenas do alimentador. São localizadas as regiões focais para a antena receptora de modo a posicionar o alimentador de uma maneira simples. Também são apresentados os diagramas de radiação correspondentes a estes deslocamentos calculados segundo a Teoria Escalar da Difração; e as limitações de varreduras para a antena particular que serviu para testar a eficiência do método. / [en] This work is related to the study of the pattern of Gregorian off-set antennas, by displacement of the feeder. The position of the feeder is obtained, in a simple way, by determining the focal regions of the antennas, working in reception. The radiation patterns corresponding to different position of the feeder are also presented. Such patterns are calculated according to the scalar theory of diffraction. The useful range of scanning, for a given antenna, used to check the efficiency of the method, is determined.

Detta är en rapport om svinn av bake-off bröd i butiksledet i Sverige och hur det kan begrän- sas. Vald metod består av två delar. Den första delen är en litteraturstudie om matsvinn. Den andra delen består av intervjuer med en chef på utvald livsmedelsbutik angående svinn av bröd. Orsakerna och åtgärderna jämförs med situationen i den undersökta butiken och åtgär- derna analyseras utifrån tillämpbarhet. Resultatet visar att det finns kundrelaterade och butiks- relaterade orsaker. Kunden förväntar sig ett brett sortiment och välfyllda hyllor. I dagsläget finns en god vetskap om denna typ av problem som påverkas av kunden. Svinn uppstår när den undersökta butiken köper in fel mängd varor. Denna orsak förklarar tydligt vad felet är, vilket inte alltid är fallet med orsaker funna i litteraturstudien. Det är viktigt att analysera hur olika orsaker hänger samman och poängtera den verkliga orsaken till problemet om det ska åtgärdas. Att implementera strikta rutiner för att minska svinn är upp till butiken och förbätt- rar presentationen i butiken. Sådana tillämpbara åtgärder karakteriseras av att vara ekono- miskt fördelaktiga eller att införandet ligger i butikens händer. Butiksansvarig kan informera personalen om ekonomiska och miljömässiga konsekvenser av svinn. Kunderna är däremot omedvetna om att de kan påverka matsvinn redan i butiken och initiativ från högre instanser krävs för att minska denna typ av svinn. / This report highlights the waste of bake-off bread occurring at the store level in Sweden and possible ways of preventing it. The method in the report consists of two parts. Firstly, a litera- ture review of earlier studies on food waste. Secondly, interviews with the manager of a selec- ted grocery store regarding the waste of bread. The causes of food waste, and the measures for reducing it, are compared with the situation in the interviewed store. Furthermore, the measu- res are analyzed based on applicability. The causes either relate to consumers or actions made by the store. Consumers expect the shelves to be fully stocked and products to be widely vari- ed. There is currently a thorough understanding of this sort of problem relating to the consu- mer. Food waste occurs when the store buys the wrong amount of goods. This sentence clear- ly explains what needs to be changed to prevent waste. However, this is not always the case with the causes explained in earlier studies. To prevent food waste, connections between cau- ses must be analyzed and the precise cause of the food waste must be determined. To imple- ment strict routines to reduce waste or not depends solely on the store’s preference. The im- plementation furthermore improves the presentation of the store. These applicable measures to reduce food waste are defined by being profitable or being implementations on the store’s terms. The store manager can inform the staff about the financial and environmental conse- quences of food waste. Consumers, however, are unaware that they can have an impact on food waste already in the store. Therefore, initiatives from higher authorities are necessary to reduce this form of waste.

Idag är människor i behov av Wi-Fi, eluttag samt belysning och samtidigt är kollektivtrafiken en stor del av människors vardag. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka huruvida en implementering av solceller kan gynna samhället utifrån ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala perspektiv. Studien beskriver även hur prisskillnaden mellan On-Grid och Off-Grid kan variera på grund av komponenter som används i implementeringen. I genomförandet undersöks energibehovet för Wi–Fi, LED-belysning och eluttag och detta har lett till att batteristorleken för systemet är 150 Ah. Däremot har Sverige få soldagar vilket leder till att antal mörka nätter approximeras till två och batteristorleken fördubblas därför till 300 Ah. Resultatet uppvisar att anslutande av elnät till busshållplatsen betingar ett pris av 100 000 kr men att implementera Off-Grid system på busshållplatsen kostar 23 653 kr för huvudkomponenter exklusive pris av montering, säkring och kablar. Genom att implementera solceller på On-Grid systemet kan elkostnader för bolaget minskas och återbetalningstiden förkortas. Studien kom fram till att två paneler av Midsummer BOLD med 195 Wp kommer täcka systemets behov. Dessa paneler är svensk tillverkad från 100% förnyelsebar el och har lågt koldioxidutsläpp med runt 90% lägre än traditionella solceller. / Today, people need Wi-Fi, electrical outlets, and lighting, and at the same time public transport is a large part of people's everyday lives. The purpose of the work is to investigate whether the implementation of solar cells can benefit society from an economic, ecological, and social perspective. The study also describes how the price difference between On-Grid and Off-Grid can vary due to components used in the implementation. The implementation examines the energy needs for Wi-Fi, LED lighting and electrical outlets and this has led to the battery size for the system being 150 Ah. On the other hand, Sweden has few sunny days, which leads to the number of dark nights being approximated to two and the battery size therefore doubling to 300 Ah. The results show that connection of the electricity network to the bus stop requires a price of SEK 100,000, but implementing Off-Grid systems at the bus stop costs SEK 23,653 for main components excluding the price of assembly, fuse, and cables. By implementing solar cells on the On-Grid system, electricity costs for the company can be reduced and the repayment period shortened. The study concluded that two panels of Midsummer BOLD with 195 Wp will cover the system's needs. These panels are Swedish made from 100% renewable electricity and have low carbon dioxide emissions with around 90% lower than traditional solar cells.

Advancements in the power electronics systems have been directly related to the availability of improved power semiconductor devices. The device performance greatly determines the efficiency, reliability, volume, and cost of the power electronics system. This dissertation is dedicated to develop an advanced high power semiconductor device, the emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor, which is targeted to improve the limitations of the present high power devices. Major improvements in electrical and mechanical designs of the ETO for high power and high frequency operation are proposed which result in improved snubberless turn-off capability, low conduction loss, and low gate drive power consumption of the new generation ETO. A revolutionary self-power generation method of the ETO is proposed. Different from the conventional high power devices which require the external power input for their gate drivers, ETO achieves complete optically controlled turn-on and turn-off and all the internal power required is self-generated. This advancement will have a major impact to high power converter designs. A novel integrated method to eliminate the dead-time requirement is proposed for ETO. This method not only improves the output waveform quality but also increases the reliability and reduces the cost of the high power PWM voltage source converters. With this unique function, the upper and the lower ETO's within a converter phase leg can receive the ideal complementary (without dead-time) PWM signals and solve shoot-through problems. Method to measure the ETO current and transfer the current information to a PWM signal is proposed. Based on the ETO's built-in current sensor, the over-current protection function of the ETO is designed as well. The experimental results show that the built-in current sensor has a very high precision, and the over-current protection function can effectively protect the ETO during the short circuit faults. In order to improve ETO's turn-off capability, a comprehensive investigation of the turn-off failure mechanism of the ETO was performed. A series of simulations and experiments are carried out to study the ETO turn-off operation. The detail turn-off failure mechanisms are presented. The conditions to cause the ETO failure are addressed. The approaches to improve the ETO's turn-off capability are discussed. / Ph. D.

While existing off-policy evaluation (OPE) methods typically estimate the value of a policy, in real-world applications, OPE is often used to compare and rank policies before deploying them in the real world. This is also known as the offline policy ranking problem. While one can rank the policies based on point estimates from OPE, it is beneficial to estimate the full distribution of outcomes for policy ranking and selection. This paper introduces Probabilistic Offline Policy Ranking that works with expert trajectories. It introduces rigorous statistical inference capabilities to offline evaluation, which facilitates probabilistic comparisons of candidate policies before they are deployed. We empirically demonstrate that POPR is effective for evaluating RL policies across various environments.