The purpose of this Master’s thesis is to investigate the descriptions of characters and settings in four autobiographies. The main question is: What picture of women and men, of the West and the Orient do these books provide? To answer this question we have formed three sub questions, which are: In what ways are main and minor characters described? In what ways are the key settings, and the Western and Oriental societies described? Which themes are dealt with, and from what points of departure? The theoretical framework is based on a postcolonial theoretical perspective, where the concept of binary opposites and Edward W. Said’s ideas about orientalism are crucial. The method used is a textual analysis. To analyze the material, a number of analysis questions were designed with the main question, and its sub questions, as a basis. The result shows that descriptions of characters and settings have dramaturgic functions of forming a background to the story. Accordingly, the same features may be described in either negative or positive terms, due to what aspect of the story the book currently deals with. The conclusion suggests that colonial stereotypes are evident today in popular literature, such as these autobiographies, in fact, they are even stronger than they used to be. / Uppsatsnivå: D

L'éléphant du Moyen Âge occidental était un animal paradoxal. Absent de la faune européenne, il apparaissait pourtant dans une importante quantité et variété de sources, tirant largement profit des héritages scientifiques, littéraires et artistiques antiques : textes savants, récits historiques, écrits de voyageurs, fables animalières, miniatures dans les manuscrits, dessins sur les cartes et globes, fresques et sculptures dans l'architecture, tableaux en fin de période et ivoires dès la période altomédiévale. Il avait également parfois trouvé son chemin jusque dans les ménageries occidentales. De fait, la culture savante médiévale disposait d'un bon nombre de savoirs à son sujet, plus ou moins justes : sa place dans le monde animal ou dans la géographie, sa physiologie et son comportement, son exploitation par l'homme, sa morphologie étaient autant d'objets de discussions ou de contradictions. Jamais inconnu, l'éléphant était cependant mal connu, un étranger pour le monde occidental, profondément teinté d'orientalisme et de symbolisme chrétien : bête de guerre de l'Antiquité et de l'Inde médiévale, il était une démonstration vivante de pouvoir et d'opulence ; il était aussi, par essence, un animal pécheur, mais également doté d'une remarquable chasteté, un être d'une grande ambivalence. / Elephant in the western Middle Ages Europe was a paradoxical animal. Missing in european fauna, he appeared yet in a large quantity and variety of sources, taking great advantage of scientific, litterate and artistic legacies from the Ancient World : scholarly texts, historical accounts, writings of travelers, animal fables, miniatures in manuscripts, drawings on maps and globes, frescoes and sculptures in architecture, paintings in the late Middle Ages and ivories since the early Middle Ages. He also found sometimes his way into western menageries. De facto, medieval scholar culture had a lot of knowledge about him, more or less right : his place in the animal world or in geography, his physiology and behaviour, his exploitation by man, his morphology were subjects of discusses or controversies. Never unknown nor well known, the elephant were a stranger in the Western World, deeply tinged with orientalism and christian symbolism : warbeast from Ancient World and Medieval India, he was a living demonstration of power and opulence ; he was also, in essence, a sinner animal, but also gifted of a remarkable chastity, a being of great ambivalence.

Comment et pourquoi étudie-t-on les Turcs dans l’Italie libérale ? Le travail porte sur la construction et les usages des savoirs sur le turc, les Turcs et l’Empire ottoman de l’Unité à la guerre italo-turque de 1911. Cette production est liée à trois phénomènes : l’édification de l’État italien, les transformations de l’Empire ottoman et le développement d’une turcologie savante en Europe et dans l’Empire. À rebours des approches internaliste et saidienne, il s’agit de « désorientaliser » ce savoir en examinant les dynamiques politiques, sociales, économiques et culturelles ayant contribué à son émergence, en partant des acteurs et des pratiques, dans une perspective transnationale. Il s’agit notamment de réintroduire les acteurs ottomans, dont le rôle est crucial. Quatre objets sont privilégiés : la langue, la culture, l’histoire et le territoire. La connaissance de la langue a d’abord une vocation pratique : former du personnel compétent et favoriser les échanges italo-ottomans. Elle présente aussi des enjeux scientifiques, patrimoniaux et politiques. On assiste ainsi à l’émergence d’une turcologie au sein de l’orientalisme savant, lui-même en cours de nationalisation. L’histoire ottomane sert à comprendre le passé italien, au moment où s’élaborent des histoires locales et une histoire nationale. La thèse s’interroge enfin sur l’expérience du terrain. La guerre coloniale de 1911 entraîne un réinvestissement de tous ces savoirs, organisés depuis le tournant du siècle en vue de l’expansion italienne. La turcologie ne contribue donc pas tant à forger une identité turque qu’à comprendre le voisin ottoman pour rendre à l’Italie sa place en Méditerranée. / How and why do we study the Turks in liberal Italy? This dissertation deals with the construction and uses of knowledge about the Turkish language, the Turks and the Ottoman Empire from the Italian Unification to the Italo-Turkish war of 19 11. This production is related to three phenomena: the edification of the Italian State, the transformations of the Ottoman Empire and the development of Turkology both in Europe and in the Empire. In opposition to the internalist and Saidian approaches, this study “de-orientalizes” this knowledge, by examining the political, social, economic and cultural dynamics, and starting from the actors and practices, in a transnational perspective. It aims in particular at reintroducing Ottoman actors, whose role is critical. We focus on four main topics: language, culture, history and territory. The knowledge of Turkish has practical purposes: training skilled staff and promoting Italo-Ottoman relationships; but it also has scientific, patrimonial and political goals. Turkology emerges from scholarly Orientalism, which is undergoing a process of nationalization. Ottomanist historiography has among its goals a better understanding of the Italian past, at a time of elaboration of national and local histories. Lastly, this work investigates fieldwork. The 1911 colonial war leads to a reinvestment of this knowledge, organized from the turn of the century in preparation for Italian expansion. Thus, Turkology contributes less to shape a Turkish identity than to understand the Ottoman neighbor in order to return Italy to its place in the Mediterranean.

Este trabalho verificou como os jornais Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo cobriram assuntos relacionados a árabes e muçulmanos seis meses antes dos atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001 e seis meses depois. Com base no Orientalismo, tese desenvolvida por Edward W. Said, e na Teoria Social do Discurso, de Norman Fairclough, foram analisadas as escolhas lexicais de ambos os jornais em relação aos assuntos que mais apareceram nos dois recortes. O estudo concluiu que dogmas orientalistas se mostraram presentes nos dois períodos e que os jornais naturalizaram discursos hegemônicos, que se colocaram em contraposição aos de árabes e muçulmanos. / This paper analyzed how the newspapers Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo covered issues relating to Arabs and Muslims six months before the September 11, 2001 attacks and six months after. Based on the thesis of Orientalism, developed by Edward W. Said, and on the Social Theory of Discourse by Norman Fairclough, lexical variations from both newspapers were analyzed with regard to the issues that most appeared in the clippings. The paper concluded that Orientalist dogmas were present in both periods and that the newspapers frequently crystalized hegemonic discourse, contrary to Arabs and Muslims ones.

The media plays an important role in forming public opinion, in broad terms media reporting can be described a way of constructing meanings to social events and actions, both fixed and dynamic ones. An in-depth study of the media discourse will therefore allow us, not only to understand the conditions of modern media, but also complex social practises of meaning making. Given the growing importance of fair media representation in times of an ever-increasing globalisation this thesis aims at a better understanding of the Swedish media portrayal of the Egyptian Muslim-Christian relations. The research question is: How is the Muslim-Christian relations in Egypt discursively presented in contemporary printed Swedish news media? A question implying several secondary research questions concerning the way in which media messages are produced, shared and perceived. This thesis is divided in two parts: Primarily, a content analysis of all articles containing words “copts” and “Egypt” from Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter published in print during the last nine years. In this analysis, the source, length, type, topic and presence of women/men were quantified using manual coding and CATA. Based on the results from the content analysis, three article-categories were identified and four articles from these categories chosen for the second analysis, a Critical Discourse Analysis. This analysis builds on the methodological framework by Norman Fairclough as well as the theoretical framework about media representation developed by Stuart Hall and the orientalism discourse critique introduced by Edward Said. The combination of Content analysis and CDA was chosen due to the character of my research question and empirical material. Furthermore, this method triangulation contributed to a higher validity. The findings in this thesis showed us that orientalist discourses were present in a large part of the material, although not undisputed, something that was showed through a identification of three different discursive concepts that were used when portraying the Muslim-Christian relations in Egypt – the coexistence discourse, the complexity discourse and the clashing discourse. In accordance with the hypothesis, the formation of these discourses was proven to depend on a number of factors such as source, author, genre and length. However, the generalizability of this result was lowered by limited empirics and limits in methodology. Further research, building on larger material, on the discursive formation of similar types of media portrayal is therefore recommended.

Esta tese representa uma análise de variadas fontes sobre o problema mourisco especificamente no Reino de Granada ao longo do século XVI e começo do XVII quando se verifica a expulsão do grupo de origem muçulmana na Península Ibérica. A opção pela documentação principal recaiu na análise de crônicas da Guerra de Granada e Rebelião das Alpujarras (1568) e num tratado de cronista oficial sobre os mouriscos de Espanha (1606), incluindo também bandos, cartas, profecias e outros documentos oficiais e não oficiais da Coroa e dos próprios mouriscos, bem como algumas fontes inquisitoriais em especial de processos do reino granadino, ainda que, eventualmente, exista um olhar em indivíduos de outros reinos. O primeiro conjunto elaborado por cronistas não oficiais, para além de abordar os eventos relativos à revolta dos mouriscos, incluem documentos oficiais e manifestações de mouriscos e outras fontes. O trabalho dividido em cinco capítulos contempla uma discussão historiográfica sobre a questão mourisca, seguida de uma análise da documentação a respeito de seus costumes e cotidiano. O terceiro capítulo trata de profecias mouriscas que seriam um dos elementos para a explosão da revolta dos chamados naturais da terra. A seguir a tese aborda a segunda guerra de Granada (a primeira ocorreu a princípio do século XVI) conforme apresentada pelas crônicas de dois granadinos: um diplomata espanhol membro da importante família Mendoza (Diego Hurtado de Mendoza) e um soldado (Luis del Marmol Carvajal), também granadino, que atuou dos combates para subjugar os levantados. A parte final contempla um tratado do humanista jesuíta e cronista oficial, Pedro de Valência, que reflexiona e aconselha o rei Felipe III sobre os mouriscos. Esta parte se debruça ainda nos estertores da presença moura no território europeu da Monarquia Hispânica e da expulsão, valendo-se de fontes iconográficas e de escritos apologéticos da remoção dos mouriscos de Espanha. / This thesis represents an analysis of several sources on the Moorish problem specifically in the Kingdom of Granada during the XVI century and beginning of the XVII when it is verified the expulsion of the group of Muslim origin in the Iberian Peninsula. The main documentation were some chronicles of the War of Granada and Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568) and a treatise of an official chronicler on the Moors of Spain (1606), also including bandos, letters, prophecies and other official and unofficial documents of the Crown and of the Moors themselves, as well as some inquisitorial sources especially of processes of the kingdom of Granada, although eventually there is a look at individuals from other kingdoms. The first set prepared by unofficial chroniclers, besides addressing the events related to the Moorish revolt, include official documents and manifestations of Moorish and other sources. The work divided into five chapters contemplates a historiographical discussion on the Moorish question, followed by an analysis of the documentation regarding its customs and daily life. The third chapter deals with Moorish prophecies that would be one of the elements for the explosion of the revolt of the called naturales de la tierra (land\'s naturals). Then the thesis deals with the Second War of Granada (the first occurred in the early sixteenth century) as presented by the chronicles of two Grenadines: a Spanish diplomat member of the important Mendoza family (Diego Hurtado de Mendoza) and a soldier (Luis del Marmol Carvajal ), who took part in the fighting to subdue those raised. The final part includes a treatise of the Jesuit humanist and official chronicler, Pedro de Valencia, who reflects and advises King Felipe III on the Moors. This part is focused on the rushing of the Moorish presence in the European territory of the Spanish Monarchy and the expulsion, using iconographic sources and apologetic writings of the removal of the Moors from Spain.

Vathek, primeiro romance do escritor inglês William Beckford publicado em 1786, é considerado por muitos uma obra singular. Combinando certos elementos dos chamados romances góticos com uma ambientação oriental, a narrativa coloca diversos problemas a respeito de sua complexa natureza estilística. Muitos estudiosos já tentaram associar a obra a alguma dessas tradições de forma definitiva. Neste trabalho, realizaremos uma nova leitura do romance para, então, confrontarmos nossos achados com a fortuna crítica. O intuito desse procedimento é o de verificar se, diante das questões suscitadas pela própria obra, termos como gótico ou orientalista podem descrever Vathek de maneira precisa. / Vathek, English writer William Beckfords first novel published in 1786, is considered by many a singular work. By combining certain elements of the so-called gothic novels with an Oriental setting, it poses many problems deriving from its complex stylistic nature. Several critics have already tried to conclusively link the work to some of the aforementioned traditions. The aim of our work is to propose a new reading of the novel and compare our findings with previous critical assessments. The reason behind this procedure is to verify if terms like gothic or orientalist can still precisely describe Vathek when confronted with problems evoked by the work itself.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-08-23T14:10:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Nunes Kamogawa.pdf: 1222570 bytes, checksum: d16fcae6bdc91c3ae11648e9727138c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Nunes Kamogawa.pdf: 1222570 bytes, checksum: d16fcae6bdc91c3ae11648e9727138c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-14 / This thesis aims to analyze the role of cinema as a tool for the diffusion of ideologies, especially linked to the hegemony of American culture. This premise is reinforced by the post-9/11 terrorist attacks, which have reinforced and revitalized the ideology of Orientalism, widespread in Hollywood productions in which the superiority of the West is constantly focused on the inferiority of the East. / Esta tese tem como principal objetivo analisar o papel do cinema como ferramenta de difusão de ideologias, em especial vinculadas a hegemonia da cultura norte-americana. Tal premissa é reforçada após os atentados terrorista pós 11 de setembro, os quais reforçaram e revitalizaram a ideologia do Orientalismo, difundida em produções de Hollywood nas quais a superioridade do Ocidente é constantemente enfocada diante da inferioridade do Oriente.

OLivro de Travesseiro (Makura no Sôshi), de Sei Shônagon, escrito entre o fim do século X e o início do XI, possui hoje inegável status canônico no contexto da literatura japonesa. Ao mesmo tempo, é o texto japonês mais traduzido do mundo, ocupando lugar estável na lista de títulos que são considerados como pertencentes à Weltliteratur, com uma adaptação cinematográfica (O Livro de Cabeceira, de Peter Greenaway, 1996) e duas versões para o português do Brasil (2008 e 2013). A posteridade tratou as enumerações presentes no texto como tópicos poéticos, ou mesmo, contemporaneamente, como poesia - principalmente em tradução. As listas revelam uma atitude lúdica com relação à linguagem e àquilo que Foucault chamava de "categorias do pensamento" Nesse sentido, o texto de Sei Shônagon pode ser posto em diálogo com o olhar de estranheza em relação à categorização racionalista, que é a premissa de As Palavras e as Coisas (Michel Foucault, 1966) e com a obra de Jorge Luis Borges. A obra de Sei Shônagon mobiliza diversas camadas de conceitos problemáticos ao mesmo tempo. Por outro lado, nenhuma dessas categorias se aplica a O Livro de Travesseiro sem provocar, por sua vez, desestabilizações conceituais. A questão da autoria feminina e de sua relação com a figura do pai e com a cultura do patriarcado reaparece em O Livro de Cabeceira, na trajetória de liberação pela escrita da personagem principal do filme. Essas possíveis leituras dos textos propostos contribuem para a problematização de questões relacionadas à autoria, ao conhecimento, à tradução e à adaptação. / The Pillow Book (Makura no Sõshi) of Sei Shônagon, written between the end of the tenth and the beginning of the eleventh century, has attained undeniable canonical status in the context o f Japanese Literature. lt also is the most translated ]a panes e text in the world, and occupies a stable place in the list of works that are considered as belonging to the realm of Weltliteratur. It has been adapted to the screen outside Japan (The Pillow Book by Peter Greenaway, 1996) and translated twice to Brazilian Portuguese (in 2008 and 2013). Later generations of readers have treated the text's enumerations as catalogues of poetic topics or even, since the beginning of the twentieth century, and especially in translation, as poetry. The lists show a playful approach to language and to what Foucault has called the "categories of thought". In this sense, Sei Shõnagon's reuvre can be read in resonance with Foucault's Les Mots et les Choses (1966) and its attempt to defamiliarize rational categorization, a conceptual device which can also be found in the work ofJorge Luis Borges. Sei Shõnagon's work simultaneously mobilizes severallayers of problematíc concepts. On the other hand, none of these categories applies to lhe Pillow Book without engendering further conceptual destabilization. The issues of female authorship and woman authors' relationships with their fathers in a patriarchal culture reappear in the film, in the main character's journey towards liberation through writing. Those possible readings of the proposed texts contribute to the problematization of issues related to authorship, knowledge, translation and adaptation.

O presente estudo apresenta uma análise das representações do Extremo Oriente nas obras do escritor português Eça de Queirós (1845-1900). Através de um estudo amplo de obras de diversos momentos da carreira do escritor português, procuramos demonstrar que o Extremo Oriente queirosiano estabelece uma representação complexa das relações Ocidente-Oriente, não se limitando às imagens cristalizadas do Oriente na literatura portuguesa, em que se destacam o exotismo e o caráter imaginário. Como principais pilares teóricos, nos apoiamos nas teorias orientalistas, principalmente as de Raymond Schwab (1950) e Edward Said (1978), e da fortuna crítica queirosiana. Realizamos uma análise comparativa de textos ficcionais e não ficcionais do autor que, nomeadamente, compreende os romances O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra (1870), escrito juntamente com Ramalho Ortigão, O Mandarim (1880) e A Correspondência de Fradique Mendes (1900); os textos de imprensa A Marinha e as Colônias (1871), A Pitoresca História da Revolta da Índia (1871), A França e o Sião (1893), Chineses e Japoneses (1894), A Propósito da Doutrina Monroe e do Nativismo (1896), França e Sião (1897); e o relatório consular A Emigração como Força Civilizadora (1979). / This study presents an analysis of the representations of the Far East in the works of the Portuguese writer Eça de Queirós (1845-1900). Through a comprehensive study of works produced by the Portuguese author at different moments of his career, we intend to demonstrate that the Queirosian Far East establishes a complex representation of East-West relations that is not restricted to the crystallized images found in the Portuguese literature, which highlight exoticism and an imaginary character. As our main theoretical framework, we use Orientalist theories, especially those of Raymond Schwab (1950) and Edward Said (1978), and critical texts on Eças works. We perform a comparative analysis of fictional and non-fictional texts of the writer, which includes the novels O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra (1870), jointly written with Ramalho Ortigão, O Mandarim (1880) and A Correspondência de Fradique Mendes (1900); the journalistic texts A Marinha e a Colônia (1871), A Pitoresca História da Revolta da Índia (1871), A França e o Sião (1893), Chineses e Japoneses (1894), A Propósito da Doutrina Monroe e do Nativismo (1896), França e Sião (1897); and the consular report A Emigração como Força Civilizadora (1979).