Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-17T12:57:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ChristianeMariaChristinaNobregaBakker_TESE.pdf: 2357774 bytes, checksum: 43174f7d2cb8dbbbc79d1d1db399831f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-18T12:26:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ChristianeMariaChristinaNobregaBakker_TESE.pdf: 2357774 bytes, checksum: 43174f7d2cb8dbbbc79d1d1db399831f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T12:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ChristianeMariaChristinaNobregaBakker_TESE.pdf: 2357774 bytes, checksum: 43174f7d2cb8dbbbc79d1d1db399831f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / Tendo em vista a dificuldade de destina??o final nos res?duos agroindustriais de unidades do grupo M. Dias Branco S.A., o presente trabalho teve como objetivo buscar alternativas para o aproveitamento de res?duos da produ??o de margarina e farelo de trigo como potenciais substratos para produ??o de produtos biotecnol?gicos. Inicialmente os res?duos foram caracterizados e se prospectou, nos respectivos res?duos, cepas potenciais produtoras de enzimas. Nos cultivos foram utilizados cons?rcios f?ngicos prospectados do res?duo farelo de trigo de unidade fabril, bem como cepas de fungos Aspergillus oryzae CCT n? 0975 ATCC9362, Trichoderma reesei CCT n? 2768 - QM 9414 e a bact?ria Bacillus cereus CCT n? 5457, adquiridos da cole??o de culturas da Funda??o Andr? Tosello-SP. Na avalia??o do potencial dos res?duos como substrato, em res?duos de margarina n?o foi observado crescimento microbiano nas condi??es testadas, apesar desse apresentar consider?veis percentuais de ?cidos graxos, assim, n?o prosseguiu-se os estudos com os res?duos de borra da refinaria e efluente da produ??o de margarinas. Como o farelo de trigo apresentou cerca de 40% de hemicelulose, realizou-se ensaios de fermenta??o em estado s?lido, com o material n?o lavado e n?o autoclavado, indentificando-se produ??o de xilanases nas primeiras 72 h de cultivo. A partir deste resultado foi realizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) - planejamento fatorial 23, com tr?s repeti??es no ponto central e seis pontos axiais, obtendo a otimiza??o dos fatores do processo: umidade, pH e granulometria. Os fatores foram considerados significativos pela ANOVA com o n?vel de confian?a de 95%. O resultado otimizado de atividade enzim?tica de 11,78 ?0,01 UI/g ou 3,54 UI/mL utilizando pH 3,3, granulometria de 900,0 ?m e umidade de 40% foi verificado. O caldo enzim?tico obtido foi avaliado atrav?s da eletroforese, onde foi poss?vel observar duas bandas predominates de massa molar 14,4 e 30 kDa. Desnatura??o a partir de 60?C, extra??o est?vel com tamp?o acetato de s?dio e com ponto isoel?trico em pH na faixa de 5,5-6,5. O caldo foi considerado eficiente na modifica??o de tipifica??o de farinhas de trigo pelo estudo dos par?metros reol?gicos de massa fabricada com farinha aditivada com o caldo enzim?tico produzido, adotando-se an?lise do falling number e alveografia. O caldo se mostrou est?vel por 30 dias e manteve 50% de sua atividade xilanol?tica por 6 meses. O farelo de trigo se mostrou potencial substrato para induzir a produ??o de enzimas por FES utilizando-se o microrganismo Aspergillus orizae. O extrato enzim?tico obtido apresentou viabilidade para aplica??o na panifica??o com possibilidade de ser inserido na estrat?gia de inclus?o de novos produtos de inova??o em empresas de moagem. / In order to point alternatives for wheat bran disposal destination generated in food industries sector M. Dias Branco S.A., thus contributing with the reduction of the resultant impact of the deposition of residues in the environment. It has been evaluated in the present work the potential of the wheat bran as substrate for xylanase production by solid state fermentation using fungal consortiums as well as the Aspergillus oryzae (ATCC9362), Trichoderma reesei (2768), Bacillus cereus CCT n? 5457, from Funda??o Andr? Tosello-SP. The use of non-washed and non-autoclaved wheat bran as carbon and energy source on the solid state fermentation by the Aspergillus oryzae fungus showed greater percentage of the produced protein after 72 hours of cultivation. The use of a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) - 23 factorial planning with three repetitions at the central point as well as six axial points ? coupled to Surface Response Methodology (SRM) allowed to assay the influence of humidity, pH and grain size (independent variables or factors) on the xylanase activity (dependent variable or response) as well as to optimize the best condition for the enzyme production. Results showed that all factors and their combination were significant at 95% confidence level. The optimized xylanase activity was (11.78 ?0,01) UI/g or (3.54) UI/mL obtained at 40% of humidity, pH 3.3 with grain size of 900.0?m. The produced broth was stable for 6 months and remained about (50%) of the initial xylanase activity at 4?C. SDS-PAGE assay showed that xylanase has 14,4-30 kDa molar mass. The obtained enzymatic broth was efficient to modify wheat flours as shown by the falling number rheologic parameters and alveography assay.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-23T16:10:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wiler Ribas Moreira.pdf: 548626 bytes, checksum: 7acfd1a2aeb49e4e4f6d6cdfcaa22c0d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T16:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wiler Ribas Moreira.pdf: 548626 bytes, checksum: 7acfd1a2aeb49e4e4f6d6cdfcaa22c0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Brown spot, caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is one of the most important diseases in rice. The aim of this study was to test the possible effect of Mg in the gas exchange parameters and the resistance, at the biochemical level, of rice plants infected by B. oryzae. Rice plants (cv. Metica-1) were grown in nutrient solution containing 0.25, 2.5, and 4 mM Mg. At 35 days after sowing, plants were inoculated with a suspension containing 1 × 104 conidia of B. oryzae mL-1. It was evaluated the incubation period (IP), the number of lesions (NL) per cm2 of leaf area, disease severity, and the foliar concentration of Mg. Data from severity was used to calculate the area under the curve of brown spot progress (AUBSPC). In addition, it was evaluated the concentration of malonic aldehyde (MDA), the activity of the enzyme peroxidases (POX), polyphenoloxidases (PPO), chitinases (CHI), β-1,3-glucanases (GLU), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (PAL ), and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a (Cla), chlorophyll b (Clb), and carotenoids (Car) and the parameters related to gas exchange (rate of net CO2 assimilation (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), and the ratio between internal and ambient concentration of CO2 (Ci/Ca)). Moreover, for biochemical analyzes and were used only three fotossitética lowlevels corresponding to the intermediate and high dooses 0.25, 2.5 and 4 mM Mg, and forarm evaluated the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), the enzyme activity peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), chitinase (CHI) and β-1 ,3-glucanase (GLU) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a (Cla), chlorophyll b (Clb)and carotenoids (Car) and the parameters related to gas exchange (rate of net CO2 assimilation (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and the ratio of internal concentration and ambient CO2(Ci /Ca)). The Mg content in tissues increased with increasing dose. The results of this study indicate that the magnitude in the control of brown spot of rice by Mg, evaluated by means of some components of resistance was dependent on the concentration of this element in leave. There was an increase in the activity of some enzymes, no more having a significant difference between doses employed. There was difference between the concentration of CLb between dosage and inculadas or not with the fungus B.oryzae in other Clb, Cltotal and Car and there was no significant difference among the doses and in relationship or not those inoculated same trend. However, the same difference between healthy plants and inoculated parameters Amax, gs, Ci and Ci /Ca, more than in the doses used there was no significant difference, even with their sing concentration in the tissue. / A mancha parda, causada pelo fungo Bipolaris oryzae, é uma das doenças de maior importância na cultura do arroz. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o possível efeito do Mg nos parâmetros de trocas gasosas e na resistência, a nível bioquímico, de plantas de arroz infectadas por B. oryzae. Plantas de arroz (cv. Metica-1) foram crescidas em solução nutritiva contendo 0,25; 0,5, 1,0, 2 e 4 mM de Mg. Aos 35 dias após semeadura, as plantas foram inoculadas com uma suspensão contendo 1 × 104 conídios de B. oryzae mL-1. Foram avaliados o período de incubação (PI), o número de lesões (NL) por cm2 de área foliar, a severidade e a concentração foliar de Mg. Os dados de severidade foram usados para calcular a área abaixo da curva do progresso da manch parda (AACPMP). Além disso, para as análises bioquímicas e fotossitética foram utilizadas somente três níveis baixo intermediário e alto correspondendo as dooses 0,25; 2,5 e 4 mM de Mg, e forarm avaliado a concentração de aldeído malônico (MDA), a atividade das enzimas peroxidases (POX), polifenoloxidases (PFO), quitinases (QUI) e β-1,3-glucanases (GLU) e fenilalanina amônia-liases (FAL), além da concentração de pigmentos fotossintéticos, clorofila a (Cla), clorofila b (Clb) e carotenóides (Car) e os parâmetros relacionados com as trocas gasosas (taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 (Amáx), condutância estomática (gs), concentração interna de CO2 (Ci) e a razão entre a concentração interna e ambiente de CO2 (Ci/Ca)). A concentração de Mg nos tecidos aumentou com o acréscimo da dose. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo permitem concluir que a magnitude no controle da mancha parda do arroz pelo Mg, avaliada por meio de alguns componentes de resistência, foi dependente da concentração desse elemento na folha.Hove um na aumento da atividade de algumas enzimas, mais não tendo uma diferença expressiva entre as doses empregadas.Houve diferença entre a concentração de Cla entre as doses empregadas e inculadas ou não com o fungo B.oryzae, nos demais Clb, Cltotal e Car não houve uma diferença expressiva entre as doses empregadas e também em relação as inoculadas ou não obeservou a mesma tendência.Houve diferença entre as plantas sadias e inoculadas parâmetros Amáx, gs, Ci e Ci/Ca, mais em relação as doses empregadas não houve diferença significativa, mesmo com a concentração tendo aumentado nos tecido.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objectives of the study were: a) evaluate the equipment and aerial application rates to maximizing the coverage and penetration of fungicides drops in the canopy leaf through Water-sensitive paper and chromatography b) measure the spectra of droplets generated by hydraulic nozzles, nozzles electrostatic and rotating atomisers disk c) evaluate the yield components: seed yield and ingenuity income d) evaluate the control of Cercospora oryzae in accordance with the devices tested. For the deposition of drops in three tiers with Water-sensitive papers review, the hydraulic nozzle equipment with 30 L.ha-1 had higher deposition in the upper third and medium. For the bottom third, the rotary atomizer disks in the rate of 15 L.ha-1 had higher penetration. With chromatography, the largest amount of product in the lower canopy was achieved through the electrostatic equipment with 10 L.ha-1. For the control of Cercospora oryzae the data were not consistent, because the treatments did not differ from the witness. For weight and grain yield there was no difference among treatments. For ingenuity income, the weight of grain was obtained using the hydraulic equipment Nozzle 20L.ha-1. The penetration and density were evaluated in relation to rates and equipment through contrasts. Most treatments showed differences between the equipment and rates. / Os objetivos dos trabalhos foram: a) Avaliar equipamentos de aplicação aérea e taxas de aplicação para maximização da cobertura e penetração de gotas de fungicidas no dossel foliar através de papel hidrossensível e cromatografia; b) avaliar os espectros de gotas gerados por bicos hidráulicos, bicos eletrostáticos e atomizadores rotativos de disco; c) avaliar os componentes de rendimento: produtividade de grãos e rendimento de engenho; e d) avaliar o controle de Cercospora oryzae. Para condução do experimento foi utilizado 8 tratamentos divididos em 63 ha. Em cada área foi avaliada a cobertura e penetração através de papeis hidrossensiveis e análise cromatográfica. A deposição de gotas em três estratos com análise de papéis hidrossensíveis, o equipamento bico hidráulico com 30 L.ha-1 teve maior deposição no terço superior e médio. Para o terço inferior, o atomizador rotativo de discos na taxa de 15 L.ha-1 apresentou maior penetração. Com cromatografia, a maior quantidade de produto no estrato inferior foi conseguida através do equipamento Eletrostático com 10 L.ha-1. Para o controle de Cercospora oryzae, os dados não foram consistentes, pois os tratamentos não diferiram da testemunha. Não houve diferenças para peso de grãos e produtividade entre os tratamentos. No rendimento de engenho, o maior peso de grão inteiro foi obtido com a utilização do equipamento Bico hidráulico 20L.ha-1. A densidade e a penetração foram avaliadas em relação às taxas e aos equipamentos, através de contrastes. A maioria dos tratamentos evidenciou diferenças entre os equipamentos e as taxas.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Plant Pathology / Barbara S. Valent / Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide is constrained by rice blast disease caused by the ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Rice blast has become a model system for the study of fungal plant diseases based on its global relevance to agriculture and on our ability to apply molecular genetic and genomic analyses to both the pathogen and the plant. We have applied molecular and cellular analyses to understand critical processes in the M. oryzae disease cycle. The dark melanin pigment produced by the fungus is critical for the function of its specialized appressorial cell, which punches the leaf surface by generating the highest pressure known in any biological system, estimated at 80 times the atmospheric pressure. Without melanin, the fungus can neither generate this pressure nor puncture the plant surface and disease does not occur. M. oryzae genome sequencing identified a cluster of melanin biosynthesis genes that included an attractive candidate for the transcription factor that regulates melanin biosynthesis in appressoria. We report the structural and functional characterization of this putative transcription factor, although its role remains elusive. Host cellular responses after appressorial penetration are equally important in determining if disease will occur. We have characterized the cellular response of one rice variety to a compatible fungal strain (causes disease), an incompatible strain (fails to cause disease due to specific triggering of rice defenses) and a non-host strain (causes disease in barley but not in rice). Distinctive fungal and rice cellular responses correlated with the outcome of each particular pathogen-strain rice interaction. We report contrasting responses in two rice leaf sheath assays that are amenable to live cell microscopy, as well as a novel cellular response of crystalline aggregations deposited inside the host cell under appressoria on the leaf surface. Our studies have important implications for future analyses of pathogenicity and host specificity in rice blast disease.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-11T13:18:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 340314 bytes, checksum: d3df035dc1f7a0bc3479518b1ee91de2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-11T13:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 340314 bytes, checksum: d3df035dc1f7a0bc3479518b1ee91de2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O arroz (Oryza sativa) é um dos grãos mais consumidos no mundo, no entanto, as perdas proporcionadas por patógenos têm de reduzido grandemente sua produtividade. Dentre estes, a escaldadura, causada pelo fungo Microdochium oryzae, se destaca por ser uma das principais doenças encontradas no arroz. É sabido ainda que, o Silício (Si) é responsável por conferir resistência a uma grande gama de patógenos, em especial na cultura do arroz, incluindo M. oryzae. Para investigar o que proporciona essa maior resistência, plantas de arroz foram crescidas em solução nutritiva, supridas e não supridas com Si, inoculadas e não inoculadas com M. oryzae. Foi encontrado que plantas supridas com Si possuíam menores severidades a escaldadura do arroz, que foi relacionada aos maiores teores desse elemento nessas plantas. As plantas supridas com Si e inoculadas, apresentaram maiores taxas fotossintéticas (A), além de maiores rendimento fotoquímico máximo do fotossistema II (FSII) (F v/F m), a eficiência na captura da energia de excitação pelos centros de reação do FSII (F v’/F m’) e taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR), demonstrando que nas plantas supridas com Si, a eficiência na captura e transformação da energia luminosa em química era menos afetada quando o Si era suplementado. A análise da taxa aparente de carboxilação máxima (Vcmax) e da taxa de carboxilação que é limitada pelo transporte de elétrons (J max) em base Cc, permitiu inferir que, o Si não mitigou os danos bioquímicos proporcionados pela presença do fungo M. oryzae, uma vez que nenhuma diferença estatística foi encontrada. Desta forma, os dados conduzem a interpretação de que a suplementação com Si permite melhores A através da manutenção de maiores condutâncias mesofílicas (gm), proporcionando assim, menores limitações difusivas nas plantas inoculadas, uma vez que a gm é grandemente afetada pela presença do patógeno na ausência deste elemento. Ainda, a análise quantitativa das limitações à fotossíntese, corrobora com os resultados encontrados, uma vez que as fortes limitações mesofílicas observadas quando o Si não era adicionado. Desta forma conclui-se que o fornecimento do Si à cultura do arroz mitiga os efeitos deletérios proporcionados pela infecção causada por M. oryzae, através da manutenção da condutância do CO2 presente nas câmaras subestomáticas até os sítios de carboxilação da Rubisco. / Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most consumed grains in the world, however, losses provided by pathogens have greatly reduced productivity. Among these, scald, caused by the fungus Microdochium oryzae, stands out as a major disease found in rice. It is also known that, Silicon (Si) is responsible for conferring resistance to a wide range of pathogens, especially in rice crops, including M. oryzae. To investigate what this provides greater resistance, rice plants were grown in nutrient solution, supplied and not supplied with Si, inoculated and not inoculated with M. oryzae. It was found that plants supplied with Si had lower severities to scald of rice, which was related to higher levels of aluminum in these plants. The plants supplied with Si and inoculated, had higher photosynthetic rates (A), as well as higher maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (F v/F m), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by PSII reaction centers (F v’/F m’) and electron transport rate (ETR), demonstrating that plants supplied with Si, the efficiency in the capture and transformation of light energy into chemical was less affected when Si was supplemented. The analysis of the apparent maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and carboxylation rate that is limited by the transport of electrons (J max) in Cc base, allowed to infer that the Si not mitigated the biochemical damage provided by the fungus M. oryzae presence, since no statistical difference was found. Thus, the data lead to the interpretation that supplementation with Si allows better by maintaining the largest mesophyll conductance (gm), thus providing smaller diffusive limitations on inoculated plants, since gm is greatly affected by the presence of the pathogen in the absence of this element. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of limitations to photosynthesis corroborates the results, since the mesophyll strong limitations observed when the Si was not added. Thus, it is concluded that the supply of the Si in rice culture mitigates the deleterious effects provided by the infection caused by M. oryzae, by the maintenance of the CO2 present conductance substomatic to the sites of carboxylation of Rubisco.

Rhizopus oryzae is a prominent strain for producing fumarate, where biomass growth precedes fumarate production. The natural bio film growth of R. oryzae as fungal mat was investigated using different glucose addition strategies in a novel fed-batch fermenter. Batch growth was compared through three fed-batch runs, each with a different glucose addition strategy. The fed-batch runs involved a constant glucose feed (CGF) of 0.075 g h-1 and controlled glucose feeds in order to keep the respiration quotient (RQ) at either 1.3 mol CO2 mol-1 O2 (RQ1.3) or 1.1 mol CO2 mol-1 O2 (RQ1.1). Ethanol overflow via the established Crabtree mechanism was completely negated for the CGF and RQ1.1 runs, while the batch and RQ1.3 runs exhibited significant ethanol formation. Biomass yield on glucose was found to be 0.476 g g-1 (RQ1.1), 0.194 g g-1 (RQ1.3), 0.125 g g-1 (CGF) and 0.144 g g-1 (batch). The results indicate a three-fold improvement in biomass yield when comparing the batch run with the RQ1.1 run. In addition, the RQ1.1 run resulted in zero detectable byproducts, unlike the batch scenario where pyruvate and fumarate were associated with ethanol formation. Clear evidence is provided that glucose overflow can be fully eliminated during R. oryzae growth, significantly affecting the biomass yield on glucose. / Dissertation (MEng (Chemical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / University of Pretoria postgraduate bursary / CSIR Inter-bursary Programme / Chemical Engineering / MEng (Chemical Engineering) / Unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第12763号 / 論農博第2786号 / 新制||農||1016(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H25||N4786(農学部図書室) / 30615 / (主査)教授 平竹 潤, 教授 植田 充美, 教授 小川 順 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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