A crescente demanda por analises rápidas, simples e eco-fiendly tem feito da busca pela miniaturização e automatização dos procedimentos de preparo de amostra uma necessidade permanente na academia e na indústria. Atualmente, embora existam diversas técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostra, estas ainda são utilizadas de forma manual na maioria das situações, pois o acesso às possibilidades de automatização em muitos laboratórios de química é ainda bastante limitado. Afortunadamente, as plataformas de robótica Open-Source estão se tornado uma alternativa interessante no desenvolvimento lab made de todo tipo de instrumentos e sistemas automatizados. Esta tese apresenta três exemplos de desenvolvimento no laboratóriode sistemas robotizados para a automatização de técnicas miniaturizadas de preparo de amostras. Num primeiro estudo, foi projetado, construído e programado um robô cartesiano capaz de operar simultaneamente seis microsseringas de extração. Este sistema foi posto à prova na automatização da microextração por sorvente empacotado (MEPS) e validado na extração de HPAs em amostras de esgoto sanitário, demostrando alta precisão, exatidão e frequência de análise. Um segundo robô cartesiano, equipado com uma única unidade de extração, foi projetado, construído e programado para conseguir pela primeira vez a integração on-line da microextração em fase liquida (LPME) com a análise mediante cromatografia líquida. Este sistema possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um método para determinação de triazinas, com tempo de total de análise de 10 minutos, incluindo o preparo da amostra e a separação/detecção dos analitos. Finalmente, por integração de técnicas em fluxo, ferramentas de robótica Open-Source e impressão 3D, a microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva baseada na solidificação da fase orgânica (DLLME-SFO) foi completamente automatizada pela primeira vez. O sistema assim desenvolvido foi validado no desenvolvimento de um método para a determinação de parabenos em produtos de cuidado pessoal, águas, urina e saliva, demostrando de esta forma, o grande potencial das tecnologias modernas no desenvolvimento de novos, versáteis e eficientes sistemas automatizados nos laboratórios de química. / The growing demand for rapid, simple and eco-friendly analyzes has made the search for miniaturization and automation of sample preparation procedures a permanent necessity. Although, nowadays there are a number of miniaturized sample preparation techniques, they are used manually in most situations. The access to automation tools is limited yet, in many chemistry laboratories. Fortunately, Open-Source robotics platforms have become an interesting alternative in the lab-made development lab made instruments and automated systems. This thesis presents three examples of laboratory development of robotic systems for the automation of miniaturized sample preparation techniques. In a first study, a cartesian robot capable of simultaneously operating six extraction microsystems was designed, constructed and programmed. This system was tested in the automation of microextraction by packaged sorbent (MEPS) and validated in the extraction of HPAs in sanitary sewage samples, demonstrating high accuracy and throughput analysis. A second cartesian robot, equipped with a single extraction unit, was designed, constructed and programmed to accomplish for the first time the online integration of the liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and the liquid chromatography analysis. This system allowed the development of a method for the determination of triazines, with an analysis time of 10 minutes, including sample preparation and separation / detection of the analytes. Finally, by integrating flow techniques, Open-Source robotics tools and 3D printing, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) was completely automated for the first time. The developed system was validated in the development of a method for the determination of parabens in personal care products, water, urine and saliva, thus demonstrating the great potential of modern technologies in the development of new, versatile and efficient automated systems in chemistry laboratories.

Esta tese visa demonstrar a aplicação do padrão ODP (Open Distributed System) no desenvolvimento de sistemas distribuídos e abertos aplicados em automação. Para atingir este objetivo define-se uma estratégia cujos elementos básicos são: a metodologia ODP e o experimento ODP. A metodologia suporta o padrão ODP, numa estrutura sistemática e o experimento, aplica-se num projeto, para observar o comportamento do processo de aplicabilidade. A metodologia ODP está composta dos conceitos, procedimentos e modelos, propostos pelo padrão ODP; das técnicas e conceitos da orientação a objetos e da estrutura de um modelo de sistema aberto de automação (SAA), constituindo uma estrutura coerente e gerenciável, de aplicação prática nos projetos de sistemas abertos em automação. No experimento ODP, a metodologia é aplicada no desenvolvimento de um sistema de automoção, cujo escopo são os projetos dos grandes empreendimentos, que utilizam em seu processo de desenvolvimento a engenharia simultânea. O resultado desta automação será caracterizada pela obtenção de um sistema distribuído, aberto e configurado como ambiente cooperativo (Groupware) de projeto. Finalmente, os resultados do experimento serão comparados com outros tipos de metodologias que não utilizam o ODP, para poder concluir sobre a utilização do padrão ODP nos projetos de sistemas de automação. / This thesis purposes to demonstrate the applicability of the open distributed processing standard, in the development of the open distributed system applied in the automation. To achieve this objective a strategy is defined, whose basic elements are the ODP methodology and the ODP experiment. The methodology supports the ODP standard in a systematic structure and the experiment applies it in one project, to observe the behavior of the applicability process. The ODP methodology is composed by concepts, procedures and models, proposed by the ODP standard; by techniques and concepts of the objects oriented, and the structure of an open automation system model (OAS), establishing an manageable and coherent structure. In the ODP experiment, this methodology is applied in the development of an automation system which scope is the large enterprise projects that use in his development process the concurrent engineering. The result of this automation will be characterized by the Open Distributed System and will be configured as a project cooperative environment (Groupware). Finally, the experiment results will be compared with other methodologies that don\'t use ODP, to obtain conclusions about the use of the ODP standard in the automation system projects.

Yeung Wai Yan, Jessica. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2006-2007, design report."

Open access has played a significant part in the development of scholarlycommunication. Today, several research funding agencies around the worldrequires that the results of the research it supports must be published openaccess where the underlying idea is that publicly funded research should befree and available to all users. The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the issueof open access publishing from the perspective of researchers in the field ofodontology, focused on their attitudes, behaviors and publishing experienceswith open access. Through a qualitative interview study with fiveodontological researchers, the results have been compared to previous studieson researchers' attitudes and experiences with open access. The results showthat both knowledge and experience with open access publishing is fairly lowamong the participating scientists. Generally, a positive attitude towards openaccess in other research areas can be identified among odontologicalresearchers, but when it comes to publishing within their own discipline openaccess is considered to be insignificant, so due to the availability of journalsamong the researchers considered to be adequate to cover their informationneeds. The results also identifies a negative view of open access publishingthrough institutional repositories, as these are not considered to add any valueto their career development. A quantitative study would have given a moregeneral view of researchers' attitudes and experiences of open accesspublishing. The results of this paper should therefore not be generalized andconsidered as representative of all researchers within the odontologicalresearch discipline. / Program: Bibliotekarie

The aim of this bachelor-thesis is to study how postgraduates approach open access during times of change within scholarly communication. Our theoretical framework is based upon Knorr Cetinas epistemic cultures and Cullen & Chawners theory that there is a paradigmatic conflict within scholarly communication due to the fact that open access has failed to reach the same level of prominence among researchers as it has within research libraries. We interviewed six postgraduates at Malmö högskola in order to find answers to our research questions. We identified a shared epistemic culture among the postgraduates, which can be explained by the fact that being postgraduates, they all share similar experiences and values. We chose to call this epistemic culture the horizontal epistemic culture. During the interviews institution-specific cultures were expressed as well. These institution-specific cultures we chose to call the vertical epistemic cultures. Our study shows that the basic principle of the open access movement, namely to make all research freely available, has encountered difficulties when it comes to being incorporated within both the horizontal and the vertical epistemic culture. The statements of the postgraduates unanimously show that open access is viewed neither as a concept nor as a real publishing-alternative for them. We can conclude that the statements of the postgraduates show a similar conflict between the traditional publishing system and open access publishing that Cullen and Chawner identified. Research libraries should be aware of these cultures in order to be able to collaborate more efficiently with the postgraduates. / Program: Bibliotekarie

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-97). / Our society places greater value on individualism and privacy than on sharing and public use of space. This attitude is apparent in the form of our physical environment. Given the need for spontaneous, informal bonds of community and the increasingly privatized environment in which we live, architects must strive to provide opportunities for social interaction in the public realm. For this to occur, the public structure must be legible, accessible and foster a sense of place. Of the many ways to encourage such interaction, this thesis chooses to demonstrate, through design studies, one attitude calling for a spatially-defined edge-zone between buildings and public paths. This means imbuing a path with qualities of place and providing transactional zones rather than abrupt boundaries along enclosure walls. Operating at both large and small scales, architectural design studies and accompanying text describe possible ways of applying this attitude. At the urban scale, the thesis project addresses the extension of the Charles River basin water-edge pedestrian use zone, structuring the margin between the busy roads surrounding the basin and the water itself. Within the Charles basin context, I have proposed a scheme for a new museum of science and housing complex on the site of the Charles River dam. A major portion of the thesis focuses on the design of two very different edge-zones mediating between the architecture and the public paths that move along it; the sky lit Passage between parts of the museum and housing descending from an elevated transit stop to the water's edge and the Promenade a long a south-facing expanse of river next to an auditorium, cafe and sluice. "Biographies" of the elements forming the edgeways explain the design process at each stage. / by Lee Zaurie Zimmerman. / M.Arch.

This thesis explores new forms of scholarly communication and the practice of open science among UK based academics. Open science broadly refers to practices that allow cost-free open access to academic research. Three aspects of open science are examined in this study: open access to research articles; open access to research data; and publishing ongoing research updates using social media. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a series of scoping studies using qualitative methods followed up by an Internet survey of 1,829 UK academics. Overall this thesis has shown that whilst there is support for open science, the use of open science by academics was limited. Many academics were not aware of RCUK's open access policy and had limited experience of making their research articles freely accessible online. Most academics did not share their primary research data online. Although some academics had used a range of social media tools to communicate their research, the majority had not used social media in their research work. Overall, male, older and senior academics were more likely to use open access publishing and share primary research data, but were less likely to use social media for research. Academics based in Medical and Natural Sciences were more likely to use open access publishing and share research data, but less likely to use social media for their research compared to academics from Humanities and Social Sciences. Academics who were aware of RCUK's open access policy and who recognised the citation advantages of open access were more likely to publish in open access journals. Academics that were aware of RCUK's open access policy and had used social media for research were more likely to self-archive research articles. Academics that had used secondary data collected by others and self-archived research papers were more likely to share their own primary research data. Academics seemed to be strongly influenced by their colleagues' recommendation for the adoption of social media in research. Those who considered that the general public should know about their research findings were more likely to share their research on social media. A group of academics were identified and described as super users who frequently communicated ongoing research on social media. These super users were more likely to use tablet computers and have received social media training organised by their institutions. It is clear that open science is going to be a major factor in future academic work and in relation to building an academic career. Many academics have recognised the importance of open science. However to date the use of the tools for open science has been limited. With the right guidance and reinforcement of relevant policies, the new forms of scholarly communication can provide a pathway to open science which would serve to benefit individual academics, research communities and the public good.

Cheung Wai Fan. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2004-2005, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 99). / Research / Chapter 1.1 --- Thesis Statement / Chapter 1.2 --- Phenomenon Study / Chapter 1.3 --- Open Space Study / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Macroscopic Study / Chapter - --- Kowloon Peninsula / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Microscopic Study / Chapter - --- Central / Chapter - --- Wan Chai / Chapter - --- Mong Kok / Chapter 1.4 --- User Behaviour Study / Chapter 1.5 --- Precedent Study / Design / Chapter 2.1 --- Site Study / Chapter 2.2 --- Design Development / Chapter - --- Design of Pocket Galleries / Chapter - --- Design of Museums / Chapter 2.3 --- Final Design / Appendix / Chapter A.1 --- Nolli's Map / Chapter A.2 --- Bibliography

Hui Anthony. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2004-2005, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / SYNOPSIS / Chapter PART 1 --- RESEARCH / Chapter PART 2 --- CASE STUDIES / Chapter PART 3 --- SITE / Chapter PART 4 --- DESIGN

Dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique, la fonction « puits » de carbone (C) des tourbières est susceptible de changer en fonction « source » libérant ainsi de grandes quantités de C dans l’atmosphère sous l’effet d’une dégradation accrue de la matière organique (MO). Ainsi cette thèse se sont attachés à étudier la dynamique de dégradation de la MO labile (MOL) et récalcitrante (MOR) en fonction de 3 facteurs contrôlant (le niveau relatif de la nappe, un réchauffement simulé in situ et des variations saisonnières) dans la tourbière ombrotrophe du Forbonnet (25, Jura). Basés sur des analyses biogéochimiques et moléculaires de (i) la tourbe (50cm d’épaisseur), (ii) la fraction organique extractible à l’eau (WEOM) et (iii) les eaux piézométriques, les résultats acquis montrent une dégradation accrue de la MOL (e.g. polysaccharides et produits de son hydrolyse tels que le fructose,le glucose et le saccharose) et de la MOR sous l’effet d’une diminution du niveau de la nappe. Les conditions hydrologiques affectent également les processus de dégradation (sénescence et un éventuel priming effect) et d’humification de la MO pouvant conditionner le piégeage potentiel de laMOL. Après 13 mois d’incubation, l’effet du réchauffement simulé se traduirait par une hausse de l’évapotranspiration dans la condition la plus humide, là où l’étude de la WEOM indique une moindre dégradation de la MOL en surface contrairement aux niveaux profonds. Enfin, les travaux portant sur la dynamique saisonnière du C des eaux piézométriques soulignent le besoin d’intégrer la notion d’interactions entre facteurs contrôlant le cycle du C dans les tourbières pour comprendre leur réponse aux changements climatiques. / In a global warming context, the carbon (C) "sink" function of peatlands may switch to a source function releasing large amounts of C into the atmosphere as a result of an increased decay of organic matter (OM). Thus, these works have focused on the decay dynamics of labile OM and recalcitrant OM (respectively LOM and ROM) according to 3 controlling factors (water-level changes, an in situ simulated warming and seasonally changes) in the “le Forbonnet” bog (25, Jura). Based on biogeochemical and molecular analyses (i) on peat, (ii) on water extractable OM and (iii) on free waters, results suggest an increased decay of LOM (e.g. polysaccharides and its hydrolysis products such as fructose, glucose and sucrose) and MOR under water level changes. Hydrological conditions also affect decay (senescence and an eventual priming effect) and humification processes that can facilitate LOM capture. After 13 months of incubation, simulated warming would lead to an increase of evapotranspiration in the wettest condition where WEOM study indicates a lower LOM decay on the contrary to the deeper peat levels. Studies on the seasonal dynamic of C on free waters underline the need to integrate interactions between factors controlling the C cycle in peatlands to understand their responses to climate change.