The police interview is one of the most important investigative tools that law enforcement has close at hand, and police interview methods have changed during the twentieth century. A good police interview is conducted in the frame of the law, is governed by the interview goal, and is influenced by facilitating factors that may affect the elicited report. The present doctoral dissertation focuses on police interviews in cases of very serious crimes of violence and sexual offences. Results reveal crime victims’ and perpetrators’ experiences of being interviewed and police officers’ attitudes towards conducting interviews related to traumatizing crimes. Study 1 revealed that when police officers interviewed murderers and sexual offenders, the interviewees perceived attitudes characterized by either dominance or humanity. Police interviews marked by dominance and suspects’ responses of anxiety were mainly associated with a higher proportion of denials, whereas an approach marked by humanity, and responses of being respected were significantly associated with admissions. In line with Study 1, the victims of rape and aggravated assault in Study 2 also revealed the experience of two police interview styles, where an interviewing style marked by dominance and responses of anxiety was significantly associated with crime victims’ omissions of information. Moreover, a humanitarian interviewing style, and crime victims’ feelings of being respected and co-operative, was significantly related to crime victims providing all information from painful events. Special squad police officers’ attitudes towards interviewing crime victims, in Study 3, also showed a humanitarian approach and two dominant approaches, one affective and the other refusing. The attitude towards interviewing suspects of crimes in focus revealed humanitarian and dominant interviewing attitudes, and an approach marked by kindness. The present thesis shows that, during their entire career, an overwhelming majority of the special squad police officers have experienced stressful events during patrol as well as investigative duty. Results show that symptoms from stressful event exposures and coping mechanisms are associated with negative attitudes towards interviewing suspects and supportive attitudes towards crime victim interviews. Thus, experiences from stressful exposures may automatically activate ego-defensive functions that automatically generate dominant attitudes. Moreover, it is important to offer police officers who have been exposed to stressful events the opportunity to work through their experiences, for example, through debriefing procedures. After debriefings, police officers are better prepared to meet crime victims and suspects and, through conscious closed-loop processes, to conduct police interviews without awaking ego-defensive functions.

The police interview is one of the most important investigative tools that law enforcement has close at hand, and police interview methods have changed during the twentieth century. A good police interview is conducted in the frame of the law, is governed by the interview goal, and is influenced by facilitating factors that may affect the elicited report. The present doctoral dissertation focuses on police interviews in cases of very serious crimes of violence and sexual offences. Results reveal crime victims’ and perpetrators’ experiences of being interviewed and police officers’ attitudes towards conducting interviews related to traumatizing crimes. Study 1 revealed that when police officers interviewed murderers and sexual offenders, the interviewees perceived attitudes characterized by either dominance or humanity. Police interviews marked by dominance and suspects’ responses of anxiety were mainly associated with a higher proportion of denials, whereas an approach marked by humanity, and responses of being respected were significantly associated with admissions. In line with Study 1, the victims of rape and aggravated assault in Study 2 also revealed the experience of two police interview styles, where an interviewing style marked by dominance and responses of anxiety was significantly associated with crime victims’ omissions of information. Moreover, a humanitarian interviewing style, and crime victims’ feelings of being respected and co-operative, was significantly related to crime victims providing all information from painful events. Special squad police officers’ attitudes towards interviewing crime victims, in Study 3, also showed a humanitarian approach and two dominant approaches, one affective and the other refusing. The attitude towards interviewing suspects of crimes in focus revealed humanitarian and dominant interviewing attitudes, and an approach marked by kindness. The present thesis shows that, during their entire career, an overwhelming majority of the special squad police officers have experienced stressful events during patrol as well as investigative duty. Results show that symptoms from stressful event exposures and coping mechanisms are associated with negative attitudes towards interviewing suspects and supportive attitudes towards crime victim interviews. Thus, experiences from stressful exposures may automatically activate ego-defensive functions that automatically generate dominant attitudes. Moreover, it is important to offer police officers who have been exposed to stressful events the opportunity to work through their experiences, for example, through debriefing procedures. After debriefings, police officers are better prepared to meet crime victims and suspects and, through conscious closed-loop processes, to conduct police interviews without awaking ego-defensive functions.

Krisstöd som syftar till att lindra stress för poliser i yttre tjänst är en förutsättning för att uppnå en god arbetsmiljö. Enligt tidigare forskning bör personers behov och inställning tas i beaktande vid planeringen av krisstöd. Vad personer har för inställning till krisstöd kan studeras i form av attityder. Personers självkänsla är besläktat med känslighet för stress vilket kan påverka behov av krisstöd. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om copingresurser och självkänsla hade någon betydelse för attityd till krisstöd. Poliser i yttre tjänst deltog (N = 101, varav 29 kvinnor). Coping Resource Inventory (CRI), två skalor av självkänsla samt ett eget konstruerat frågeformulär för mätning av attityder till krisstöd användes. Resultaten visade att copingresurser och självkänsla hade betydelse för positiv attityd till krisstöd. Detta indikerar att högre bassjälvkänsla och högre copingresurser, via mer positiv attityd, utgör en nyckel till ett mer lyckat krisstöd.

Denna studie syftar till att ge en beskrivning av hur manliga och kvinnliga kriminalvårdare på en anstalt hanterar känslor i sin yrkesroll. Vidare hur manliga och kvinnliga kriminalvårdare hanterar de intagnas känslor och sina egna känslor? Finns det några skillnader i känsloarbetet ur ett könsperspektiv och om det finns, vilka är skillnaderna? Utefter studiens syfte valdes en kvalitativ forskningsansats som utgångspunkt. Studien innehåller sex intervjuer med tre manliga och tre kvinnliga kriminalvårdare. Insamlingen av empiriskt material skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tidigare forskning på området är begränsat i Sverige men internationellt har det skett viss forskning. Den forskning som finns visar på att kriminalvårdares hantering av känslor är något problematisk och att det finns vissa skillnader i hanteringen mellan män och kvinnor. Denna studies resultat visar på att kriminalvårdarna upplever att känsloarbetet till viss del påverkas av kriminalvårdens administrativa föreskrifter (KVAF). Det framkommer även att humor används som en strategi i arbetet med de intagnas men även deras egna känslor. Vidare visar resultatet på att de könskulturella skillnaderna som finns påverkar de manliga och de kvinnliga kriminalvårdarna i sitt känsloarbete. / This study aims to give a description of how men and women as prison officers handle emotions in their profession. Further how men and women as prison officers handle the inmates emotions and their own emotions? Are their differences between the sexes in the emotional labour and which are the differences? Along this study purpose a qualitative research was chosen. The study contains six interviews with prison officers, three men and three women. The collection of the empirical material was done through semi-structured interviews. Previous research in Sweden is limited but their has been done some research international. The research proves that the handle of emotions for prison officers is problematic. It also demonstrates that men and women handle emotional labour different. The result of this study illustrate that correctional system administrative directions (KVAF) affect the emotional labour. The result also demonstrates that humour is used as a strategy in the emotional labour. Further the result proves that the gendercultural system affect the prison officers in their emotional labour.

The aim of this work was to investigate how it is to move in hierarchy from crew to officer within the seafaring profession and how to be affected by this. How you are perceived by the crew when going from to represent a part of a system to represent a different part of the same system and if you are ready to assume the responsibilities of the new role entails? This is relevant and interesting as we will soon is facing at this transition. The work is based on a qualitative approach. The choice of this method gave the information needed for a perfect result. Interviews were conducted through personal meetings with active officers which also provided the opportunity to ask follow-up questions and the respondents were given the opportunity to share their experiences. The results showed that the transition from crew to command seems to be something individual from person to person but consistently has been the feeling that it is a major challenge of excitement and some nervousness. The largest portion prior to having been men from before is that it felt familiar with the safety procedures on board and to have a basic sense of security regarding departures and mooring, loading and unloading. Most felt that it was difficult to give orders to his old sailor colleagues but afterwards it felt more natural.

Die Justizvollzugsanstalten befinden sich in einem ständigen institutionellen Wandel, der von umfangreichen Entwicklungsprozessen geprägt ist. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung dieser Entwicklungsprozesse in ausgewählten, vorzugsweise in den sächsischen Justizvollzugsanstalten, für die geeignete Strategien der Organisations- und Personalentwicklung erforderlich sind. In diesem Zusammenhang nimmt der Bereich der beruflichen Weiterbildung einen besonderen Stellenwert ein, wobei dieser sich vordergründig auf die arbeitsbezogene Weiterbildung der Bediensteten der JVA stützen sollte. Nach Meinung der Autorin wird diesem Aspekt weitestgehend noch eine zu geringe Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt, obwohl dieser Bereich ein erhebliches Potenzial zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung von Entwicklungsprozessen besitzt. Eine wirksame Organisations- und Personalentwicklung verlangt einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz und umfasst aus diesem Grund alle Struktureinheiten und Hierarchieebenen der JVA in der Implementierung von Entwicklungsprozessen. In diesem Kontext bedeutet arbeitsbezogenes Lernen eine konzeptionelle, an allen Hierarchiegruppen der Bediensteten im Justizvollzug ausgerichtete Entwicklung, die sich an aktuellen Arbeitsproblemen sowie an überschaubaren, mittelfristigen Anforderungen und deren Lösung orientiert.

The audit expectation gap, generally known as the differences between what users of financialstatements expect from the auditor and what the auditor actually provides, is present andresulting to a widespread concern. This thesis aims to investigate the level and nature of the audit expectation gap betweenauditors and commercial loan officers. In addition, this thesis also asks the question ifeducation is a mean to reduce commercial loan officers’ audit expectation gap. A questionnaire containing seven-point Likert scales with bipolar adjectival statements wassent to auditors and commercial loan officers. The respondents were asked to choose anumber from the scale which identified their level of agreement to either one of thestatements. The results revealed substantial evidence of an audit expectation gap particularly on issuesconcerning auditors’ responsibilities in fraud detection and prevention. Education oncommercial loan officers could reduce the audit expectation gap.

Critics often cite poor executive compensation schemes as one of the leading causes of the recent credit crisis. This paper investigates whether compensation structures at the end of the 2006 fiscal year created incentives for Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in the oil industry to take on excessive risk, which subsequently may have lead to weaker firm performance during the crisis. I find no evidence to support the argument that higher pay sensitivity through option and other incentive awards lead to worse firm performance. In fact, results do not provide any evidence that company performance during the crisis was related to CEO incentives.

The compensation of CEO’s has been at the forefront of the public’s mind for the past few years. During the recession, one could not go a day without hearing about the atrocious salaries and bonuses that executives were being paid. Although it only recently became an explosive topic, academics have been researching all aspects of compensation for many years. One of the earliest looked at the idea of pay for performance (Jensen and Murphy 1990), and the field has taken off from there. Many studies have been done on the determinants of compensation, and I was interested in how age relates to compensation. I created a model for determining compensation, but also took it one step further and looked at the compensation structure across different industries as well. I found that age did indeed influence compensation levels, but that it only had some effect on pay structure and only in certain industries.

對於組織而言，雖然人員的流動是一種正常現象，但是過高的離職率反倒會對組織產生不良影響。以司法院人事處暨所屬人事機構為例，雖然其內部遷調機制尚稱完善，但相較於2008年至2012年行政機關薦任(派)以下公務人員平均離職率6.53%，司法院人事處暨所屬人事機構基層人事人員2008年至2012年之平均離職率仍高達11.29%。 為了解上述基層人事人員高離職率背後所隱含的原因，本文以質的研究方法，運用文獻探討法及深度訪談方式，探究司法院人事處暨所屬人事機構基層人事人員之離職因素，以期找出問題所在並提出對策。 / For the organization, the movement of persons is a normal phenomenon. However, the high turnover rate actually adversely affects the organization. Take Judicial Personnel Office and its subordinate personnel institutions for example. Despite their internal mechanism for transfer is acceptable, the average turnover rate of Junior Personnel officers in Judicial Personnel Office and its subordinate personnel institutions is still as high as 11.29% from 2008 to 2012, while the average turnover rate of Junior Personnel officer in The Executive Yuan is only 6.53% in the same period. In order to find the reasons of high turnover rate of junior personnel officer in Judicial Personnel Office and its subordinate personnel institutions, I used qualitative research method, documentary Analysis and depth interviews in this thesis. By doing so, we may identify the problem about this issue, come up with strategies to deal with them.