Cette thèse consiste en une étude comparative du métier d’intendant au Canada et dans les généralités de Bretagne et de Tours dans la première moitié du 18e siècle (1700-1750). Elle s’appuie sur l’intendant pour s’interroger sur l’existence de spécificités dans l’exercice du pouvoir en contexte colonial par rapport au contexte métropolitain. Considéré par la plupart des historiens de la France d’Ancien Régime comme le personnage clé de l’évolution politique qui aurait fait passer la monarchie de sa phase judiciaire jusqu’à sa phase dite « administrative », l’intendant de justice, police et finance ou commissaire départi est au coeur des débats sur l’absolutisme et son rôle de première ligne dans l’oeuvre de centralisation monarchique en fait le sujet idéal pour observer la portée réelle de ce régime sur le terrain. L’examen du fonctionnement de l’intendance est un préalable obligé pour qui veut comprendre les rapports entre administrateurs et administrés et mieux cerner la capacité de régulation de l’État. Dans le cadre des attributions définies par sa commission, quelles sont les tâches qui l’occupent concrètement ? Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’intendant du point de vue de sa pratique, en s’appuyant sur la description interne des sources produites par l’intendant pour décortiquer ses mécanismes d’intervention. Deux types de documents sont analysés successivement, soit la correspondance, incluant les pièces jointes et les documents de travail, et les actes de portée réglementaire, incluant les ordonnances et les arrêts du Conseil d’État. Chemin faisant, nous avons fait la rencontre des individus et groupes qui sollicitent l’intervention de l’intendant, levant le voile sur les rapports de pouvoir et les interactions qui le lient à ses supérieurs, aux justiciables et aux institutions locales. L’exercice permet de poser en des termes nouveaux l’action de ce personnage dont on connaissait les attributions et principales décisions, mais beaucoup moins leur logique sous-jacente. / This thesis consists in a comparative study of the intendant’s métier in Canada and in the généralités of Bretagne and Tours in the first part of the eighteenth century (1700-1750). The thesis relies on the intendant to consider the existence of specificities in the exercise of power in the colonial context by comparison with the metropolitan context. Considered by most of the historians of France Ancien Regime as the key person of the political evolution to push through the monarchy from its judicial phase to its « administrative » phase, the intendant of justice, police and finance or commissaire départi is in the core of the debates on absolutism and his front line role in working to centralize the monarchy makes him the ideal subject to observe the real impact of this Regime. The examination of the functioning of the intendancy is an absolute prerequisite to understand the relation between administrators and administered and identifies the State will to control. As part of the defined attributions by his commission, what are the tasks that occupy him concretely? This thesis is about the intendant from the point of view of his pratique, relying on the description of the material produced by the intendant to examine his mechanisms of interventions. Two types of documents are successively analysed, namely the correspondence including the appendix and the working documents, and judgments, including the ordinances and the arrêt du Conseil d’Etat. In this process, we met individuals and groups who require the intervention of the intendant, lifting the veil on the power relationship that ties him to his superiors, to the claimants awaiting justice and to local institutions. This exercise allows to set in new terms the action of this personage on which we knew the attributions and main decisions but much less the underlying logic.

The topic of this master's thesis is the legislation of local self-governing units from the moment of its creation to its possible repeal by the constitutional Court. The thesis is divided into eight chapters which are divided into subchapters and further. The first chapter describes basic concepts which are mentioned in this thesis and are related to the topic. This is e.g. explanation of the concept of an abstract act and examples of what abstract acts exist in our country, the definition and division of public administration, explanation of what self-govern is and how it is divided, what are generally binding ordinances and regulations and what is the difference between the two. More basic concepts which are important for the comprehension of this master's thesis are explained. The following two chapters talk about the process of creation of generally binding ordinances of Municipalities and Regions and their regulations too. There are described requirements and structures generally binding ordinances and regulations of Municipalities and Regions, their receiving authority, who can the legislation suppose, its approval, force and effect. The fourth chapter focuses on the effectiveness of generally binding ordinances. It shows what areas municipalities and regions can issue generally binding...

This thesis consists of five papers, four of them basically concerning environmental issues, while the fifth paper addresses the issue of measuring output from the educational sector. The first paper starts from the fact that industrial activity causes environmental damage. Therefore, public authorities are called upon to regulate the behavior of producers by, e.g., legislating maximally allowed emission levels, which give rise to abatement costs. In this paper, marginal abatement costs (MACs) are estimated and a procedure to empirically analyze why MACs may vary between producers is suggested. The main focus is on whether the MACs in the Swedish pulp industry reveal that differences between counties in, e.g., economical characteristics, were influential when the authority, during 1983-1990, restricted 12 geographically scattered plants regarding emissions. The result indicates that county differences were influential. The second paper analyses and suggests a procedure for testing the Porter hypothesis. Part of this hypothesis is based on the argument that increased environmental stringency not only brings a cleaner environment, but also makes the polluting producers aware of the opportunity of using resources more efficiently. The particular test suggested considers whether there is a positive correlation between producers’ technical output efficiency and environmental stringency, approximated by a regulatory intensity index. It is empirically applied on 12 Swedish pulp plants during 1983-1990. No support for the Porter hypothesis is found in this particular case. The third paper deals with the climate policy issue. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union agreed to reduce its emission of greenhouse gases by 8 percent in comparison with the level in 1990. The Burden-Sharing Agreement (BSA) further redistributes the 8 percent reduction target among the member states. This paper evaluates the BSA both from an economical and a political perspective, i.e., whether cost-efficiency and equity, respectively, were considered when the BSA was settled. The empirical result indicates that both efficiency and equity were considered as important to the BSA. The fourth paper evaluates the Swedish Producer Responsibility Ordinance (PRO), fully implemented in 1994, which states that sorted out, domestically collected waste paper, must be recycled by the paper industry and, therefore, cannot be incinerated by the heating industry in purpose of recovering energy. The result indicates that this policy has contributed to inefficient waste paper allocation among some of the paper producers. The result further indicates that the priority made by the PRO, i.e., that waste paper recycling is preferable to incineration, should be reconsidered. The fifth paper relates the empirical attempts of measuring output from the educational sector to theoretical results about the welfare significance of a comprehensive Net National Product (NNP) measure. It is shown that economic theory provides a more focused way of interpreting such output estimates. The paper also contains estimates of the output from the Swedish educational sector. Among the results, it is shown that the private gross output value produced by higher education is approximately 2 percent of GDP. Furthermore, the private rate of return on investments in higher education in Sweden is calculated to 8.6 percent.

The boy in his late middle childhood faces enormous changes — physically, socially and mentally. World-wide, people experience challenges - politically and economically as well as regarding social structures such as families. Children are not excluded from these challenges. Family structures change over time and fathers are increasingly becoming absent in the lives of their children. This Master's dissertation provides information concerning three major aspects regarding the boy. The first, as described in Article 1, is the effect of the absent father on the boy in his late middle childhood and that of the alternative father figure, the mentor. The second major aspect, as described in Article 2, is the influence of family ordinance on the boy in his transition phase from middle childhood into adolescence, his experience of the biological father and his expectancies regarding a mentor relationship The third major aspect is the adolescent boy's experience of his biological father, the influence of an alternative father figure, namely the mentor, and the affect of the mentor relationship. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

The boy in his late middle childhood faces enormous changes — physically, socially and mentally. World-wide, people experience challenges - politically and economically as well as regarding social structures such as families. Children are not excluded from these challenges. Family structures change over time and fathers are increasingly becoming absent in the lives of their children. This Master's dissertation provides information concerning three major aspects regarding the boy. The first, as described in Article 1, is the effect of the absent father on the boy in his late middle childhood and that of the alternative father figure, the mentor. The second major aspect, as described in Article 2, is the influence of family ordinance on the boy in his transition phase from middle childhood into adolescence, his experience of the biological father and his expectancies regarding a mentor relationship The third major aspect is the adolescent boy's experience of his biological father, the influence of an alternative father figure, namely the mentor, and the affect of the mentor relationship. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

La actividad constructiva es tan importante en la economía de una sociedad, pero a la vez genera un impacto negativo al medio ambiente, que a veces es irreversible. La ciudad del Cusco patrimonio cultural de la humanidad, en los últimos 10 años ha crecido considerablemente trayendo con ello problemas de polución y contaminación que se acrecienta con la actividad constructiva informal que no deja de crecer en el Cusco. En el mundo se está fomentando la construcción sostenible mediante certificaciones internacionales como el LEED, BREAM y EDGE todas ellas buscando el ahorro de agua, energía y CO2 emitido al medio ambiente. El presente trabajo de investigación ha determinado los beneficios que una construcción con certificación EDGE sostenible generan en el medio ambiente, los beneficios que tienen los usuarios finales de los edificios multifamiliares sostenibles que se expresan en el ahorro del pago de servicios de agua y luz; y los beneficios que tienen los inversionistas al ejecutar proyectos con certificación EDGE. Para tal efecto, se tomó como caso de estudio el edificio multifamiliar Las Américas ubicado en el distrito de Wanchaq, donde se hace la comparación entre un proyecto diseñado de manera tradicional y otro donde se incorporan criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental para la certificación EDGE, teniendo como resultado un ahorro de 30.31 % en agua, 55.71 % en energía y 13.95 tCO2/año. Además, se demuestra la importancia de las ordenanzas municipales que promueven las edificaciones sostenibles, porque con ellas se compensa el costo de construir un edificio sostenible con el incremento de metros cuadrados de edificación vendible que es atractivo para los inversionistas. / The construction activity is so important for the economy of a society, but at the same time generates a negative impact on the environment, which is sometimes irreversible. The city of Cusco, a world cultural heritage site, has grown considerably, bringing with it problems of pollution and contamination, which is increased by informal construction activity. In the world, sustainable construction is being promoted through international certifications such as LEED, BREAM and EDGE, all of them seeking to save water, energy and CO2 emitted into the environment. This research work seeks to determine the benefits that a construction with sustainable EDGE certification generates in the environment, the benefits that the final users of sustainable multifamily buildings have, which are expressed in the saving of water and electricity payments; and the benefits that investors have when executing projects with EDGE certification; and for this purpose we studied as a case study the multifamily building Las Americas located in the district of Wanchaq where a comparison is made between a project designed in a traditional way and another where environmental sustainability criteria are incorporated for EDGE certification, resulting in a 30. 31% of water, 55.71% energy and 13.95 t of CO2. In addition, the importance of municipal ordinances that promote sustainable building is demonstrated because they offset the cost of constructing a sustainable building with the increase in saleable building square meters, which is attractive to investors. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

In the United States, federal, state, and local forest policies affect many aspects of the forest industry. Regulations from all levels dictate how resource professionals manage the forest resources of the country. This study examines state and local regulatory relationships with a primary focus on local regulations in the Northeast, Mid-West, and western regions of the United States. A total of 388 local forestry ordinances were identified among the 35 states of the Northeast, Mid-West, and western regions of the United States. The Northeast contains the majority of local forest ordinances with 351. These ordinances are distributed among 8 states and many small local government types. The Mid-West currently embraces fewer local forest regulations with 16 ordinances across 4 states. In the West, 21 local forestry ordinances were found of which most are fostered by comprehensive forest practice acts. The primary objective of most local regulations in all regions is to regulate timber harvesting to some degree. The scope of the remaining local regulations; however, varied by region. The presence of local regulations has existed for over 30 years, and there are indications that they will have an even greater impact on forest management in the future. In addition, local regulations are steadily becoming more comprehensive in scope, which makes it difficult to determine their impacts. The cumulative impact of local regulation rests not only in the number of ordinances, but also in the area they govern, stringency of provisions, local resource conditions, and degree of enforcement. / Master of Science

The thesis deals with the valuation of the house, including land and all accessories under various conditions. The theoretical part explains the basic terminology and summarises the valuation methods used in this thesis. The practical part begins with the valuation of the house and land including all accessories, according to Ordinance for Valuation and Market Valuation Methods, specifically the Asset Value Method and the Comparative Method. The next section considers the existence of a life-use easement by a co-owner of part of the house, gardens and common areas, and sets the value of the property burdened by this easement. At the end, the property is valued as two separate apartments. All costs necessary to achieve the income from rent and property redevelopment are estimated, as well as the net annual return which would result from letting the two apartments. Final assessment of the benefit of the project is implemented through an Economic Rent Method and its comparison with the annual rent income.

Specialpedagogernas roll över tid har varit föränderlig och genom denna studie vill vi se vilka likheter och skillnader det finns mellan de olika stadierna F-6, 7-9 och gymnasiet. Även få en bild av vilka arbetsuppgifter som ingår regelbundet i specialpedagogens uppdrag samt se om och i så fall vilka arbetsuppgifter som specialpedagogen har som inte är specificerat i examensordningen. För att komma fram till ett resultat har vi genomfört en kvantitativ studie med online-enkäter ur ett slumpmässigt urval med den teoretiska förankringen i systemteorin. I studien framkommer det att specialpedagogerna oavsett stadie har likvärdiga arbetsuppgifter där alla uttrycker att de deltar i elevhälsan och dess arbete och en del specialpedagoger uttrycker att de skulle vilja vara mer delaktiga i utvecklingsarbetet. Det visar sig även att många av specialpedagogerna har arbetsuppgifter som inte överensstämmer med examensordningen såsom rastvakt och vikarie och detta är inte generellt för ett stadie utan återfinns i alla stadierna. / The special educators role has been changeable over time and in this study we want to see which similarities and differences we can see between the stages F-6, 7-9 and upper secondary school. We also want to get a picture of which assignment's that the special educator does regularly and if the special educator has assignments that is not specified in the education ordinance. To reach our result we have done a quantitative study with online- questionnaire with a random selection with a theoretical support in systems theory. In the study it reveals that the special educators irrespective of which stage they are working in have similar assignments, all of the special educators express that they are a part of the student health and the work they do together. Some special educators also expressed that they want to be more involved in the development of the school. In the result it also shows that many of the special educators has assignments that is not included in the education ordinance as break guard and substitute and we can not only see it in one stage, we can see this emerge in all stages.