This thesis deals with out-of-court dispute resolution within international business transactions. Its goal is an analysis of those methods of dispute resolution that may be encountered both in practice and specialized literature and determination of their basic characteristics that allow comparison. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first two chapters are of general nature and specify the content of the given topic. The third chapter establishes the framework of relevant law and the subsequent chapters are concerned with the online dispute resolution with the help of modern technology. The first chapter is composed of three parts. The first part defines the notions of out-of-court dispute resolution and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and explains the relation between those two notions that are not considered synonymous. The second part describes the common features of the out-of-court dispute resolution methods. To the contrary, the third part points out the differences between them and groups the particular methods based on various criteria. The second chapter defines the international business transactions and focuses on international or foreign element and its determination. The third chapter provides an overview of the legal framework relevant to the topic. In its four parts...

En France comme en Angleterre, le ministère public a historiquement vocation à garantir la forme juridictionnelle de la répression-pénale. A l'inverse, la juridictionnalisation de la répression pénale constitue une limite traditionnelle aux prérogatives du ministère public. Ainsi, alors que le premier rend toujours possible la juridictionnalisation et légitime la répression, la seconde limite légitimement le champ des possibles offerts au ministère public. Pourtant, la liaison qui paraît si évidente entre la juridictionnalisation de la répression pénale et l'institution du ministère public s'efface progressivement en nuances. Les législateurs français et anglais, encouragés par la jurisprudence, ont considérablement renforcé les pouvoirs d’enquête et de traitement infrajuridictionnels du ministère public évinçant par là la juridictionnalisation de la répression. Et même si la juridictionnalisation peut paraître préservée lorsqu'il s'agit pour le ministère public d'obtenir une coercition et une rétribution ultimes, celle-ci s'avère en réalité sans substance. Le contrôle à priori du juge de l'autorisation des pouvoirs d'enquête juridictionnalisés est souvent purement formel et ne peut permettre de contredire la nécessité d'ordonner tel ou tel acte qui serait requis par le ministère public, alors que le contrôle a posteriori du juge de l'annulation des actes d'enquête est lui déficient et aléatoire. La garantie d'un usage régulier des pouvoirs d'enquête et de traitement des infractions ne saurait pourtant venir d'une juridictionnalisation de l'institution du ministère public. La comparaison de l'organisation des ministères publics français et anglais laisse apparaître que les solutions qui sont envisagées l'indépendance et impartialité du ministère public français ne seraient pas suffisantes. C'est une restauration de la juridictionalisation des fonctions de l'institution, conforme à sa ratio profonde qu'il convient de mettre en œuvre. / In France, like in England, the Public Prosecutor is historically intended to ensure the judicial nature of criminal justice. Reciprocally, the strengthening of the judicial nature of the criminal justice traditionally restricts the prerogatives of the Public Prosecutor's Office. However, the link between the reinforcement of the judicial nature of the criminal justice and the existence of the Public Prosecutor, albeit obvious, evaporates slowly in multiple shades. The French and the English lawmakers, supported by case law, have come to considerably strengthen the Public Prosecutor's investigation and pre-trial powers, thus ousting the judicial nature of the criminal justice. Although it may seem that the judicial nature of repression is preserved when the Public Prosecutor is required to obtain coercive measures or ultimate retribution, it turns out to be deprived of substance. An a priori control by a judge who grants judicial investigative powers to the Public Prosecutor is always formalistic, whereas an a posteriori control by a judge who may annul decisions taken during the investigation is flawed and random. However, a guarantee of a regular use of investigative powers and of treatment of offenses cannot come out of the strengthening of judicial nature of the Public Prosecutor. A comparative analysis of the structure of the Public Prosecutor’s Office in France and in England reveals that the dues that are to be considered -independence and impartiality of the French Public Prosecutor -do not suffice. It is a reestablishment of the judicial functions of the body, coherent with its true ratio, that should be implemented.

Legal Status of the Financial Arbiter in Comparison with Selected Regulatory and Control Institutions in the Czech Republic and EU The topic of my thesis is legal status of the Financial arbiter in the Czech Republic. It represent a specific institution for out-of-court settlement of financial disputes between providers of some financial services and their clients. The Financial arbiter does not substitute the role of courts; instead it operates alongside the judicial system and offers to the clients of financial institutions swift and free of charge alternative to the legal proceedings, which emphasizes reconciliation. In the opening chapter of this thesis I looked into the theoretical concept of this institution and characterized it as an administrative authority sui generis. In order to obtain better understanding of the institutional status of the Financial arbiter, I further compared the Financial arbiter with similar institutions in the Czech Republic and the EU. I consider the separation from the Czech National Bank and the creation of the Financial arbiter bureau, which is a government department, as a major change in the legal status of the Financial arbiter. The arbitration proceeding represents an alternative to the legal proceedings. It can be initiated only by a client`s complaint, for...

The aim of this diploma thesis was to identify and analyze the decision-making activities of the Financial Arbitrator as an out-of-court dispute resolution body for some of the consumer disputes in the area of financial services, both procedural and substantive points of view. The author discusses the importance and practical impacts of the decision-making activities of the Financial Arbitrator to the parties of the proceedings before the Financial Arbitrator taking into account recent legislative changes affecting this institution. At the same time, the author deals with some practical problems which the Financial Arbitrator faces by its decision making and discusses their solutions. Finally, the author examines and evaluates some of the decisions issued by the Financial Arbitrator in various areas of its competence. The actual text of this work is divided into five chapters, introduction and conclusion. In the first chapter the author briefly describes the origin and development of the institute of the Financial Arbitrator and its institutional framework as to emphasize the specifics of this institute, which is reflected in its decision-making and offers a view of foreign approaches in the creation of disputes dealing with an out-of-court resolution of disputes from financial services. In the...

Based on the analysis of legal regulations, data and other information regarding consumer protection, it is proposed to establish a specific system of out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes. The settlement is proposed in three variants, showing the best variant, and meets the basic principles and objectives for this type of settlement of consumer disputes -- transparency, better efficiency and low cost. The system was proposed based on information obtained from international studies, documents, national sources -- the market surveillance authority, non-governmental consumer associations, etc. as well as on experience with preparing and implementing the recent pilot project of out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes.

The thesis is focused on questions of natural persons' recovery of debts according to the legal order of the Czech Republic. The purpose of the thesis was to provide creditors with comprehensive information and insight into the questions of recovery of natural persons' debts according to the legal order of the Czech Republic and to draw creditor's attention to legal possibilities when recovering debts. The outcome of the thesis is creation of diagram that can help creditors to better orientation. Diagram shows separate steps creditors can undergo when recovering debts. Particular possibilities when recovering debts are outlined, practical instruction and remarks are added, economic contexts are analysed, available statistics and development trends are analysed and proposals de lege ferenda are presented.

This paper is a critical evaluation of the Swedish system with special mediation. The district court has the opportunity, in cases that are amenable to out-of-court settlements, to refer the dispute to special mediation. However, this is extremely rare, even though the legislature expressed a desire to increase the use of alternative dispute resolution. In 2011, a series of measures were taken to increase the use of mediation and strengthen mediation attractiveness. What effect can be inferred from these actions today, over three years after their introduction? This study analyses the main reasons offered for why mediation is not used more, and what should be done to increase the use of mediation. Is the court-annexed mediation an appropriate way forward for Sweden? To answer these problem formulations I studied statistics from the Swedish National Courts Administration (Domstolsverket). In order to investigate how the Swedish mediators experience the practice, I did a survey that was sent to the mediators listed on the Swedish National Courts Administration´s catalogue on mediators. To deepen the knowledge of mediation as a practice and get a perspective on the special court mediation, I conducted an in-depth interview with Nicklas Söderberg, Head of Administration of the Court of Appeal in Skåne and Blekinge. My material shows that the Court's duty to promote conciliation was strengthened by the government's measures in 2011. However, the Mediation Act (Lag om medling i privaträttsliga tvister), according to the material, did not have the intended impact on the use of mediation; special mediation is very rarely used. The reason to the meagre effects is that the measures do not address the three largest mediation hindering factors; regulatory barriers, cost considerations and lack of knowledge and foundation in the Swedish legal culture. To increase the use of mediation and reach all of its benefits, I believe, in the light of the material in this paper, a new system that addresses the needs of those hindering factors is necessary. The legislation provides opportunity for broad discussions with the parties during the initial Court preparations. However, the process could be more clear, effective and legally certain by developing Court-annexed mediation. Court-annexed mediation can reduce the courts caseload, save time for the parties and provide more sustainable and appropriate solutions to the parties' disputes. To anchor mediation in Swedish legal culture and increase the use of the procedure, I advocate that Court-annexed mediation should be introduced. / Denna uppsats är en kritisk utvärdering av det svenska systemet med särskild medling. Tingsrätten har möjlighet att i dispositiva tvistemål hänvisa tvisten till särskild medling. Detta sker dock ytterst sällan, trots att lagstiftaren uttalat en vilja att öka användandet av alternativa tvistlösningsmetoder. År 2011 genomfördes en rad åtgärder för att öka användningen av medling samt stärka medlingens attraktionskraft. Vilken effekt kan utläsas av dessa åtgärder idag, drygt tre år efter deras införande? I denna uppsats utreds vilka huvudanledningar som finns till varför särskild medling inte används mer, samt vad som bör göras för att komma tillrätta med detta. Är rättsmedling en lämplig väg framåt för Sverige? För att svara på dessa problemformuleringar studerades statistik från domstolsverket. För att undersöka hur svenska medlare upplever förfarandet gjorde jag en enkätundersökning som skickades till medlare upptagna på domstolsverkets förteckning över medlare. För att fördjupa kunskapen om medling i praktiken och få ett domstolsperspektiv på särskild medling genomförde jag en djupintervju med Nicklas Söderberg, administrativ chef för hovrätten i Skåne och Blekinge. Mitt material visar att rättens skyldighet att verka för förlikning stärkts av regeringens åtgärder år 2011. Medlingslagen har dock, enligt materialet, inte haft avsedd inverkan på användandet av medling; särskild medling används mycket sällan. Anledningen till att effekterna uteblivit är att åtgärderna inte adresserar de tre största medlingshämmande faktorerna; lagstiftningsmässiga hinder, kostnadsaspekter samt brist på kunskap och förankring i svensk rättskultur.  För att öka användningen av medling och nå alla dess fördelar anser jag, mot bakgrund av materialet i denna uppsats, att en ny ordning måste till som adresserar dessa medlingshämmande faktorer. Lagstiftningen ger utrymme för att hålla breda samtal med parterna under förberedelsen, dock skulle förfarandet bli tydligare, mer ändamålsenligt och rättssäkert genom att utforma en lagstiftning gällande rättsmedling.  Rättsmedling kan avlasta domstolarna, spara tid för parterna samt ge mer hållbara och ändamålsenliga lösningar på parternas tvister. För att förankra medlingen i svensk rättskultur och öka användandet av förfarandet förespråkar jag att rättsmedling borde införas.

Mit dem Ausbruch der Weltwirtschaftskrise 2008/2009 begann in Spanien eine über ein Jahrzehnt andauernde Reform des Konkursrechts mit dem Fokus die außergerichtlichen Restrukturierungsinstrumente im Geiste der Zeit zu stärken. Im Zentrum dieser Reformen stand der acuerdo de refinanciación - die sog. Refinanzierungsvereinba-rung - die durch verschiedene Schutzmechanismen und Privilegien den frühen Zugang zu einer außergerichtlichen Restrukturierung ermöglichen und damit für sanierungsfähige Unternehmen den Gang zu dem kostspieligen und oft wenig erfolgsversprechenden Konkursverfahren vermeiden sollte. Das Werk untersucht dieses Instrument auf seine Kohärenz und Praxistauglichkeit und entwickelt auf der Grundlage verbleibender Regelungslücken und Fehl-einschätzungen Verbesserungsvorschläge, die einen Beitrag für zukünftige Reformdebatten leisten soll. Der Ver-fasser gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass das spanische Konkursrecht ein Paradigmenwechsel vollzogen hat und trotzdem noch einen weiten Weg bis zu einem in der Praxis erfolgreichen Restrukturierungsrecht gehen muss. / With the onset of the global economic crisis in 2008/2009, Spain embarked on a decade-long reform of its bank-ruptcy laws with a focus on strengthening out-of-court restructuring instruments in the spirit of the times. At the center of these reforms was the acuerdo de refinanciación - the so-called refinancing agreement - which was intended to provide early access to out-of-court restructuring through various protective mechanisms and privi-leges, thereby avoiding the need for companies capable of restructuring to go through the costly and often unprom-ising bankruptcy proceedings. The work examines this instrument in terms of its coherence and practicality and, on the basis of remaining regulatory gaps and misconceptions, develops proposals for improvement that are in-tended to contribute to future debates on reform. The author concludes that Spanish bankruptcy law has undergone a paradigm shift, but still has a long way to go to achieve a restructuring law that is successful in practice.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-05T11:47:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Michelle Camini Mickelberg.pdf: 1458856 bytes, checksum: 95337ba92fbee6a0bab8e23ff718cc3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-05T11:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michelle Camini Mickelberg.pdf: 1458856 bytes, checksum: 95337ba92fbee6a0bab8e23ff718cc3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-26 / The research investigates whether the application of the transaction in tax law, understood as one of the possible outcomes of the consensual methods of dispute resolution, is compatible with the Brazilian judicial system and, in case it is, what are the limits imposed by the legal system to its federal regulation. This work starts with the assumption that language is constitutive of reality and seeks to identify what are the possible meanings of the word transaction; starting from the characteristics of the out-of-court methods of dispute resolution and the civil transaction, as well as from the analysis of the rule described in article 171 of the National Tax Code (CTN), a definition of the tax transaction concept is built. In face of the definition of this institute, this work studies the elements of the rule to be introduced by the Federal Legislative Power, as well as its compatibility with article 3rd of the CTN, with the constitutional norms that rule the national tax system and with the public interest. This work also analyzes the possibility of a legal claim on the transaction and the legal consequences resulting from possible flaws in the agreement between the State and the individual. Closing the research, this work investigates the cost-benefit in the insertion of a federal law regulating the tax transaction, taking into consideration the incentives generated on taxpayers for such legislative choice, the economic benefits reaped by the Fiscal Authority in the adoption of this institute and whether the perspective of an agreement with the State could increase tax evasion and corruption. Finally, the previous experiences of tax transaction in states and local legislations is analyzed considering the resulting conclusions of the present study / A pesquisa investiga se a admissão da transação, entendida como um dos resultados possíveis da autocomposição, em matéria tributária, é compatível com o sistema jurídico pátrio e, em caso afirmativo, os limites impostos pelo ordenamento para uma regulamentação do instituto em âmbito federal. Para tanto, parte-se da premissa que a linguagem é constitutiva da realidade e busca-se identificar as acepções de sentido do termo transação; a partir das características dos meios alternativos de solução de conflitos e da transação civil, bem como da análise da norma de competência prevista no artigo 171 do Código Tributário Nacional (CTN), constrói-se uma definição do conceito de transação tributária. À luz da definição do instituto, estudam-se os elementos da norma a ser introduzida pelo Poder Legislativo Federal, bem como a sua compatibilidade com o artigo 3º do CTN, com as normas constitucionais que regem o sistema tributário nacional e com a indisponibilidade do interesse público. O trabalho analisa, ainda, a possibilidade de rediscussão judicial dos termos da transação e as consequências jurídicas decorrentes de possíveis vícios no acordo entabulado entre o Poder Público e o particular. Encerrando a pesquisa, investiga-se o custo-benefício na edição de lei federal regulamentando a transação tributária, levando-se em consideração os incentivos gerados nos contribuintes por tal escolha legislativa, as vantagens econômicas para o Fisco na adoção do instituto e se a perspectiva de acordo com o Estado incrementaria a evasão fiscal e a corrupção. Por fim, expõe-se a experiência da transação tributária em outros entes da federação, confrontando-se as respectivas legislações com as conclusões resultantes do presente estudo

Are State proposals on private self-regulation and administrative procedures on consumption adequate? The present papper analyzes the challenges of its application, providing a final reflection on the complaints in social networks. / ¿Son adecuadas las propuestas Estatales sobre autorregulación privada y procedimientos administrativos en materia de consumo? El presente artículo analiza los retos de su aplicación brindando una reflexión final acerca de los reclamos en redes sociales.