The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) plays a vital role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. RAS is regulated via the hormone Angiotensin II through an association with the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE6. Here, NHE6 was found to be activated by Angiotensin II through the Angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Furthermore, it was shown that NHE6 requires phosphorylation for activation and this phosphorylation signaling mechanism does not involve phospholipase C. The elucidation of the signaling pathway associated with NHE6 and AT1 allows for the greater understanding of function and regulation of the NHE6 protein. The Angiotensin receptor AT2 is a G-coupled protein receptor (GPCR) that is highly expressed in infant neural tissue. The S1 subunit of the pertussis toxin can inhibit GPCR signaling via ADP-ribosylation of the cognate Gi protein, suggesting that the S1 subunit may interfere with AT2 signaling. In order to observe whether S1 associates with AT2, Chinese hamster ovary cells were transfected with plasmids expressing AT2 or mutants of AT2. The lysates of these cells were incubated with His-tagged S1 subunit and it was observed that only the wild-type AT2 co-immunoprecipitated with S1. These results imply that there is a direct interaction between the S1 subunit and AT2. Municipal wastewater can be considered as an effective growth medium for the cultivation of microorganisms due to organic material found in the water. Oleaginous microorganisms produce large amounts of triacylglycerols (TAGs) when cultivated on medium containing high sugar content and low nitrogen. These TAGs can then be converted into biodiesel. To determine if the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis could survive and synthesize lipids using wastewater as a cultivation medium, R. glutinis was inoculated into primary effluent wastewater supplemented with glucose. Results indicated that R. glutinis was able to survive and synthesize lipids in the wastewater which is suggestive that R. glutinis can successfully compete with indigenous microorganisms in the wastewater.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Praveen V. Vadlani / As the world population continues to grow and the uncertainty of petroleum and food availability transpires, alternative resources will be needed to meet our demands. Single cell oil (SCO) from oleaginous yeast is a renewable noncrop-based resource that can be used for the production of petroleum counterparts. Currently, commercial production is limited, mainly due to high production costs and competition from cheaper alternatives. As a result, improved fermentation techniques, utilization of low-valued feedstocks and efficient downstream processing would be highly valuable. The major objectives of this study were to: 1) optimize fermentation conditions for the development of a novel fed-batch fermentation to enhance oil production using Lipomyces starkeyi, 2) determine the major lipids produced by L. starkeyi, 3) utilize low-valued hemicellulose-rich feedstocks for oil production, and 4) demonstrate the use of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as greener solvents for oil extraction. Under optimized fermentation conditions, the oil yield increased from 78 to 157 mg oil/g sugar when supplying xylose rather than glucose as the major carbon source. A novel repeated fed-batch fermentation supplying glucose for growth and xylose for lipid accumulation generated the highest oil yield of 171 mg oil/g sugar, oil content of 60% (dry mass basis) and oil productivity of 143 mg oil/L/hr. Oleic acid accounted for 70% of the total fatty acid profile indicating that oil from L. starkeyi is a naturally high source of oleic acid; an added benefit for the biofuel, cosmetic, food, and oleochemical industries. Hemicellulose-rich corn bran and wheat bran were successfully used to produce oil; oil yields of 125 and 71 mg oil/g sugar were reported for whole and de-starched bran hydrolysates, respectively. Compared to traditional methods, biphasic oil extraction systems of 2-MeTHF and CPME had an 80 and 53% extraction efficiency and 64 and 49% selectivity, respectively. The information from this study will be useful for the development of an integrated approach to improve the viability of SCO biochemical platforms for the production of advanced biofuels and renewable chemicals.

Yarrowia lipolytica é uma levedura estritamente aeróbia e oleaginosa, pertencente ao filo Ascomycota. Atualmente é uma das espécies de levedura não convencional mais estudadas para aplicações biotecnológicas. Se comparada a outras leveduras, como Saccharomyces cerevisiae, observam-se notáveis distinções relacionadas a sua fisiologia, genética e filogenia. É conhecida sua capacidade de excretar altas quantidades de ácidos orgânicos (ácidos cítrico, isocítrico, cetoglutárico e pirúvico) e de secretar diferentes enzimas (lipases, proteases etc.), permitindo a degradação de diferentes substratos, incluindo os de caráter hidrofóbico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo implementar técnicas de cultivo em meio sólido ou líquido para a levedura Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682, que permitissem avaliar sua capacidade em utilizar diferentes fontes de carbono, além de calcular os principais parâmetros da fisiologia celular, como velocidades específicas e fatores de conversão. Nos cultivos em meio sólido, verificou-se que esta levedura apresenta fraco ou nenhum crescimento nas fontes de carbono sacarose, xilose, citrato e acetato. Além disto, observou-se que a tiamina é fator de crescimento essencial ao desenvolvimento desta levedura quando cultivada em glicose e glicerol. Verificou-se também que esta linhagem apresenta maior tolerância ao NaCl, se comparada à linhagem Y. lipolytica W29 (tradicionalmente empregada nos estudos acadêmicos). Nos cultivos em meio líquido, foi estabelecida uma composição de meio de cultivo totalmente definido, que permitiu o crescimento desta levedura com velocidade específica máxima de 0,35 h-1 em glicose e 0,46 h-1 em glicerol, como únicas fontes de carbono. Nestes cultivos, os fatores de conversão de substrato a células, durante a fase exponencial de crescimento, foram 0,32 g de massa seca de células/g glicose e 0,48 g de massa seca de células/g glicerol. Durante os cultivos em meio líquido, que foram realizados a 28 oC e 200 rotações por minuto em incubador rotativo, empregando frascos do tipo erlenmeyer com deflectores, fechados com algodão e um quinto do volume ocupado com meio líquido e 2,5 g.l-1 iniciais da fonte de carbono, não foi observada a formação de nenhum metabólito extracelular, o que é indicativo de um metabolismo energético puramente respiratório. Nestas condições, usando-se ureia como fonte de nitrogênio, o pH permaneceu estável do início ao final dos cultivos. Observou-se também que a levedura estudada não é capaz de crescer em pH menor que 2,0. / Yarrowia lipolytica is a dimorphic, strictly aerobic and oleaginous yeast belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. It is currently one of the non-conventional yeast species most studied for biotechnological applications. If compared to other yeasts, such as S. cerevisiae, notable distinctions are observable related to its physiology, genetics and phylogeny. It is well known for its ability to secrete high quantities of organic acids (citric acid, isocitric acid, ketoglutaric acid and pyruvic acid) and innate ability to secrete various enzymes (lipases, proteases etc.), which allows the species to degrade different substrates, including hydrophobic ones. The present work aimed at the implementation of cultivation techniques in solid or liquid media for the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682, enabling to assess its ability to assimilate different carbon sources, and to calculates the main parameters of cellular physiology, such as specific growth rate and specific yields. In solid media assays, it was found that Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682 presents a weak to almost null growth when sucrose, xylose, citrate and acetate are used as sole carbon sources. Furthermore, it was observed that thiamine is an essential growth factor for the proper assimilation of the carbon sources glucose and glycerol. Response towards osmotic stress was assessed in complex solid media, in which the strain Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682 exhibited higher halotolerance, up to 1,0 M NaCl, if compared to the other strain Yarrowia lipolytica W29 (traditionally employed in academic studies). A defined liquid medium composition was adapted, enabling the assessment of the specific growth rates for both strains, of which Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682 exhibited specific growth rates of 0.35 h-1 on glucose and 0.46 h-1 on glycerol, when used individually as sole carbon sources. On those assays, the substrate to biomass yields, during the exponential growth phase, was 0.32 g cell dry weight/g glucose and 0.48 g cell dry weight/g glycerol. During the cultivations in liquid medium, which were carried out in thermostatted orbital shaker incubator at 200 rpm and 28 oC, employing baffled cotton capped erlenmeyer flasks with a fifth of its volume occupied with the growth medium and 2.5 g.l-1 of the carbon source of choice, it was not observed any extracellular metabolic formation, indicating a pure respiratory metabolism. The addition of urea as nitrogen source was crucial at maintaining a stable pH during the whole cultivations. It was also observed that the studied yeast strains are not capable of growing at a pH lower than 2.0.

Yarrowia lipolytica é uma levedura estritamente aeróbia e oleaginosa, pertencente ao filo Ascomycota. Atualmente é uma das espécies de levedura não convencional mais estudadas para aplicações biotecnológicas. Se comparada a outras leveduras, como Saccharomyces cerevisiae, observam-se notáveis distinções relacionadas a sua fisiologia, genética e filogenia. É conhecida sua capacidade de excretar altas quantidades de ácidos orgânicos (ácidos cítrico, isocítrico, cetoglutárico e pirúvico) e de secretar diferentes enzimas (lipases, proteases etc.), permitindo a degradação de diferentes substratos, incluindo os de caráter hidrofóbico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo implementar técnicas de cultivo em meio sólido ou líquido para a levedura Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682, que permitissem avaliar sua capacidade em utilizar diferentes fontes de carbono, além de calcular os principais parâmetros da fisiologia celular, como velocidades específicas e fatores de conversão. Nos cultivos em meio sólido, verificou-se que esta levedura apresenta fraco ou nenhum crescimento nas fontes de carbono sacarose, xilose, citrato e acetato. Além disto, observou-se que a tiamina é fator de crescimento essencial ao desenvolvimento desta levedura quando cultivada em glicose e glicerol. Verificou-se também que esta linhagem apresenta maior tolerância ao NaCl, se comparada à linhagem Y. lipolytica W29 (tradicionalmente empregada nos estudos acadêmicos). Nos cultivos em meio líquido, foi estabelecida uma composição de meio de cultivo totalmente definido, que permitiu o crescimento desta levedura com velocidade específica máxima de 0,35 h-1 em glicose e 0,46 h-1 em glicerol, como únicas fontes de carbono. Nestes cultivos, os fatores de conversão de substrato a células, durante a fase exponencial de crescimento, foram 0,32 g de massa seca de células/g glicose e 0,48 g de massa seca de células/g glicerol. Durante os cultivos em meio líquido, que foram realizados a 28 oC e 200 rotações por minuto em incubador rotativo, empregando frascos do tipo erlenmeyer com deflectores, fechados com algodão e um quinto do volume ocupado com meio líquido e 2,5 g.l-1 iniciais da fonte de carbono, não foi observada a formação de nenhum metabólito extracelular, o que é indicativo de um metabolismo energético puramente respiratório. Nestas condições, usando-se ureia como fonte de nitrogênio, o pH permaneceu estável do início ao final dos cultivos. Observou-se também que a levedura estudada não é capaz de crescer em pH menor que 2,0. / Yarrowia lipolytica is a dimorphic, strictly aerobic and oleaginous yeast belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. It is currently one of the non-conventional yeast species most studied for biotechnological applications. If compared to other yeasts, such as S. cerevisiae, notable distinctions are observable related to its physiology, genetics and phylogeny. It is well known for its ability to secrete high quantities of organic acids (citric acid, isocitric acid, ketoglutaric acid and pyruvic acid) and innate ability to secrete various enzymes (lipases, proteases etc.), which allows the species to degrade different substrates, including hydrophobic ones. The present work aimed at the implementation of cultivation techniques in solid or liquid media for the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682, enabling to assess its ability to assimilate different carbon sources, and to calculates the main parameters of cellular physiology, such as specific growth rate and specific yields. In solid media assays, it was found that Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682 presents a weak to almost null growth when sucrose, xylose, citrate and acetate are used as sole carbon sources. Furthermore, it was observed that thiamine is an essential growth factor for the proper assimilation of the carbon sources glucose and glycerol. Response towards osmotic stress was assessed in complex solid media, in which the strain Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682 exhibited higher halotolerance, up to 1,0 M NaCl, if compared to the other strain Yarrowia lipolytica W29 (traditionally employed in academic studies). A defined liquid medium composition was adapted, enabling the assessment of the specific growth rates for both strains, of which Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682 exhibited specific growth rates of 0.35 h-1 on glucose and 0.46 h-1 on glycerol, when used individually as sole carbon sources. On those assays, the substrate to biomass yields, during the exponential growth phase, was 0.32 g cell dry weight/g glucose and 0.48 g cell dry weight/g glycerol. During the cultivations in liquid medium, which were carried out in thermostatted orbital shaker incubator at 200 rpm and 28 oC, employing baffled cotton capped erlenmeyer flasks with a fifth of its volume occupied with the growth medium and 2.5 g.l-1 of the carbon source of choice, it was not observed any extracellular metabolic formation, indicating a pure respiratory metabolism. The addition of urea as nitrogen source was crucial at maintaining a stable pH during the whole cultivations. It was also observed that the studied yeast strains are not capable of growing at a pH lower than 2.0.

Une population mondiale croissante et l’épuisement des ressources fossiles a conduit à une augmentation de la demande alimentaire et énergétique. Si les plantes oléagineuses sont majoritairement exploitées pour leurs fruits et leurs graines riches en huiles dans le secteur agroalimentaire, elles sont également valorisées comme alternative aux produits pétrosourcés (biolubrifiants, biocarburants). La production de lipides et d’acides gras inhabituels a rapidement suscité un intérêt envers les organismes unicellulaires : les levures. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier deux modèles biologiques : la graine de lin (Linum usitatissimum), dont l’huile est constituée à 57% d’oméga-3, et la levure oléagineuse Yarrowia lipolytica, exploitée comme châssis biotechnologique. L’approche utilisée pour appréhender le métabolisme lipidique est la fluxomique. De plus, la conception d’un modèle prédictif reposant sur un marquage isotopique (MFA) ou la contrainte (FBA) permet une analyse dynamique du métabolisme. L’étude comparative de trois lignées de lin (teneurs en huile et oméga-3 différentes) a permis une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes menant à l’accumulation des lipides (jusqu’à 44,2 g.100g-1 MS). Ainsi, nous avons pu montrer que l’assimilation du saccharose et la remobilisation de l’amidon sont essentiels à la synthèse des précurseurs et du NADPH nécessaires à la synthèse des AG. Une forte implication de la glycolyse cytosolique et de la voie des pentoses phosphate plastidiale a pu être notée, tandis que la synthèse des protéines et de la paroi cellulaire a été une étape plutôt limitante. De plus, la PDAT semblerait être une enzyme essentielle à l’incorporation d’acides gras polyinsaturés dans les TAG. L’étude de trois souches de Yarrowia lipolytica a également permis d’appréhender le métabolisme de la levure. L’assimilation d’une source de carbone alternative au glucose (glycérol) a entraîné une redirection métabolique majeure vers la néoglucogénèse. Le flux majoritaire pour la synthèse des TAG emprunte la glycolyse et une partie du cycle de Krebs, afin de convertir le citrate en acétyl-CoA. L’optimisation de la voie Kennedy (GPD1 et DGA2) a permis une amélioration du contenu en lipides : +72% par rapport à une souche optimisée pour la synthèse des acides gras inhabituels (expression du gène LRO1, codant pour une PDAT). Les principales voies compétitives sont la synthèse de glucides de réserve et la sécrétion de citrate, réprimée ici grâce à une assimilation de glucose modérée. La PDAT est là encore impliquée dans l’accumulation des acides gras inhabituels. / Growing world population and depletion of fossil resources have led to an increasing food and energy demand. While oleaginous plants are mostly cultivated for their fruits or their seeds in food industry, they are also valued in as an alternative to petrochemicals (biolubricant, biofuels). The production of lipids and unusual fatty acids increased the interest for unicellular organisms: yeasts. The aim of this work is to study two biological models: flax seed (Linum usitatissimum), whose oil is made up of 57% omega-3, and yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, exploited as a biotechnological chassis. The approach used to understand lipid metabolism is fluxomics. In addition, the development of a predictive model based on isotopic labelling (MFA) or constraint-based one (FBA) allows a dynamic analysis of the metabolism. The comparative study of three flax lines (with different oil and omega-3 levels) provided a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to lipid accumulation (up to 44.2 g.100 gDW-1). Therefore, we have been able to show that sucrose assimilation and starch remobilization are essential for fatty acid precursors and cofactors synthesis. Strong involvements of cytosolic glycolysis (G3P, acetyl-CoA) and pentose phosphate pathway (NADPH) have been noted, while protein and cell wall synthesis are limiting steps. In addition, PDAT would be a central enzyme for the incorporation of PUFA into TAGs. The study of three Yarrowia lipolytica strains also helped us to better understand yeast metabolism. The assimilation of an alternative carbone source to glucose, glycerol, led to a major metabolic redirection towards gluconeogenesis. The TAG synthesis flux especially uses glycolysis and a part of TCA cycle to convert citrate into acetyl-CoA. Kennedy pathway optimizations (GPD1 and DGA2 gene overexpression) allowed a lipid content improvement: +72% compared to a strain optimized for the synthesis of unusual fatty acids (LRO1 gene expression, encoding for a PDAT enzyme). The main competitive pathways are carbohydrate synthesis (glycogen) and citrate secretion (here repressed thanks to slow glucose assimilation. PDAT (LRO1 gene) also led to unusual fatty acid accumulation.

Over recent years microbial oil has attracted much attention due to its potential to replace traditional oil sources in the production of biofuels and nutraceuticals. Its advantages arise from its independence of the food supply chain and its ease of production compared to conventional plant oils. Also, as concerns for the environment grow, microbially-synthesized oil emerges as potential competitor for the sustainable production of biodiesel. However, the high cost of its production currently hinders its large scale application. The bottlenecks to industrial microbial oil production are the cost of substrate and cultivation. Current research is focusing on process improvements to make microbial oil more competitive and worthwhile to produce. Several types of microorganisms have been explored so far and waste substrates have been utilised as cheap feedstocks. The overall cost is affected by the fermentation stage, therefore it is imperative to design cultivations with little operating requirements and high yields. Consequently, the present thesis aims to contribute to the field by developing and investigating a simple process for oleaginous yeast cultivation, focusing mainly on enhancing the yields during the bioreactor stage. Oleaginous yeasts were screened for their ability to grow on glycerol and the most promising strain was selected for further research. Then, the necessary conditions for its growth and oil accumulation were defined. Shake-flask cultivations showed that the specific growth rate and glycerol consumption of Rh. glutinis were higher at lower glycerol concentrations (smaller or equal to40 g/L), while higher C/N elemental ratios enhanced oil content. Experimental data were used to construct an unstructured kinetic model to describe and predict the system's behaviour. The Monod-based model took into account double substrate growth dependence and substrate inhibition. Following that, bioreactor cultivations extended the range of parameters studied, to include the influence of aeration rate and oxygen supply on cellular growth and microbial oil production. Cultivations at different air flow rates were performed in a 2 L bioreactor and showed that a low aeration rate of 0.5 L/min gave the best glycerol and nitrogen uptake rates, resulting in a concentration of biomass of 5.3 g/L with oil content of 33% under simple batch operation. This was improved by 68% to 16.8 g/L (cellular biomass) with similar oil content (34%) by applying a fed-batch strategy. Finally, different glycerol feeding schemes were evaluated in terms of their effect on oil accumulation. The concept of targeting first a cell proliferation stage, limited by the availability of nitrogen, followed by a lipid accumulation stage, fuelled by glycerol was tested. Continual feeding and pulsed feedings, delivering the same total amount of nitrogen (and glycerol), resulted in similar elevated values of both cellular biomass (~25 g/L) and oil content (~40%). Addition of glycerol at higher rates but giving the same total amount of nitrogen led to a further increase in oil content to 53%, resulting in an overall oil yield of more than 16 g/L (the highest achieved throughout the project). With comparable yields to those reported in the literature but achieved with a much poorer medium, there is every reason to be optimistic that microbial oil production from glycerol could be commercially viable in the future.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielaCLC_TESE.pdf: 4246178 bytes, checksum: 20207749bc1ab3a6ac8d9f478a5dc381 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / The leachate from landfills is a highly impactful liquid waste to the environment, making it essential to conducting research that provide a better and more precise characterization of the leachate produced in the cells of the landfill, considering the behavior of their constituents through soil, surface water and subterranean plants and, especially aimed at new techniques for treatment and disposal of the liquid waste in the environment. In this context, it objectified with the work, analyze the effect of the application of landfill leachate (PATS), through drip irrigation system, soil quality and sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus L.) in the Brazilian semiarid region. For accomplishment of this work, it was mounted an experimental area at the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido – UFERSA, Campus Mossoró. Each experimental bit was built in the dimensions of 2.0 x 5.0 m, and spacing of 2.0 m between blocks and 1.0 m between plots of the same block, where was cultivated the sunflower, cultivar BRS 324, in soil classified as argisoil red-yellow eutrophic. They treatments were: T1 – 100 % water (control); T2 – 80 % water and 20% PATS; T3 – 60 % water and 40 % of PATS; T4 – 40 % water and 60% PATS; and T5 – 20 % water and 80 % of PATS. During the experimental period, they were analyzed in parallel the chemical characteristics of soil and crop productivity, the physicochemical characteristics of the leachate and the supply mains water, and the performance of drip irrigation units. It adopted the delineation in blocks randomized with five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) and four repetitions, and to perform the statistical analysis was used statistical computer program Sisvar 5.6. The results indicated that only CEes , P, Fe and Zn suffered significant effects of different dosages PATS applied in interaction with the application time and for the two depths analyzed. The concentrations of N, Ca, Mg, Fe and Cd decreased considerably during the time of sampling. The levels of pH, CEes, N, P, Na, Ca, M.O., SB, CTC, T, V, PST, Mn, Zn and Pb decreased over the soil profile, and Fe increased. The concentrations of Cu, Ni and Cd were practically constant, the K and Mg did not show a pattern of variation, and Al3+, H + Al and m were null. In relation to culture, it showed that the variables AP, NF, DCaule, DCapítulo, weight of seeds, P, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb showed statistically significant differences between the treatments. Analyzing the changes in drip irrigation system performance caused by the application of leachate from landfills, it was found that there was a partial clogging of drippers where the fact that the setting time and amount of irrigation through valves alter the pressure service, decreasing the deposition of sediments and biofilm formation within the drippers lines. The treatment showed better results with respect to vegetative characteristics, production and sunflower plant tissue composition was the treatment T3 (water requirement of the crop with 60 % of AA and 40 % of PATS), and that high concentrations of PATS applied to the soil cause a reduction in quality and hence decrease in biomass of this culture and/or high concentrations in the plant tissue / O percolado de aterros sanitários é um resíduo líquido altamente impactante ao meio ambiente, tornando indispensável à realização de pesquisas que propiciem uma melhor e mais precisa caracterização do percolado produzido nas células dos aterros sanitários, considerando o comportamento dos seus constituintes do meio solo, águas superficiais e subterrâneas e plantas, visando especialmente novas técnicas de tratamento e disposição desse resíduo líquido no meio ambiente. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com o trabalho, analisar o efeito da aplicação de percolado de aterros sanitários (PATS), via sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, na qualidade do solo e no cultivo de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) no semiárido brasileiro. Para realização deste trabalho, montou-se uma área experimental, na Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido – UFERSA, Campus Mossoró-RN. Cada parcela experimental foi construída nas dimensões de 2,0 x 5,0 m, e com espaçamento de 2,0 m entre blocos e de 1,0 m entre parcelas do mesmo bloco, onde foi cultivado o girassol, cultivar BRS 324, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico. Utilizaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: T1 – 100 % de água da rede de abastecimento (testemunha); T2 – 80 % de água da rede de abastecimento e 20 % de PATS; T3 – 60 % de água da rede de abastecimento e 40 % de PATS; T4 – 40 % de água da rede de abastecimento e 60 % de PATS; e, T5 – 20 % de água da rede de abastecimento e 80 % de PATS. Durante o período experimental, foram analisados, paralelamente as características químicas do solo e de produtividade da cultura, as características físico-químicas do percolado e da água da rede de abastecimento, e o desempenho das unidades de irrigação por gotejamento. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (T1, T2, T3, T4 e T5) e quatro repetições, e para a realização das análises estatísticas foi utilizado o programa computacional estatístico Sisvar 5.6. Os resultados indicaram que apenas a CE1:2,5, P, Fe e Zn sofreram efeitos significativos das distintas dosagens de PATS aplicadas em interação com o tempo de aplicação e em relação as duas profundidades analisadas. As concentrações de N, Ca, Mg, Fe e Cd diminuíram consideravelmente no decorrer do tempo de amostragem. Os valores de pH, CE1:2,5, N, P, Na, Ca, M.O., SB, CTC, t, V, PST, Mn, Zn e Pb diminuíram, ao longo do perfil do solo, e Fe aumentou. As concentrações de Cu, Ni e Cd foram praticamente constantes, as de K e Mg não apresentaram um padrão de variação, e os valores de Al3+, H+Al e m foram nulos. Já com relação à cultura, evidenciou-se que as variáveis AP, NF, DCaule, DCapítulo, Peso das sementes, P, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn e Pb apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os tratamentos aplicados. Analisando as alterações no desempenho de sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, causadas pela aplicação de percolado de aterros sanitários, constatou-se que houve entupimento parcial dos gotejadores, onde o fato da regulagem do tempo e volume de irrigação por meio de válvulas alterou a pressão de serviço, diminuindo a deposição de sedimentos e formação de biofilme no interior das linhas gotejadoras. O tratamento que apresentou melhor resultado com relação às características vegetativas, de produção e composição do tecido vegetal do girassol foi o tratamento T3 (necessidade hídrica da cultura com 60% de AA e 40% de PATS), e que, elevadas concentrações de PATS aplicadas no solo causam redução na sua qualidade e, consequentemente, diminuição na produção de biomassa dessa cultura e/ou elevadas concentrações no tecido vegetal / 2017-02-09

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-19T14:21:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelGS_DISSERT.pdf: 1850481 bytes, checksum: 38ebeeaccd9b0ab617bb5bba4c837f81 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:44:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelGS_DISSERT.pdf: 1850481 bytes, checksum: 38ebeeaccd9b0ab617bb5bba4c837f81 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:44:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelGS_DISSERT.pdf: 1850481 bytes, checksum: 38ebeeaccd9b0ab617bb5bba4c837f81 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T14:45:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelGS_DISSERT.pdf: 1850481 bytes, checksum: 38ebeeaccd9b0ab617bb5bba4c837f81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Sesame is an oleaginous that presents great economic potential, due to the possibilities of exploration. It is a crop of low productivity, and may be superior when management in fertilization is appropriate. However, more information about the nutrition of the crop is needed. Nitrogen is one of the nutrients that most limits the production of sesame because it is responsible for important functions of metabolism and nutrition of the crop. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the cultivars of irrigated sesame in the function of nitrogen fertilization in two agricultural crops. Experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, belonging to the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University, Mossoró-RN, from February to May (1st crop) and July to October (2nd crop) in 2016. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks with four replications in a subdivided plots scheme, being allocated in the plots five nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1), and the four sesame cultivars in the subplots (CNPA G2 , CNPA G3, CNPA G4 and BRS Silk). The variables evaluated were: nitrogen content in the leaf diagnosis, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and capsules, dry mass (leaf, stem, capsules and plants), seed productivity, agronomic efficiency, oil and protein content. The dose of 120 kg ha-1 of nitrogen provided the best agronomic performance for sesame. The cultivar CNPA G4 had the highest productive performance. The cultivar BRS Silk had a higher oil content. The second crop provided better agronomic performance to the sesame crop / O gergelim é uma oleaginosa que apresenta grande potencial econômico, devido às possibilidades de exploração. É uma cultura de baixa produtividade, podendo ser superior quando há manejo adequado na adubação. Contudo, maiores informações sobre a nutrição da cultura precisam ser obtidas. O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes que mais limitam a produção do gergelim, por ser responsável por importantes funções do metabolismo e da nutrição da cultura. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cultivares de gergelim irrigado em função de adubação nitrogenada em duas safras agrícolas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, pertencente à Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró-RN, no período de fevereiro a maio (1ª safra agrícola) e julho a outubro (2ª safra agrícola) de 2016. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo alocadas nas parcelas cincos doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1), e nas subparcelas as quatros cultivares de gergelim (CNPA G2, CNPA G3, CNPA G4 e BRS Seda). As variáveis avaliadas foram: teor de nitrogênio na folha diagnóstico, altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas e cápsulas, massa seca (folha, caule, cápsulas e plantas), produtividade de sementes, eficiência agronômica, teor de óleo e proteína. A dose de 120 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio propiciou o melhor desempenho agronômico para o gergelim. A cultivar CNPA G4 teve o maior desempenho produtivo. A cultivar BRS Seda teve maior teor de óleo. A 2ª safra agrícola proporcionou melhor desempenho agronômico à cultura do gergelim / 2017-07-19

Agência Nacional do Petróleo / O estudo visou à caracterização geoquímica orgânica detalhada (carbono orgânico total, resíduo insolúvel, enxofre, pirólise Rock-Eval e biomarcadores) da Formação Irati através do furo pioneiro FP-12-SP localizado próximo da região de Anhembi (SP), e à análise das alterações destes parâmetros devido ao efeito térmico de intrusões de diabásio. A partir destes dados definiu-se 8 (oito) unidades quimioestratigráficas, determinou se o potencial gerador de cada unidade, o tipo de querogênio e a assinatura geoquímica através de parâmetros dos biomarcadores saturados e, por último, indicou-se as alterações causadas pelo efeito térmico de intrusivas nos sedimentos. O Membro Taquaral possui baixo teor de carbono orgânico total, querogênio tipo III/IV, com alta proporção de alcanos lineares e cicloalcanos, predominância dos esteranos C27 em relação ao C29, com indicações de ambiente marinho com salinidade normal. O Membro Assistência é caracterizado por apresentar valores de carbono orgânico total relativamente alto com aumento para o topo, intercalação de níveis siliciclásticos com carbonáticos, potencial gerador que chega a excelente e índice de hidrogênio predominante para óleo e condensado, baixa proporção de n-alcanos em relação aos cicloalcanos e alcanos ramificados, aparecimento do gamacerano, indicando ambiente marinho hipersalino com afogamento para o topo. O efeito térmico é visto a partir de 3 metros abaixo e 10 metros acima da soleira com maturação da matéria orgânica nos 9,5m mais próximos da soleira. A propagação de calor acima da soleira foi maior do que abaixo devido à diferença de condutividade térmica entre o carbonato e o folhelho, onde a máxima restrição com o aumento da salinidade na Unidade Quimioestratigráfica E, indicada pela presença de gamacerano, pode ter amplificado a passagem de calor para o topo. / The study aimed to detailed organic geochemistry characterization (total organic carbon, insoluble residue, sulfur , Rock-Eval pyrolysis and biomarkers) of the Irati Formation through pioneering well FP-12-SP located near the region of Anhembi (SP), and to analysis of changes in these parameters due to the thermal effect of diabase intrusions. From these data it was defined eight (8) chemostratigraphic units, as well as the potential generator of each unit, the type of kerogen and geochemical parameters through the saturated biomarkers, and, finally, it was indicated the changes caused by thermal effect of intrusives on sediments. The Taquaral Member has low content of total organic carbon, kerogen type III/IV, with a high proportion of linear alkanes and cycloalkanes, predominance of C27 steranes compared to C29, with indications of marine environment with normal salinity. The Member Assistência is characterized by relatively high levels of total organic carbon increasing to the top, interleaving siliciclastic levels with carbonate, generation potential reaching excellent and hydrogen index predominant to oil and condensate, low proportion of n-alkanes relative to cycloalkanes and branched alkanes and gammacerane indicating hypersaline marine environment with drowning to the top. The thermal effect is seen from 3 meters below and 10 meters above the sill with maturation of the organic matter at 9.5 m from the nearest sill. The propagation of heat above the threshold was higher than below due to difference in thermal conductivity between the shale and carbonate, where the maximum constraint with increasing salinity in Chemostratigraphic Unit E, indicated by the presence of gammacerane, may have amplified the passage of heat to the top.

Orientador: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Mauro Sartori Bueno / Banca: Edson Ramos de Siqueira / Banca: Américo Garcia da Silva Sobrinho / Banca: Juliana Borsari Dourado Sancanari / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a introdução de subprodutos de oleaginosas na alimentação de ovinos. As dietas foram compostas por 30% de feno de capim tifton e 70% de concentrado, composto por milho em grão, farelo de soja, torta de soja, torta de girassol e torta de amendoim. Para a avaliação do desempenho, características quantitativas da carcaça e qualitativas da carne, foram confinados 24 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, machos nãocastrados, desmamados com, aproximadamente, 70 dias de idade, com peso corporal médio de 19 + 2 kg, utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Para a avaliação da digestibilidade foram utilizados oito cordeiros da raça Santa Inês machos não-castrados com aproximadamente 70 dias de idade média, peso corporal médio de 16 kg, adotando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. O delineamento experimental foi em 2 Quadrados Latinos 4 x 4 e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para a avaliação da degradação ruminal, valores de pH e concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal foram utilizados quatro ovinos com peso corporal de aproximadamente 40 kg, canulados no rúmen. No experimento de desempenho, a duração do confinamento, o ganho de peso diário, a conversão alimentar e o consumo de MS não foram afetados (P>0,05), com médias de 54,29 dias, 259 g/dia, 4,29 kg de MS/kg e 1,32 kg/dia, respectivamente. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para o consumo de MS, MO, PB, CT e EB entre as dietas experimentais, no ensaio de digestibilidade. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre as dietas para a digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, FDA, CT e CNF com médias de 76,23; 74,47; 76,44; 41,12; 73,00 e 90,03%, respectivamente. As características quantitativas da carcaça e qualitativas da carne não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelas dietas. Em relação aos rendimentos dos cortes, não houve efeito das dietas para todas as ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this work was evaluate introduction of byproducts of oleaginous in sheep feeding. Diets were composed for 30% of Tifton hay and 70% of concentrate based on corn grain, soybean meal, soybean cake, sunflower cake and peanut cake. For performance evaluating, carcass quantitative characteristics and qualitative of the meat, 24 Santa Inês lambs with initial age and weight of 70 days and 19 + 2 kg, according to a completely randomized design. For digestive evaluate, weight Santa Inês sheep with initial age and weight of 70 days and 16 kg, adapted to the use of bag, for collect feces. Animals were distributed in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin Square and means were compared by Tukey's test with 5% significance level. For ruminal degradability evaluate, pH values and ammonia nitrogen concentration four sheep with weight 40 kg rumen cannulated. By the performance trial, duration of confinement, weight gain, fed conversion and the dry matter intake were not affected (P>0,05), with averages of 54.29 days, 259 g/day, 4.29 kg of DM/kg and 1.32 kg/day, respectively. There were no difference P>0,05) for intake DM, OM, CP, CT and CE among treatments, digestibility trial with averages of 76.23; 74.47; 76.44; 41.12; 73.00 and 93.00%, respectively. There were no differences for digestibility DM, OM, CP, ADF, CT and NCF. The carcass quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the meat were not influenced (P>0,05) by diets. For the cuts dressing, no effect was observed for the analysed variables among diets. The byproducts did not influence (P>0,05) the sensory characteristics of the meat of lambs with averages of 7.49; 7.36 and 7.34 to flavour, texture and global acceptance, respectively. There were no differences for cholesterol with average of 38.22 mg/100 g meat among diets. The diets was not allow a significant alteration in the fatty acids found in the meat of lambs. There was no effect of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor