This thesis discusses optoelectronic devices at mm-wave frequencies, focusing on optoelectronic beamforming and non-mechanical beam steering based on an optically excited Fresnel zone plate plasma. The optically controlled zone plate, termed the photo-injected Fresnel zone plate antenna (piFZPA) within this work, is introduced and a comprehensive theoretical framework developed. The design and optimisation of Fresnel zone plates are detailed, which determine the inherent performance of the piFZPA. A range of zone plates were designed, fabricated, and characterised at 94 GHz with up to 46 dBi gain, -26 dB sidelobe levels, and 67% aperture efficiency being measured for a quarter-wave design. The control of (sub) mm-wave beams by optical modulation of the complex permittivity of a semiconductor substrate is discussed. The significance of the free-carrier plasma dynamics, the effective lifetime, surface recombination, and the limits of the substrate which are imposed by the spatial resolution of the free-carrier plasma are highlighted, with the optimisation of these parameters discussed. The passivation quality of high-resistivity silicon wafers were characterised using a mm-wave photoconductance decay method, which yielded lifetime improvements from τ[subscript(eff)] = 60 us up to τ[subscript(eff)] ≈ 4,000 us, resulting in lowered recombination velocities (S = 15 cm/s). W-band characterisations of the passivated wafers illustrate the significance of surface recombination, with measured attenuations of up to 24 dB. Novel theoretical models are developed throughout this thesis, which yield insight into the requirements of optoelectronic devices, and are shown to agree well with measured data. The theoretical framework developed details the requirements, limitations, suitability, and design of piFZPAs at any frequency. A range of transmission-type piFZPAs are demonstrated and characterised at 94 GHz, both on-axis and off-axis, based on a novel architecture, with up to 8% aperture efficiency. Finally, the hybridisation of the piFZPA technique and well established visible display technologies, which has been developed throughout this thesis, enable low-cost, simple, and highly flexible optoelectronic devices, highlighting this method as an attractive solution to adaptive beamforming and non-mechanical steering at mm-wave and submm-wave frequencies.

Materials processing using microwave radiation is emerging as a novel and innovative technology that has proven useful in a number of applications. It has various advantages over conventional processing, such as; time and energy saving, very rapid heating rates, considerably reduced processing time and temperature, fine microstructures and improved mechanical properties, better product performance, etc. Microwave irradiation has shown great potential for the processing of different semiconductor materials and inorganic solids for various advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells etc. This work intends to investigate the effect of microwave radiation on various semiconductor materials and inorganic solids, in particular the changes in their chemical, physical and photoelectrochemical properties after microwave treatment. Microwaves have been used as an alternative method to conventional thermal annealing for post annealing of widely used semiconductors (TiO2, ZnO nanorods), battery materials (lithium aluminium titanium phosphates), and synthesis of materials (ZnO, Ti0.97Pd0.03O1.97). It is found that, in contrast to conventional thermal annealing, microwave treatment of such materials improves the crystallinity without any structural changes by preserving their nanostructure due to the difference in the heating mechanism (volumetric heating). The results demonstrate that microwave processing is a promising alternative method to the traditional conventional sintering for materials processing for advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices. Also the microwave annealing method offers energy savings of up to ~75%, which would make it highly desirable for industrial scale up.

Photonic Crystal structures have been heralded as a disruptive technology for the miniaturization of opto-electronic devices, offering as they do the possibility of guiding and manipulating light in sub-micron scale waveguides. Applications of photonic crystal guiding - the ability to send light around sharp bends or compactly split signals into two or more channels have attracted a great deal of attention. Other effects of this waveguiding mechanism have become apparent, and attracted much interest - the novel dispersion surfaces of photonic crystal structures allow the possibility of “slow light” in a dielectric medium, which as well as the possibility of compact optical delay lines may allow enhanced light-matter interaction, and hence miniaturisation of active optical devices. I also consider a third, more traditional type of photonic crystal, in the form of a grating for surface coupling. In this thesis, I address many of the aspects of passive photonic crystals, from the underlying theory through applied device modelling, fabrication concerns and experimental results and analysis. Further, for the devices studied, I consider both the relative merits of the photonic crystal approach and of my work compared to that of others in the field. Thus, the complete spectrum of photonic crystal devices is covered. With regard to specific results, the highlights of the work contained in this thesis are as follows: Realisation of surface grating couplers in a novel material system demonstrating some of the highest reported fibre coupling efficiencies. Development of a short “injecting” taper for coupling into photonic crystal devices. Optimisation and experimental validation of photonic crystal routing elements (Y-splitter and bend). Exploration of interfaces and coupling for “slow light” photonic crystals.

This thesis describes the process of developing a robust phase measurement technique with which to analyse semiconductor based devices intended for use in optoelectronic/all optical networks. The devices measured are prospective dispersion compensators, based either on planar photonic crystal waveguides or coupled microcavities connected by ridge waveguide. The technique was validated by measuring the phase transfer function of a Fabry Perot etalon. This demonstrated that even when detecting low optical powers (sub μW), accurate measurement of phase could quickly be carried out over a significant spectral range (~10nm). Comparison of experimental data taken from the prospective dispersion compensators with theory showed excellent agreement, which provided qualitative (cavity spacing and reflectivity) and quantitative (loss) measures of device performance. The phase measurement technique has been designed to be capable of measuring other classes of device also, including active devices such as semiconductor optical amplifiers. This suggests the phase measurement technique may be valuable in analysing the variation of dispersion as a function of applied bias, peak power or temperature for a variety of devices.

In my diploma thesis, there was created the summary of solar construcion, toys and another elements, which are available on the market. At first some construction were selected, than there were the experiments were drawn up and at the end the experiments were done by students dutiny the lessons.There is also a short movie including these experiment. The diploma thesis contains my own design of solar construction, the description of its manufactory and its use in teaching physics. There is also the description of accompanying website. On this website i tis possible to download the wokrsheets. These worksheets were tested dutiny the teaching and later than at work evalueted.

全光信息處理被認為是其中一種改善當今計算機網絡性能的方法。而高效率的全光信息處理需要使用可用低強度的控制激光來控制的全光學開關。最近有人提出利用橫向光學圖案製造低強度全光學開關，並已通過原子蒸氣系統的實驗證明這個計劃的可行性。此外，相關的研究正在半導體量子阱微腔中進行。 / 這篇論文以微觀多體理論研究被激光正向入射的半導體量子阱微腔系統中產生的自發性橫向光學圖案。入射光會在一定條件下於半導體量子阱微腔中發生極化子場之間的自發四波混頻，並產生橫向光學圖案。我們分別以半分析和數值模擬的方法研究這些圖案的形成和選擇方式。本論文亦研究了如何用離軸激光和腔的各向異性來控制這些圖案。 / 我們分別用「多- / Processing information all-optically is thought to be one way to improve the performance of present-day computational network. Low intensity all-optical switches are desirable for effective all-optical information processing. Recently, low intensity all-optical switching schemes utilizing transverse optical patterns have been proposed. One such scheme was successfully demonstrated experimentally in an atomic vapour system, and a similar scheme is being studied both theoretically and experimentally in semiconductor quantum well micro-cavities. / In this thesis, we present our theoretical studies on the spontaneous transverse optical patterns produced by a semiconductor quantum well microcavity, pumped by a normally incident laser, using a microscopic many-body theory. Far field transverse optical patterns are formed under certain conditions by spontaneous four-wave mixing of the exciton-photon polariton field. The formation and the selection of these patterns are studied by both semi-analytical calculations and numerical simulations. The controls of transverse patterns using anisotropy in the microcavity and an o-axis control beam are also being studied in this thesis. / Two reduced models, the ‘multi- / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Luk, Ming Ho = 對半導體量子阱微腔中橫向光學圖案的控制 / 陸名浩. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-141). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Luk, Ming Ho = Dui ban dao ti liang zi jing wei qiang zhong heng xiang guang xue tu an de kong zhi / Lu Minghao. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Pattern formation and nonlinear optics --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- All-optical switching --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Semiconductor quantum well microcavity --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- Semiconductor quantum well microcavity --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- The structure of semiconductor quantum well microcavity --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Coupling between the cavity mode and external fields --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Microscopic theory in the microcavity --- p.22 / Chapter 3 --- Linear stability analysis and reduced models --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- Pump only system - steady state solution --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Pump only system - stability analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Off-axis stability studies --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Stability analysis without phase-space filling --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Linear stability analysis with phase-space filling --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Reduced models --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The multi- --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- The ring model --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5 --- Effects of system parameters --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Radiative loss --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Incident laser field/intensity --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Fluctuations/weak constant sources --- p.78 / Chapter 4 --- Single-hexagon model --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1 --- Numerical results of single-hexagon model --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2 --- Pattern and time scale variations with parameters --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Anisotropy in the cavity mode energy --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Control beam intensity --- p.90 / Chapter 5 --- Dynamical analysis and interplay of wave-mixing processes --- p.93 / Chapter 5.1 --- Dynamical analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2 --- Interplay of wave mixing processes --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3 --- Switching between hexagons --- p.103 / Chapter 6 --- Full two-dimensional simulation --- p.111 / Chapter 6.1 --- Convolution theorem and Fast Fourier Transform --- p.112 / Chapter 6.2 --- Simulation result and difficulties --- p.114 / Chapter 7 --- Other approaches --- p.119 / Chapter 7.1 --- Real Space Simulation --- p.119 / Chapter 7.2 --- Mode competition model --- p.121 / Chapter 7.3 --- Transfer Matrix --- p.123 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion and outlook --- p.125 / Chapter 8.1 --- Future work --- p.128 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- Double Cavities --- p.128 / Chapter 8.1.2 --- The Gross-Pitaevskii Equation and Bose-Einstein Condensation --- p.131 / Bibliography --- p.136 / Chapter A --- Dispersion of cavity photon --- p.142

Recent advances in microelectronics and packaging industry are characterized by a progressive miniaturization in response to a general trend toward higher integration and package density. Corresponding to this are the challenges to traditional manufacturing processes. Some of these challenges can be satisfied by laser micromachining, because of its inherent advantages. In laser micromachining, there is no tool wear, the heat affected zone can be localized into a very small area, and the laser micromachining systems can be operated at a very wide range of speeds. Some applications of laser micromachining include pulsed Nd:YAG laser spot welding for the photonic devices and laser microdrilling in the computer printed circuit board market. Although laser micromachining has become widely used in microelectronics and packaging industry, it still produces results having a variability in properties and quality due to very complex phenomena involved in the process, including, but not limited to, heat transfer, fluid flow, plasma effects, and metallurgical problems. Therefore, in order to utilize the advantages of laser micromachining and to achieve anticipated results, it is necessary to develop a thorough understanding of the involved physical processes, especially those relating to microelectronics and packaging applications. The objective of this Dissertation was to study laser micromachining processes, especially laser drilling and welding of metals or their alloys, for the microscale applications. The investigations performed in this Dissertation were based on analytical, computational, and experimental solutions (ACES) methodology. More specifically, the studies were focused on development of a consistent set of equations representing interaction of the laser beam with materials of interest in this Dissertation, solution of these equations by finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM), experimental demonstration of laser micromachining, and correlation of the results. The contributions of this Dissertation include: 1)development of a finite difference method (FDM) program with color graphic interface, which has the capability of adjusting the laser power distributions, coefficient of energy absorption, and nonlinear material properties of the workpiece as functions of temperature, and can be extended to calculate the fluid dynamic phenomena and the profiles of laser micromachined workpieces, 2)detailed investigations of the effect of laser operating parameters on the results of the profiles and dimensions of the laser microdrilled or microwelded workpiece, which provide the guideline and advance currently existing laser micromachining processes, 3)use, for the first time, of a novel optoelectronic holography (OEH) system, which provides non-contact full-field deformation measurements with sub-micrometer accuracy, for quantitative characterization of thermal deformations of the laser micromachined parts, 4)experimental evaluations of strength of laser microwelds as the function of laser power levels and number of microwelds, which showed the lower values than the strength of the base material due to the increase of hardness at the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the microwelds, 5)measurements of temperature profiles during laser microwelding, which showed good correlations with computational results, 6)detailed considerations of absorption of laser beam energy, effect of thermal and aerodynamic conditions due to shielding gas, and the formation of plasma and its effect on laser micromachining processes. The investigations presented in this Dissertation show viability of the laser micromachining processes, account for the considerations required for a better understanding of laser micromachining processes, and provide guideline which can help explaining and advancing the currently existing laser micromachining processes. Results of this Dissertation will facilitate improvements and optimizations of the state-of-the-art laser micromachining techniques and enable the emerging technologies related to the multi-disciplinary field of microelectronics and packaging for the future.

The ever-growing need for high speed data transmission is driven by multimedia and telecommunication demands. Traditional metallic media, such as copper coaxial cable, prove to be a limiting factor for high speed communications. Fiber optic methods provide a feasible solution that lacks the limitations of metallic mediums, including low bandwidth, cross talk caused by magnetic induction, and susceptibility to static and RF interferences. The first scientists to work with fibers optics started in 1970. One of the early challenges they faced was to produce glass fiber that was pure enough to be equal in performance with copper based media. Since then, the technology has advanced tremendously in terms of performance, quality, and consistency. The advancement of fiber optic communication has met its limits, not in the purity of its fiber media used to guide the data-modulated light wave, but in the conversion back and forth between electric signals to light. A high speed optic receiver must be used to convert the incident light into electrical signals. This thesis describes the design of a 2.5 GHz Optoelectronic Amplifier, the front end of an optic receiver. The discussion includes a survey of feasible topologies and an assessment of circuit techniques to enhance performance. The amplifier was designed and realized in a TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS process.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographies. / by Erik Karl Antonsson. / Ph.D.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by David Howard Turkel. / B.S.