Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-11T13:56:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FIORELLA ZIBETTI.pdf: 1848554 bytes, checksum: a4058071f9ee8b5dc5ab5c3abb07a729 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-11T13:56:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FIORELLA ZIBETTI.pdf: 1848554 bytes, checksum: a4058071f9ee8b5dc5ab5c3abb07a729 (MD5) / O óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis (OERo) possui atividade anti- herpética in vitro. Entretanto, os constituintes químicos estão sujeitos à degradação por oxidação ou volatilização. Desta forma, surge a necessidade de desenvolvimento de sistemas carreadores para este ativo vegetal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver nanoemulsões contendo OERo, comparando dois métodos de baixo aporte energético, titulação à frio e inversão de fases, quanto à estabilidade, teor do marcador químico, perfil de liberação in vitro, permeação e retenção cutânea in vitro e atividade anti-herpética in vitro. O OERo, utilizado nesse estudo, apresentou como constituinte majoritário o eucaliptol (27,9%), descrito na literatura por inibir o vírus Herpes simplex. As nanoemulsões e seus respectivos hidrogéis foram desenvolvidos e conservados em temperatura ambiente por 60 dias. Todas as formulações mantiveram-se estáveis durante o período estudado, apresentando tamanho de gotícula inferior a 200nm. Nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados apresentou diferença significativa entre os métodos utilizados, com exceção do teor, que foi menor em T0 nas nanoemulsões produzidas com aquecimento. Aas formulações apresentaram cerca de 60% de liberação do óleo em 150 minutos em ensaio in vitro. No estudo de permeação/retenção cutânea in vitro foi possível detectar o eucaliptol, por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência, no meio de lavagem (~32%), estrato córneo (~12%) e meio receptor (~56%), não sendo observado na epiderme e derme. Para avaliação da atividade anti-herpética, as nanoemulsões apresentaram índice de inibição viral superior a 98,2% (HSV-1) e 99,5% (HSV- 2), apresentando maior especificidade pelo sorotipo 2. As diferentes metodologias não impactaram significativamente na atividade anti-herpética. Dessa forma, conclui-se que ambos os métodos são capazes de preparar nanoemulsões com características semelhantes e estudos in vivo serão necessários para melhor entendimento da atividade do óleo / The essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (OERo) has anti-herpetic activity in vitro. However, the chemical constituents are subject to degradation by oxidation or volatilization. Thus, indicating a need to develop carriers systems for this plant active.The aim of the present work was to develop nanoemulsions containing OERo, comparing two low energy methods, cold titration and phase inversion, in terms of stability, chemical marker content, in vitro release profile, in vitro skin permeation and retention, and anti-herpetic activity in vitro. The OERo used in this study presented as main constituent eucalyptol (27.9%), which was described in the literature for inhibiting the Herpes simplex virus. Nanoemulsions and their respective hydrogels were developed by two different methodologies and stored at room temperature for 60 days. All formulations remained stable during the study period, with particle size smaller than 200nm. None of the parameters evaluated showed a significant difference between the methods used, except for the chemical marker content, which was lower in T0 for the nanoemulsions prepared with heating. The in vitro release profile of the formulations showed 60% oil release in 150 minutes. In the in vitro skin permeation / retention study, it was possible to detect eucalyptol, by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, in washing liquid (~32%), stratum corneum (~12%) and receiving liquid (~56%), but none was detected in epidermis and dermis. In order to evaluate the anti-herpetic activity, the nanoemulsions showed a viral inhibition index higher than 98.2% (HSV-1) and 99.5% (HSV-2), presenting a better specificity for serotype 2. Despite the loss of volatile constituents of the oil by heating, the different methodologies did not significantly impact the antiherpetic activity. Thus, it could be concluded that both low-energy methods are able to prepare nanoemulsions with similar characteristics and it is necessary further studies to better understand the oil activity

Mini-dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements of the Master's Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2006. / The purpose of this double-blind placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the relative and combined efficacy of the homoeopathic similimum, taken orally, and the topical application of a lotion made from the homoeopathic mother tinctures of Hypericum perforatum and Calendula officinalis in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Venous hypertension in the lower limb, occurring from a variety of causes, leads to microcirculatory abnormalities which may permit the formation of a chronic ulcer (Zimmet, 1998). Venous leg ulcers are a cause of much debility, social isolation, depression, fears of loss of employment and income (Royal College of Nursing Institute, 1998). The mainstay of treatment at present is compression bandaging to reduce the venous pressure in the lower limb. Eighty percent of venous leg ulcers will heal within eight to twelve weeks with compression bandaging (Thomas, 1997). Homoeopathy is a system of medicine based on natural laws of healing, and recognizes the biophysical energy of an individual (also known as the vital force) as that which provides the normal protective defence mechanisms of the body, and is disturbed in disease, producing symptoms on the physical, mental and emotional levels (Vithoulkas, 1980). Many plants are known to have wound-healing properties (Curtis and Fraser, 2003). Calendula officinalis and Hypericum perforatum were considered the best plants in a homoeopathic lotion to be used on chronic venous leg ulcers, as they cover all the common problems associated with this type of wound, providing pain relief and anti-microbial activity (Lawless, 1995). In this study, homoeopathic mother tinctures of the herbs were used to make the lotion for topical application to the wounds. / M

La diversidad vegetal peruana llega aproximadamente a unas 50 000 especies detectadas. Razones sobran para maximizar el aprovechamiento sostenible de nuestros recursos naturales, previamente validados científica y tecnológicamente con los respectivos estudios. Para la extracción del aceite esencial, se empleó las hojas y se realizó por arrastre a vapor. Las cepas utilizadas para este ensayo fueron: Escherichia coli ATTC 11225 y Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. La actividad antimicrobiana “in vitro” del aceite esencial de esta planta se puso de manifiesto utilizando el método de difusión del disco (Kirby Bauer), con cuatro repeticiones a diferentes concentraciones, obteniéndose de esta manera la CMI y la CMB. Los resultados para la difusión en disco fue para el caso de Escherichia coli ATTC 11225 en el tratamiento T3 con una sensibilidad promedio de 11,5 mm. Para Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 fue en el tratamiento T2 con una sensibilidad promedio de 11,0 mm. Los resultados del MIC fue en el caso de Escherichia coli ATTC 11225 de 6,83 mg/ml, para Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 fue de 9,50 mg/ml. Además la CMB fue para Escherichia coli ATTC 11225 de 7,12 mg/ml, para Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 fue de 10,09 mg/ml. Se concluye que el aceite esencial de Rosmarinus officinalis presentó compuestos bioactivos, principalmente monoterpenos, con efecto antimicrobiana in vitro frente a E. coli ATTC11225 y S. aureus ATCC 25923

Global climate change threatens the survival of microtidal wetlands by altering fundamental hydrological aspects such as precipitation patterns and tidal exchange. The combination of these stressors results in increased flooding period and soil salinity in coastal wetlands. In this study, we combined the use of detailed hydrological measurements (wetland water level and salinity), LIDAR elevation models, and water stable isotopes tracers (δD, δ18O) to study the balance between freshwater and saltwater inputs on two microtidal wetlands: a saltmarsh in Matagorda, Texas and a freshwater-forested wetland in Humacao, Puerto Rico. In Matagorda, Texas, we described the process of connectivity between different hydrologic units (isolated and connected ponds) within the saltmarsh. Pond connectivity only occurred when water levels in major water bodies adjacent to our study site reached a threshold elevation of 0.39 m. Connections events were correlated to rainfall and— to a lesser extent— wind speed and direction. We conclude that connectivity within the saltmarsh is driven by the combined effect of tidal influence and rainfall inputs, factors that will be altered by sea level rise and climate change-related changes in long term weather patterns. In Humacao, Puerto Rico, we gathered a detailed dataset of changes in salinity and water level in a freshwater forested wetland dominated by the endangered salt intolerant species Pterocarpus officinalis. In addition, we studied tree water use and identified important water sources to the wetland using stable isotope tracers. Firstly, we provide evidence that recent hydrological alterations have effectively transformed the system from mostly freshwater, to a saltwater wedge estuary. Salinity inputs travel via a tidal creek channel that allows the progression of a saltwater wedge to the inland parts of the forest. Our results suggest that inland progression of the saltwater wedge is influenced by amplitude of tidal exchange in the middle portions of the tidal creek and by extended dry periods in the headmost part of the tidal creek. Isotope data showed that surface standing water was influenced by tidal water sources during the dry season, although the spatial extent of this influence was constrained to areas of the forest that had been previously deforested. The isotopic content of groundwater samples taken at increasing distances from the tidal creek revealed that— although surface waters are dominated by freshwater inputs (rainfall and runoff) during the wet season— the influence of tidal water sources at soil depths greater than 60 cm persists throughout the year. Nonetheless, isotopic content of Pterocapus officinalis stem water samples suggest that tree water uptake is constrained to very shallow, unsaturated parts of the soil. We conclude from both case studies that the long term vulnerability of microtidal wetlands to climate change is determined by the interaction of increased annual variability of freshwater inputs along with a steady increase in mean sea levels, and aggravated by extreme climatic events.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T11:13:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 255932.pdf: 1171736 bytes, checksum: 7809d9f2407b306222cb1075b14d12fe (MD5) / O presente estudo analisou a possível ação antinociceptiva do extrato etanólico (EE) obtido da Melissa officinalis em modelos de nocicepção química, mecânica e térmica em camundongos e ratos. O EE administrado pela via oral (v.o.), 1 h antes do teste, inibiu significativamente as contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético, bem como as duas fases do teste da formalina e a nocicepção mediada por glutamato. Além disso, o ácido rosmarínico (0.3-3 mg/kg, v.o.), presente em grandes quantidades no EE, administrado 60 min antes do teste, também reduziu de forma dependente da dose a nocicepção induzida pelo glutamato. O EE ainda mostrou-se eficaz em reverter a nocicepção causada pela constrição parcial do nervo ciático em camundongos por até 12 horas e parece não induzir tolerância e nem ter efeito cumulativo com o tratamento prolongado. Além disso, o EE foi capaz de reverter a hiperalgesia térmica e mecânica induzida pela injeção intraplantar de BK, PGE2 e PMA. Igualmente, o EE foi capaz de prevenir os efeitos deletérios da colite induzida por injeção retal de ácido acético. O EE facilitou a aquisição e a retenção da memória de longa e curta duração, quando analisado no modelo da esquiva inibitória em ratos, facilitação esta revertida pelo pré-tratamento dos animais via i.p. com MK-801, L-NAME, mecamilanima e atropina. A antinocicepção ou facilitação da memória causada pelo EE não está associada a efeitos inespecíficos, como relaxamento muscular ou sedação. Em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que o EE de Melissa officinalis apresenta importante atividade antinociceptiva em vários modelos experimentais de nocicepção e inflamação em camundongos e ratos, além de atividade facilitadora da memória em ratos no modelo da esquiva inibitória. O seu mecanismo de ação antinociceptiva e facilitadora da memória não estão completamente esclarecidos, mas o presente estudo mostrou que esta ação é dependente, pelo menos em parte, de uma interação com os sistemas glutamatérgico, colinérgico e com a via L-arginina-óxido nítrico.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-03T13:41:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2088035 bytes, checksum: 387c546949b58bc7b1b7d6d44bc8722a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T13:41:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2088035 bytes, checksum: 387c546949b58bc7b1b7d6d44bc8722a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) é uma planta medicinal popularmente conhecida como malmequer. O extrato de suas flores é fonte de flavonoides, compostos que apresentam propriedades principalmente antioxidantes. Há indícios da atividade hipolipidêmica desta planta na literatura, mas sem estudos de comprovação. Fármacos utilizados atualmente nas dislipidemias apresentam muitos efeitos adversos e alto custo de aquisição, justificando a busca de novos medicamentos dentro deste contexto. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito hipolipidêmico de uma formulação fitoterápica contendo extrato de Calendula officinalis, na forma de ensaio biológico, utilizando Rattus norvegicus linhagem Wistar albina alimentados com dieta de cafeteria. O extrato liofilizado da planta foi obtido por processo de maceração com etanol. A partir deste extrato foi realizada a quantificação de flavonoides totais por espectrofotometria (415nm), atividade antioxidante pelo método colorimétrico de redução do ABTS+ (734nm) e o perfil cromatográfico qualitativo através da CLAE. Ratos Wistar com aproximadamente quarenta dias de idade foram divididos em sete grupos de acordo com o tratamento recebido: G1 (Controle basal): Ração comercial; G2: Dieta cafeteria (CAF), sem tratamento; G3: CAF+ Atorvastatina (10 mg/Kg); G4: CAF+ veículo formulação; G5, G6 e G7: CAF+ tratamento com formulação fitoterápica contendo o extrato liofilizado nas doses 50, 100 e 150 mg/Kg respectivamente. O tempo total do experimento foi de setenta e sete dias, sendo doze dias de adaptação, quarenta e cinco dias de indução e vinte dias de tratamento. Foi realizado controle da massa corporal dos animais, assim como do consumo alimentar e os parâmetros bioquímicos séricos foram dosados utilizando-se kits comerciais. Foi realizada também a avaliação histopatológica qualitativa do fígado dos animais, através da coloração com hematoxilina/eosina. Para as análises estatísticas utilizou-se ANOVA com pós-teste de Tukey para múltiplas comparações (p<0.05). O extrato das flores de C. officinalis apresentou teor de flavonoides de 0,42% e no ensaio do ABTS, o extrato apresentou um valor de atividade antioxidante equivalente ao Trolox (TEAC) de 0,011. O perfil cromatográfico qualitativo, através da comparação com padrões, sugeriu a presença dos flavonoides rutina, quercetina e morina. No ensaio biológico, os tratamentos com a formulação contendo o extrato não afetaram estatisticamente os níveis sanguíneos de glicose, colesterol total, triacilgliceróis e VLDL, no entanto impactou positivamente nos níveis de LDL e HDL, bem como na relação LDL/HDL, sendo este um índice de risco cardiovascular mensurado. O tratamento, aparentemente, promoveu a redução da quantidade das gotículas de lipídios no tecido hepático. Concluiu-se que o tratamento com a formulação contendo extrato de C. officinalis, na presente condição experimental, foi eficaz na modulação do perfil lipídico e a planta medicinal estudada apresenta possibilidade de utilização no controle e prevenção das dislipidemias e doenças associadas, podendo atuar positivamente na redução do risco cardiovascular, sendo os resultados obtidos bastante vantajosos. Esta planta medicinal está contida no RENISUS (Relação nacional de plantas medicinais de interesse ao SUS), havendo grande valorização de seu potencial no Brasil. / Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant popularly known as marigold. The extract of its flowers is a source of flavonoids, compounds which have mainly antioxidant properties. There is evidence of hypolipidemic activity of this plant in the literature, but unproven studies. Drugs currently used in dyslipidemia have many adverse effects and high cost, justifying the search for new drugs within this context. The study aimed to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of a herbal formulation containing Calendula officinalis extract in the form of biological assay using Rattus norvegicus Wistar albino strain fed with cafeteria diet. The lyophilized plant extract is obtained by maceration with ethanol process. From this extract was carried out quantification of total flavonoids by spectrophotometry (415 nm), antioxidant activity by the colorimetric method of reducing the ABTS+ (734nm) and the qualitative chromatographic profile by HPLC. Wistar rats with about forty days of age were divided into seven groups according to the treatment received: G1 (Basal Control): Commercial diet; G2: cafeteria diet (CAF) without treatment; G3: CAF + Atorvastatin (10 mg / kg); G4: CAF + vehicle formulation; G5, G6 and G7: + CAF treatment with the lyophilized formulation containing herbal extract in doses 50, 100 and 150 mg / kg respectively. The total experiment time was seventy-seven days, twelve days of adaptation, forty five days of induction and twenty days of treatment. It was held control of animal body weight, and food consumption and serum biochemical parameters were measured using commercial kits. It also performed a qualitative histopathological evaluation of the liver of animals, by staining with hematoxylin / eosin. For statistical analysis we used ANOVA with Tukey's post-test for multiple comparisons (p <0.05). The extract of C. officinalis flowers presented flavonoid content of 0.42%, and ABTS assay, the extract showed a value of antioxidant activity equivalent to Trolox (TEAC) of 0.011. The qualitative chromatographic profile by comparison with standards, has suggested the presence of flavonoids rutin, quercetin and morin. In biological assay, treatment with the formulation containing the extract does not statistically affect the blood levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL, however positively impacted in LDL and HDL, as well as the LDL / HDL ratio, which is a cardiovascular risk measured. The treatment apparently promoted to reduce the amount of lipid droplets in liver tissue. It was concluded that treatment with the formulation containing C. officinalis extract, in this experimental condition, was effective in modulating the lipid profile and the medicinal plant study presents can be used in the control and prevention of dyslipidemia and related diseases, it can act positively in the reduction of cardiovascular risk and the results obtained very advantageous. This medicinal plant is contained in RENISUS (National List of medicinal plants of interest to SUS), with great appreciation potential in Brazil.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-10T22:59:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Marcela Agne Alves Valones.pdf: 1096987 bytes, checksum: bc7c26f9af8c8a784af28b31b85c2286 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-17T19:00:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Marcela Agne Alves Valones.pdf: 1096987 bytes, checksum: bc7c26f9af8c8a784af28b31b85c2286 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T19:00:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) TESE Marcela Agne Alves Valones.pdf: 1096987 bytes, checksum: bc7c26f9af8c8a784af28b31b85c2286 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / CAPES / Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ação de um dentifrício à base do extrato de Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (Alecrim), através de um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, aberto e duplo cego. Material e Métodos: cento e dez voluntários, que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, foram randomizados em dois grupos, A e B, de acordo com os dentifrícios utilizados e avaliados antes e após 30 dias do estudo, onde foram registrados os Índices de Sangramento Gengival (IG) e de Placa (IP). A análise dos dados foi realizada calculando-se o efeito dos dois dentifrícios na redução do sangramento gengival e de placa, através de medidas como Excesso Relativo de Risco (ERR), Redução Relativa do Risco (RRR), Redução Absoluta do Risco (RAR) e o Número Necessário de Tratamento (NNT). Resultados: houve equivalência entre os dois dentifrícios em relação à redução do risco de sangramento gengival em termos relativos e absolutos (A reduziu em 38% ERR= 0,38; B reduziu em 29,3% ERR=0,293; A e B reduziram em 18% RAR= 0,18), em relação à eficácia da redução da placa bacteriana (A reduziu em 22,7% RRR=0,227; B reduziu 28% RRR= 0,28) e em relação ao número necessário de pacientes para tratamento do sangramento e da redução de placa (A e B NNT=5; A e B NNT=7, respectivamente). Conclusão O dentifrício de Alecrim se mostrou efetivo quanto ao sangramento gengival e redução de placa bacteriana em comparação ao dentifrício convencional. Relevância Clínica: o dentifrício de Alecrim é um produto viável clinicamente em comparação ao dentifrício convencional. / Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the action of a toothpaste made from the extract of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (rosemary) in a clinical randomized, controlled, open and double-blind trial. Material and Methods: One hundred and ten volunteers fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomly separated into two groups according to the toothpastes used: Group A (experimental) and Group B (control). They were assessed at baseline and 30 days after the study using the gingival bleeding index (GBI) and the plaque index (PI). Data analysis was conducted to calculate the effects of the two toothpastes on gingival bleeding and plaque, using measurements such as the excess relative risk (ERR), the Relative Risk Reduction (RRR), the Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) and the Number Needed for Treatment (NNT). Results: The two toothpastes provided similar results in terms of the reduction in the risk of gingival bleeding (relative and absolute): a reduction of 38% in Group A, ERR= 0.38; a reduction of 29.3% in Group B, ERR=0.293; A and B reduced by 18% ARR= 0.18). The reductions in bacterial plaque were also similar (22.7% reduction in Group A, RRR=0.227; 28% reduction in Group B, RRR= 0.28). The number needed for treatment values for bleeding and plaque were A and B NNT=5 and A and B NNT=7, respectively. Conclusion: The rosemary-based toothpaste effectively treated gingival bleeding and reduced bacterial plaque, when compared with conventional toothpaste. Clinical Relevance: The rosemary-based toothpaste is a clinically viable product, when compared with conventional toothpaste.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-06-05T15:14:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tulio Freitas Filgueira de Sa.pdf: 1911055 bytes, checksum: 3fd9ab78c546219cc343db1d66e552af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T15:14:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tulio Freitas Filgueira de Sa.pdf: 1911055 bytes, checksum: 3fd9ab78c546219cc343db1d66e552af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / The heterostyly is described as a floral polymorphism characterized by the presence of reciprocal herkogamy (HR) having two floral morphs, pin flowers (stigma above the anthers) and thrum flowers (stigma below the anthers). Reciprocal herkogamy and the presence of a system of self-incompatibility and intramorphic incompatibility are considered as requirements for the characterization of distily species. The inaccuracy and maladaptation are methods to evaluate the reciprocal herkogamy in which it measures the contact of the stigmas with the corresponding anthers, determining the mean point of the corresponding organs and infers the degree of deviation of the corresponding reciprocal sexual organs from the most reciprocal point of the flower. In a geographical context, species with wide distribution are subject to greater changes in floral traits due to selective pressures represented by environmental conditions. The deposition heteroespecífica pollen may result from a high degree of reciprocal herkogamy (reciprocal positions of organs between morphs) interspecific contamination due to pollen of other species may change the fertilization of plant species. The objectives of this is study were characterize the polymorphism of Palicourea coriacea and to study the effect on the removal and deposition of pollen from Palicourea officinalis on P. coriacea. In the first chapter, the HR calculations indicate that the species can be considered distylous, with a low degree of inaccuracy in populations. In addition, the phenotypic variation in P. coriacea is a consequence of the extensive variation of maladaptation among populations. It is believed that this continuous variation in the size of the reproductive organs has a positive effect, making populations in general with a high degree of reciprocal herkogamy. Characterize the type of exact floral polymorphism is essential for realization of future functional and evolutionary studies in this group of plants. In the second chapter, the results demonstrated competition among co-generic species sharing the same pollinator. Although no differentiation between species of pollen, it is believed the deposition of interspecific pollen P. coriacea when the species share the same space according to the experimental cage, floral visitation, pollen deposition and removal. In addition, reciprocal hercogamy interspecific being stronger than the intraspecific indicates that the pollen attachment sites in the pollinator body are similar to the removal and deposition in both species and even more accurate in depositing illegitimate pollen on the P. coriacea stigmas. T he species diverged early reproductive phenology, but cofloresceram for 4 weeks. Among the species of Palicourea there is competition for visits, however, the presence of P. officinalis seems to have a positive effect due to the increase in the number of visits when P. coriacea does not share the same space with the competing species. Thus, the effect of cofloration seems to result in the process of competition and facilitation at the same time according to the presence and absence of the competing species. / A heterostilia é descrita como um polimorfismo floral caracterizado pela presença de hercogamia recíproca (HR) apresentando dois morfos florais, o morfo longistilo (estigma acima das anteras) e o morfo brevistilo (estigma abaixo das anteras). A hercogamia recíproca e a presença de um sistema de auto-incompatibilidade e incompatibilidade intramorfo são consideradas como requisitos para a caracterização das espécies distílicas. A inacurácia e a maladaptação são métodos para avaliar a hercogamia recíproca em que mede o contato dos estigmas com as anteras correspondentes, determinando ponto médio dos órgãos correspondentes e infere o grau de desvio dos órgãos sexuais correspondentes recíprocos a partir do ponto mais recíproco da flor. Em um contexto geográfico, espécies com larga distribuição estão sujeitas a apresentar maiores alterações nos traços florais devido a pressões seletivas representadas por condições do ambiente. A deposição de pólen heteroespecífica pode ser consequência de um alto grau de hercogamia recíproca (posicionamentos dos órgãos recíprocos entre morfos) interespecífica devido a contaminação de poléns de outras espécies podendo alterar a fecundação da espécie de planta. O estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o polimorfismo de Palicourea coriacea e estudar o efeito na remoção e deposição de pólen de Palicourea officinalis sobre P. coriacea. No primeiro capítulo, os cálculos de HR indicam que a espécie pode ser considerada distílica, apresentando um baixo grau de inacurácia nas populações. Além disso, a variação fenotípica em P. coriacea é consequência da extensa variação da maladaptação entre as populações. Acredita-se que essa variação contínua no tamanho dos órgãos reprodutivos tenha um efeito positivo, tornando as populações no geral com um alto grau de hercogamia recíproca. Caracterizar o tipo de polimorfismo floral exato é essencial para realização de futuros estudos funcionais e evolutivos nesse grupo de plantas. No segundo capítulo, os resultados demonstraram competição entre as espécies cogenéricas que compartilham o mesmo polinizador. Apesar da não diferenciação do pólen entre espécies, acredita-se na deposição de pólen interespecífica em P coricea, quando as espécies compartilham o mesmo espaço de acordo com os experimentos da gaiola, visitação floral, deposição e remoção de pólen. Além disso, a hercogamia recíproca interespecífica sendo mais forte do que a intraespecífica índica que os locais de fixação de pólen no corpo do polinizador são similares à remoção e deposição em ambas espécies e ainda mais preciso em depositar pólen ilegítimo nos estigmas de P. coriacea. As espécies divergiram o início da fenofase reprodutiva, mas cofloresceram por 4 semanas. Entre as espécies de Palicourea há competição por visitas, no entanto, a presença de P. officinalis parece ter um efeito positivo devido o aumento no número de visitas quando P. coriacea não compartilha do mesmo espaço com a espécie concorrente. Sendo assim, o efeito da cofloração parece resultar no processo de competição e facilitação ao mesmo tempo de acordo com a presença e ausência da espécie concorrente.

Variations in the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and traditional hydrodistillation methods were evaluated. The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 33 compounds with 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, camphor, verbenone, bornyl acetate and camphene constituting about 80 percent of the oils throughout the period of investigation, with the solvent-free microwave extraction method generally yielding more of the major components than the hydrodistillation method. Each of the major components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different periods of the year. The method of extraction and time of harvest are of importance to the quantity and quality of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes such as borneol, camphor, terpene- 4-ol, linalool, a-terpeneol were present in the oil of SFME in comparison with HD. However, HD oil contained more monoterpene hydrocarbons such as a-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, a-phellanderene, 1,8-cineole, trans- β-ocimene, γ-teprinene, and cis-sabinene hydrate than SFME extracted oil. Accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and ketones was observed during maturation process of Rosmarinus leaves. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined using a serial microplate dilution method. The essential oils obtained using both methods of extraction were active against all the bacteria tested at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the SFME extracted oils ranged between 0.23 and 1.88 mg mL-1, while those of the HD extracted oils varied between 0.94 and 7.5 mg mL-1, thus suggesting that the oil obtained by solvent free microwave extraction was more active against bacteria than the oil obtained through hydrodistillation. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay and β- carotene bleaching test. In the DPPH+ assay, while the free radical scavenging activity of the oil obtained by SFME method showed percentage inhibitions of between 48.8 percent and 67 percent, the HD derived oil showed inhibitions of between 52.2 percent and 65.30 percent at concentrations of 0.33, 0.50 and 1.0 mg mL-1, respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, the percentage inhibition increased with increasing concentration of both oils with a higher antioxidant activity of the oil obtained through the SFME than the HD method. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts using three eluent solvent systems of varying polarities i. e. CEF, BEA and EMW and sprayed with vanillin-sulfuric acid. The chemical composition of the different extracts was similar with the exception of methanol and water extracts which had only one or two visible compounds after treating with vanillin-spray reagent. To evaluate the number of antibacterial compounds present in the fractions, bioautography was used against two most important nosocomial microorganisms. S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative). Nearly all the crude serial extraction fractions contained compounds that inhibited the growth of E. coli. The hexane extract had the most lines of inhibition followed by ethyl acetate. Bioassay-guided fractionation against E. coli was used to isolate antibacterial compounds. The largest number of antibacterial compounds occurred in the hexane fraction. Furthermore we tried to complete the characterization by extracting and studying other biologically important plant metabolites such as phenolic compounds to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Rosmarinus extracts

This diploma thesis deals with the determination of selected antioxidants, namely rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid and t-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Melissa officinalis. The aim of the work was to find out whether the above- mentioned antioxidants were present in the extracts prepared at home. A new UHPLC method with UV and MS detection was developed to monitor the content of rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid and t-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in the extracts. A BEH C18 column (2,1 mm × 100 mm, particle size 1,7 µm) was selected for separation, the mobile phase consisted of methanol (component A) and 0.1% aqueous formic acid solution at pH 2.6 (component B), the ratio of components being changed according to the gradient program. The method was validated and repeatability, limits of detection and limits of quantification, linearity, yield and robustness were determined after optimization. Analysis of 20 aqueous and 20 ethanolic extracts was performer differing in extraction time, type of solvent and lighting conditions. Based on the comparison of retention time and MS detection, the presence of 3 of 4 selected phenolic acids was confirmed, namely rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and cinnamic acid in ethanolic extracts. Unfortunately, the presence of...