xiii, 86 p. : ill. (some col.) / In the Pacific Northwest, populations of the Olympia oyster, Ostrea lurida, were once decimated by overharvesting and natural disasters. Their full recovery may now be limited by availability of hard substrata for larval settlement. I studied the timing of settlement and larval preferences for commonly available substrata, including conspecifics and the shells of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, which are often provided in restoration efforts. Settlement occurred from August-December with a peak in October. I found no significant settlement differences between live and dead oysters or between shells of Olympia or Pacific oysters. There was significantly higher settlement on bottoms of horizontal substrata than on tops. In the laboratory, larvae showed no clear preferences among various hard substrata. This lack of settlement preference has positive implications for restoration projects, since Pacific oyster shell is much easier to obtain and seems to be no less beneficial than the shells of conspecifics. / Committee in charge: Dr. Craig M. Young, Chairperson; Dr. Richard B. Emlet, Member; Dr. Steven S. Rumrill, Member

From January 2012 to December 2012 I collected adult oysters from two intertidal populations on a monthly basis in the Coos Bay estuary, Oregon for histological analysis of their gonads. Gametogenesis and spawning occur seasonally from May through September, when water temperatures exceed 14.5&deg C, with brooding oysters found from July through September. Oocyte diameters increased significantly from May to June, and from June to July within oyster populations at Haynes Inlet and Coalbank Slough, respectively. Male gametogenesis initiated in May at Haynes Inlet and in June at Coalbank Slough. Dry meat condition values increased significantly during periods of reproduction and decreased following the reproductive season's end. Condition index values for Coalbank Slough were consistently lower than those at Haynes Inlet, suggesting poor nutrition or physiological stress. Salinities below recorded physiological thresholds are believed to be the primary environmental factor influencing the discrepancy in reproductive activity at Coalbank Slough.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar os templos dedicados a Zeus Olímpico, chamados de Olimpiéia, construídos entre os séculos VI e V a.C., época arcaica e clássica. Nossa intenção é compreender em que medida o santuário de Olímpia na Grécia continental foi responsável pela origem e difusão do culto de Zeus Olímpico no restante do mundo grego. É nossa intenção também compreender o caráter assumido por este culto nas várias partes do mundo grego. Interessa-nos, sobretudo, aprofundar o estudo das relações deste culto com o poder político em época arcaica e clássica no que diz respeito principalmente à sua eventual manipulação política. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento das cidades que consagraram templos a esta divindade a fim de mapearmos o seu culto e, trabalhando os dados arqueológicos contextualizados em associação com as fontes textuais, pretendemos discutir temas como: 1-) a utilização do epíteto Olympios e do nome Olympiéion; 2-) a configuração espacial dos santuários de Zeus Olímpico e a relação do espaço sagrado com a sociedade; 3-) a relação entre o culto e o governo tirânico; 4-) e o papel do culto na construção da identidade grega. / This research aims to study the temples dedicated to Olympian Zeus, also known as Olympieia, built between the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., during the Archaic and Classical periods. Our intention is to provide an account of the importance of the sanctuary of Olympia played in the origin and diffusion of the Zeus Olympios\' cult, as well as the character assumed by this cult in other parts of the Greek world. In particular, we intend to deepen the comprehension of the connections the political power established with this cult during the Archaic and Classical epochs, especially regarding its casual political manipulation. In order to reach a sharper appraisal of the cult and meet the other purposes set forth herewith, the research will develop a detailed survey of those cities with temples consecrated to this divinity and, associating textual sources with contextualized archaeological data, suggest some themes to discussion as: 1. The use of both the epithet Olympios and the name Olympiéion; 2. The spatial configuration of the Zeus Olympios sanctuaries and the relationship between society and the sacred place; 3. The tyrannical government in relation with the cult; 4. The role played by the cult in the making of the Greek identity.

No description available.

The world of aesthetics is usually reserved for the artist and to some degree held separate from the science of politics. This paper sets out to explore the relationship between these too-often separated disciplines by examining how the political manifests itself in the aesthetical. The theoretical framework in this paper is based on Crispin Sartwell’s theory about political manifestation in aesthetic expressions in political environments. The method of delivery forthe purpose is challenging Sartwell’s theory in a semiotic picture analysis of the motionpicture Olympia, produced under the direct supervision of Hitler in 1930’s Nazi Germany.The contents of this famous film are commonly described to hold high in the sphere of theaesthetical, but not so much in the political, despite for being a Nazi-produced film. Theresults go to show however, that such is not the case. In fact, this aesthetical piece holdsmany representations of Nazi ideology. The aesthetics of the film can at first seem to besubtle and purely aesthetical. But through careful analysis, the aesthetical expressions arerevealed to be all but simply artistically creative expressions; they are the visualmanifestations of central aspects of Nazi ideology.

<p>The aim of this thesis has been to consider how Philip II of Macedonia presented himself to the Greek peoples after the Battle of Chaeronea in 336 BC. It examines the context and program of the Philippeion at Olympia in order to determine how Philip II negotiated his royal status in response to Greek opinion. This study takes into account the traditional role of the Macedonian kings, how they typically portrayed themselves, and to what purpose. It also explores Philip's propaganda specifically and the differing responses of various Greek peoples. <p lang="en-CA">Although Philip's role as Hegemon of the League of Corinth seems to be at odds with the Philippeion's classification as a victory monument and a display of the king's authority, further examination reveals that the Philippeion conforms with Philip's program of propaganda. It's message is also adaptable to the various perceptions of the Greek peoples as well as any Macedonian viewers. <p lang="en-CA"></p> / Master of Arts (MA)

Aeolian dune fields form some of the most striking patterns on Earth and Mars. These patterns reflect the internal dune dynamics of self-organization within boundary conditions, which are the unique set of environmental variables within which each dune field evolves. Dune-field pattern self-organization occurs because of interactions between the dunes themselves and the rich diversity of dune-field patterns arises because boundary conditions alter the type and frequency of dune interactions. These hypotheses are explored in three parts. First, source-area geometry and areal limits are two newly recognized boundary conditions. Measurements of crest length and spacing from satellite images of dune patterns with point and line source-area geometries show an increase in crest length and spacing over distance, whereas crest length and spacing in plane-sourced patterns emerge equally across the dune field. The areal limit boundary condition is the size and shape of the dune field itself. Empirical measurements from ten dune fields ranging over four orders of magnitude in area show that spacing increases and defect density decreases as the area of the dune field increases. A simple analytical model indicates that dune fields that are five times longer in the dune migration direction can achieve the greatest spacing for a given area. Second, time-series aerial photographs and airborne LiDAR show that fully developed, crescentic aeolian dunes at White Sands, New Mexico, interact and the dune pattern organizes in systematically similar ways as wind ripples and subaqueous dunes and ripples. Interaction type, classified as constructive, regenerative or neutral in terms of pattern development, changes spatially with the pattern because of the imposition of the line-source area and sediment availability boundary conditions. Upwind dominance by constructive interactions at the field line-source yields to neutral and regenerative interactions in the sediment availability-limited field center. Third, the dune-field pattern in the Olympia Undae Dune Field on Mars is comprised of two generations of dunes. This scenario of pattern reformation with a new wind regime shows that the emergence of the younger pattern is controlled by the boundary condition of the antecedent dune topography imposed upon the interaction between the younger and older patterns. / text

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Bewertung der Glaubwürdigkeit antiker schriftlicher Quellen zur Rekonstruktion der vier Kultbilder des Zeus von Olympia, der Hera von Samos, der Hera von Argos und der Artemis von Ephesos. Entgegen der vielfach praktizierten Methode, literarische Quellen ohne Ansehen ihrer philologischen Herkunft mit dem archäologischen Befund zu vergleichen, konzentriert sich die Dissertation auf eine Bearbeitung der Texte in Abhängigkeit von ihrer literarischen Gattung, um zu überprüfen, ob die schriftlichen Informationen überhaupt sinnvoll zu einer Rekonstruktion herangezogen werden können. / The aim of this work is to explore, weather or not the analyzed ancient literary sources can be used for the reconstruction of four ancient Greek cult images: the Olympian Zeus, the Samian Hera, Hera of Argos and Artemis of Ephesos. Therefor it is not sufficient just to compare the written texts with the archaeological results. The fundamental idea of the dissertation is that moreover it is necessary to concentrate on the literary genre of the texts. Thereby it is easier to find out if the information from the literacy can be used for reconstructions.

During the 1860s in Paris, Edouard Manet and his circle transformed the style and content of art to reflect an emerging modernity in the social, political and economic life of the city. Manet's Olympia (1863) was foundational to the new manner of painting that captured the changing realities of modern life in Paris. One readily observable development of the period was the emergence of a small but highly visible population of free blacks in the city, just fifteen years after the second and final French abolition of territorial slavery in 1848. The discourse around Olympia has centered almost exclusively on one of the two figures depicted: the eponymous prostitute whose portrayal constitutes a radical revision of conventional images of the courtesan. This dissertation will attempt to provide a sustained art-historical treatment of the second figure, the prostitute's black maid, posed by a model whose name, as recorded by Manet, was Laure. It will first seek to establish that the maid figure of Olympia, in the context of precedent and Manet's other images of Laure, can be seen as a focal point of interest, and as a representation of the complex racial dimension of modern life in post-abolition Paris. It will then examine the continuing resonance and influence of Manet's Laure across successive generations of artists from Manet's own time to the present moment. The dissertation thereby suggests a continuing iconographic lineage for Manet's Laure, as manifested in iteratively modernizing depictions of the black female figure from 1870 to the present. Artworks discussed include a clarifying homage to Manet by his acolyte Frédéric Bazille; the countertypical portrayal by early modernist Henri Matisse of two principal black models as personifications of cosmopolitan modernity; the presentation by collagist Romare Bearden of a black odalisque defined by cultural, rather than sexual, attributes metaphoric of the cultural hybridity of African American culture; and direct engagement with Manet's depiction of Laure by selected contemporary artists, including Maud Sulter and Mickalene Thomas, often with imagery, materials and processes also influenced by Matisse or Bearden. In each case, the fitfully evolving modernity of the black female figure will be seen to emerge from each artist's fidelity to his or her transformative creative vision regardless of the representational norms of the day. The question of what, if anything, is represented by Manet's idiosyncratic depiction of the prostitute's black maid has seldom been comprehensively addressed by the histories of modern art. The small body of published commentary about Manet's Laure, with a few notable exceptions, generally dismisses the figure as meaning, essentially, nothing -- except as an ancillary intensifier of the connotations of immorality attributed to the prostitute. Manet's earlier portrait of Laure, rich in significations relevant to her portrayal in Olympia, is even more rarely discussed, and typically seen as a study for Olympia, rather than as a stand-alone portrait as this analysis suggests. The image of Laure as Olympia's maid is frequently oversimplified as a racist stereotype, a perspective that belies the metonymic implications of a figure that is simultaneously centered and obscured. It is in the extensive body of response to Laure's Olympia pose by artists, more than by historians, that the full complexity and enduring influence of the figure's problematic nuance can be seen. This dissertation, like the artists, takes its cues from the formal qualities of Manet's images of Laure, in the context of precedent images and the fraught racial interface within Manet's social and artistic milieu, to suggest new and revisionary narratives. It suggests that Manet's Laure can be seen as an early depiction of an evolving cultural hybridity among black Parisians- visible in Laure's placement, affect and attire--that took shape during the early years of the newly built northern areas of Paris that are today home to some of the largest black populations in central Paris. Within this context, an iconographic legacy of ambivalent yet innovative modernity can be asserted for the Laure figure -extending from Delacroix to Matisse, Bearden and beyond. This lineage can be seen as parallel to the long-established pictorial lineage for Manet's figuring of the prostitute Olympia. What is at stake is an art-historical discourse posed as an intervention with the prevailing historical silence about the representation and legacy of Manet's Laure, and by derivation about the significance of the black female muse to the formation of modernism. This analysis suggests that the black female figure is foundational to the evolving aesthetics of modern art. It suggests that Olympia's standing as a progenitor of modern painting can only be enhanced by breaking through the marginalization of Laure's representational legacy. It asserts that it is only when the bi-figural significance of Manet's Olympia is recognized that the extent and influence of Manet's radical modernity can be most fully understood.

Pollen records from southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, show changes in vegetation and climate from the late Olympia Interstade through the Fraser Glaciation. This study provides important insights into phytogeographic patterns of Pacific Northwest flora, leads to an enhanced understanding of processes affecting present-day ranges of several plant taxa, and provides a historical perspective on the origin of coastal alpine ecosystems. Evidence for a previously unrecognized glacial advance in the region at ~21,000 14C yr BP, herein called the Saanich glacier, is provided. The results reveal widespread habitat and food sources suitable for the mega fauna that lived on southern Vancouver Island during the last glaciation. Vegetation during the Fraser Glaciation represented a mosaic of plant communities across a heterogeneous and productive landscape. Pollen spectra indicate that plant assemblages, dominated by Poaceae and Cyperaceae, were widespread. Similarities to tundra in northern Alaska and high elevation sites in British Columbia were detected. Vegetation varied geographically in the late Olympia (ca. 33,500-29,000 14C yr BP). Grassy uplands with scattered trees and local moist meadows occurred at Qualicum Beach under mesic and cool conditions, while cold and dry grass tundra prevailed at Skutz Falls. Increased non-arboreal pollen percentages at Qualicum Beach, 29,000 14C yr BP, reflect expansion of grassy meadows with diverse herbs under a cool and dry climate at the onset of the Fraser Glaciation. At Qualicum Beach between 25,160-24,190 14C yr BP, sedge wetlands were surrounded by open, dry uplands. Concurrently at Osborne Bay, Pinus-Picea-Abies-Poaceae parkland occurred. Dry and cold climate intensified as the Fraser Glaciation progressed after 24,000 14C yr BP and non-arboreal communities expanded. At Cordova Bay, cold and dry tundra or parkland in upland sites, and sedge wetlands on an aggrading floodplain are recorded. Sparse tree cover and grass-tundra surrounded a floodplain at Skutz Falls around 21,000 14C yr BP under cool and dry climate. Subalpine-like Picea-Abies-Pinus parkland and moist, species-rich grassland meadows occurred at McKenzie Bight at the same time. A sedge wetland occupied the site of deposition, and was periodically inundated as lake levels fluctuated. Upland grasslands at Cordova Bay are recorded between 21,600–19,400 14C yr BP, while local ponded areas developed on an aggrading floodplain at sea level. From 19,400-19,300 14C yr BP, parkland at Cordova Bay developed as climate moistened and warmed at the time of the Port Moody Interstade known from the Fraser Lowland. Abundant marine dinoflagellate cysts between 21,600–19,400 14C yr BP, reveal a high sea level stand and strong marine influence at Cordova Bay. Glacioisostatic depression of the crust on the east side of Vancouver Island is the most probable explanation. The presence of pollen-bearing glacio-lacustrine sediments at McKenzie Bight around 21,000 14C yr BP at ~93 m and contemporaneous isostatic crustal depression at Cordova Bay strongly suggest a major glacial body in the region at the same time as the Coquitlam advance in the Lower Mainland. Ice-free landscapes may have occurred on southern Vancouver Island through the Fraser glaciation beyond the Saanich glacier ice limits. / Graduate