Among the founders of the science of town planning at the beginning of the twentieth century, Scotsman Patrick Geddes introduced methods of investigation commensurate with other sciences. A biologist, trained by Thomas Huxley, Geddes borrowed the practices of the microscopical laboratory in creating the Outlook Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland which served as a model for an approach to the study of cities. His method was like that of a field botanist studying a species, and assumed an interdependent relationship between place, work and folk. Embracing the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin, Geddes proposed subtle town planning interventions as a means by which cities could adaptively respond to change over time. He advocated the employ of a graphic device, which he called his "thinking machines," and which served as a paradigmatic strategy to forge new relationships within sets of ideas. Such an approach aligned him with the taxonomic strategies in practice in the formation of museum collections and display of the nineteenth century. This work examines the archival evidence of the principles underlying Geddes' methods in the hope that they may be recovered in contemporary town planning. / Ph. D.

Today, global media such as the Internet provides media audiences scattered across the globe with the possibility of cross-cultural moral interaction upon a plethora of global digital public spheres. Such trends have been the catalyst for increased academic attention to the field of media and morality and the notion of media audiences as global citizens – ‘cosmopolitans at home’, consuming a wide array of mediated, global images and thus enforcing a proximity with the ‘distant Other’. Parallel to such trends is the dichotomous relationship between rural- and urban areas that have emerged as increasingly ambivalent in ‘network society’. Due to the ‘urbanization of media culture’ and the ‘digital divide’, it is argued that rural areas, in an era characterized by global interconnectedness, are rendered dysfunctional. On the other hand however, media can be argued to promote inclusion and new possibilities for rural people.   This study set out to empirically examine the tension field between residential patterns (rural/urban), the media (Internet) and cosmopolitanism. Setting out from the research questions: (1) What variables determine a ‘cosmopolitan outlook’ in Sweden?, (2) Does media use/access promote a ‘cosmopolitan outlook’, and under what circumstances?, and (3) Is there a ‘cosmopolitan divide’ between different residential patterns – and if so: how does it relate to different patterns of media use and access?. To attend the research questions, data from the annual national survey, Riks-SOM 2008, was analysed and the findings indicated the general trends for the Swedish cosmopolitan was, in accordance with other empirical accounts, young and well educated. Furthermore, respondents ‘high’ on Internet use where more likely to be cosmopolitans – confirming theoretical accounts of e.g. Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Dick Hebdige. Also, ‘locality’ proved to be more important for rural people than for people living in metropolitan areas. Finally, men and women displayed different ‘cosmopolitan patterns’: rural women being more cosmopolitan than metropolitan women in terms of a ‘willingness to move to a country outside of Europe’ while men displayed the opposite, following the hypothesis.

The increase in connectivity and use of “smart” devices offers companies new possibilities to improve their efficiency by using digitalization. For example, booking of meeting rooms have gone from using a paper calendar to electronic booking. To enable both digital remote booking, as well as being able to book a room directly (as with a paper calendar) this project has developed a room manager system. The room manager is a device that provides a quick and intuitive way for employees to handle conference room booking. The project was started on behalf of the company ÅF, who would like to optimize their use of conference rooms.  The result was a fully functional touchscreen device built using a Raspberry Pi. The room manager integrates successfully with the existing calendar system used at ÅF and meets all the requirements set by ÅF. The device will be used to determine if a room manager system is worth investing in and may be used as a foundation for continued development.

En analysant les images françaises du Maroc, avant le Protectorat (XVIIe-XXe siècle), nous avons espéré réfléchir sur la spécificité de ce genre littéraire à partir des schèmes narratifs et discursifs qu’il met en œuvre. L’étude de ces images, dans leur genèse et dans leur typologie, présuppose une approche pluridisciplinaire. Car, nous semble-il, il est indispensable de mettre en relation les analyses littéraires, l’histoire, l’histoire des idées sachant que les images culturelles d’un pays peuvent ne pas être le reflet d’une réalité politique, historique d’un moment, mais elles s’avèrent, en revanche, liées à une situation culturelle historiquement déterminée. Pour saisir la présence de l’étranger, ou son image, dans un texte, il faudrait tenir compte des conditions de production de ce texte. Par conséquent, l’mage se constitue, en fait, d’un ensemble d’idées sur l’étranger évoluant dans un processus de «littérarisation et de socialisation » Dans cette perspective, notre démarche se veut à la fois chronologique, synchronique et interdisciplinaire. Ainsi, en recensant les images constituées sur le Maroc et ses habitants, depuis le XVIIe jusqu’au XXe siècle, nous espérons voir, s’il y a ou non une filiation dans la perception française de l’Autre. Contextualisation exige, pour mieux cerner l’arrière-plan de cette perception, nous aurons recours, naturellement, aux textes produits par les voyageurs, mais aussi aux documents historiques, ethnologiques et sociologiques. L’élargissement du champ de la réflexion à d’autres disciplines, relevant du champ des sciences humaines et sociales, nous permettra, de saisir comment la représentation de l’Autre, pourrait nous révéler les fonctionnements d’une instance idéologique historiquement repérable (exotisme, racisme, par exemple …). Aussi, nous demanderons-nous, à titre d’exemple, si l’appartenance d’un auteur au catholicisme n’infléchit pas dans un sens ou dans un autre sa vision du musulman et du juif. On pourra se demander aussi si le regard des voyageurs du Grand siècle n’a pas changé avec l’apport des idées du siècle des Lumières, fondées sur l’apologie de la raison et d’une certaine rationalité scientifique et académique / By analysing the images that the French make of Morocco before the Protectorate, we have hoped to reflect on the specificity of this literary genre from the narrative and discursive schemas that it sets out to make use of. The study of these mental presentations or images in their genesis and typology presupposes a multidisciplinary approach, for, as it appears, it is crucially important to relate literary analysis, and the history of ideas to this study while being, at the same time, aware that cultural images of a country may not truly reflect the political and historical reality of a given time. These images are, however, related to a cultural backdrop which is historically determined. In order to seize the presence of theStranger, the Other, his or her image in a text, it is essential to take into consideration the conditions that contributed to the production of that text. Therefore, an image consists of a group of ideas that are conjured up about the Other or Foreigner evolving in a literacy and socialisation process. It is in the above mentioned perspective that the present paper attempts a chronological, synchronic and an interdisciplinary approach. Thus, by shedding light on the multi images made about Morocco and its inhabitants since the 17th up to the 20th century, we hope to trace whether there or does not exist a filiation of the other in the French perception. Hence,some contextualisation is of the essence in order to encompass the background of thisperception of the Other. Naturally, we have had recourse not only to texts which were produced by travellers across Morocco, but also to historical, ethnological as well as sociological documents addressing this issue. Also, the enlarging of our reflection field to touch on other disciplines, such as human and social sciences, will allow us to come into grips with how the concept and presentation of the Other could reveal the functioning of an ideologicalinstance, be it exotic or racist, which is historically traceable. For exemplification sake, we also wonder if a Christian author is not influenced in his vision of the Muslims and Jews in a way or another. We could also wonder if the outlook of the travellers of the Grand century has not been altered by the contribution of the ideas of the century of light which is based on the dominance of reason as well as a certain scientific and academic rationality.

Ce mémoire de master analysera les flux migratoires des Haïtiens et des Sénégalais vers l'état du Rio Grande do Sul, dans les premières décennies du 21éme siècle, étant insérés dans un nouveau contexte migratoire dans lequel cet état et le Brésil participent et sont de nouveaux acteurs ; aujourd'hui, ils sont consolidés dans l’ordre du jour international des migrations et de refuge, à côté des pays d'accueil traditionnels des immigrants, des réfugiés et des exilés politiques. Cette recherche est soutenue par les théories économiques, sociologiques et géographiques, ainsi que par la cartographie thématique et elle a également eu des enquêtes de terrain aux principaux lieux de la route des immigrants Haïtiens et Sénégalais, depuis leur entrée sur le territoire brésilien jusqu'à leur distribution spatiale dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Nous avons constaté quelques similitudes entre les deux flux, comme la couleur, l’appartenance ethnique, les routes et les réseaux, mais aussi nous signalons de différentes particularités par le biais de l'examen critique de la science géographique en concernant la question de leur profil social-démographique et leur insertion dans le marché du travail, de l'économie et dans la société du Rio Grande do Sul. De cette façon, nous avons conclu que ces deux groupes apparaissent comme les principaux acteurs du nouveau profil migratoire Gaucho et le Brésilien, composés de centaines de nationalités de nouveaux immigrants et d'une nouvelle caractérisation socio-spatiale de ceux qui les reçoivent, que ce soit dans les relations de travail, dans l'insertion et l’acceptation sociale ou même sur la praxis xénophobe. Le Rio Grande do Sul et le Brésil sont, de facto, dans un nouveau boum migratoire après deux siècles depuis les premières immigrations et, aujourd'hui, ils les présentent au monde comme une nouvelle alternative aux immigrations économiques, cependant, avec un caractère plus humanitaire, dans une économie en développement et avec un vaste territoire à explorer par ces immigrants dans les domaines sociaux et du travail. C’est alors à la Géographie et à ce mémoire de master le rôle de fomenter la discussion à ce sujet et souligner les caractéristiques et les conséquences de ces flux qui ne sont pas juste une « vague migratoire », mais une nouvelle condition du territoire et de l'espace social du Brésil et du Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta dissertação analisará os fluxos imigratórios de haitianos e senegaleses em direção ao Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, estando inseridos num novo contexto migratório da qual o estado e o Brasil fazem parte e são novos atores; agora consolidados na agenda internacional das migrações e refúgio, ao lado dos tradicionais países receptores de imigrantes, refugiados e asilados políticos. Este processo de pesquisa, amparado em teorias econômicas, sociológicas e geográficas, além do instrumental da cartografia temática, também contou com pesquisas de campo em lugares-chave da rota dos imigrantes haitianos e senegaleses, desde o seu ingresso no território brasileiro até a sua distribuição espacial no Rio Grande do Sul. Observaram-se similaridades entre os dois fluxos, desde a cor, etnias, rotas e redes, mas também distintas peculiaridades sob um olhar crítico da Ciência Geográfica e seus aportes, principalmente no que tange a questão do seu perfil demográfico-social e inserção destes no mercado de trabalho, economia e sociedade sul-rio-grandense. Deste modo, inferiu-se que estes dois grupos despontam como os principais atores do novo perfil imigratório gaúcho e brasileiro, constituído de uma centena de novas nacionalidades imigrantes e de uma nova caracterização social-espacial daqueles que lhes recebem, seja nas relações de trabalho, na inserção e aceitação social ou até mesmo na práxis xenofóbica. O Rio Grande do Sul e o Brasil, de fato, estão num novo boom imigratório após dois séculos desde as primeiras imigrações e agora apresentam-se ao mundo como uma nova alternativa às imigrações econômicas, porém, com um caráter mais humanitário, em uma economia em desenvolvimento e com um vasto território a ser desbravado por estes imigrantes nas searas social e laboral. Cabe então à Geografia e a esta dissertação fomentarem a discussão sobre o tema e apontarem as feições e repercussões destes fluxos que não se tratam apenas de uma “onda imigratória”, mas sim de uma nova condição do território e do espaço social brasileiro-sul-rio-grandense. / This thesis will analyse the immigration flows of Haitians and Senegalese towards the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the first decades of 21st Century, being inserted in a new migratory context which this state and Brazil take part and are new actors; nowadays they are consolidated in the international agenda of migrations and refuge, next to the traditional receiving countries of immigrants, refugees and political asylees. This research is supported in economic, sociological and geographical theories, as well as in the thematic cartography and also had field surveys on key-places of the route of Haitians and Senegalese immigrants, since their entry on the Brazilian territory up to their spatial distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. We have observed some similarities between the two flows, since the colour, ethnicity, routes and networks, but also we point some different peculiarities under the critical review of Geographic Science regarding the issue of their social-demographic profile and their insertion in the labour market, economy and Rio Grande do Sul’s society. In this way, we have concluded that these two groups emerge as the main actors of the new Gaucho and Brazilian migratory profile, composed of hundreds of new immigrants’ nationalities and of a new social-spatial characterization of those who receive them, whether in the labour relations, in the social insertion and acceptation or even on the xenophobic praxis. Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil are, de facto, in a new migratory boom after two centuries since the first immigrations and nowadays they present them to the world as a new alternative to the economic immigrations, however, with a more humanitarian character, in a developing economy and with a vast territory to be explored by these immigrants in the social and labour fields. It is then for Geography and to this dissertation foment the discussion about the issue and point out the features and consequences of these flows that are not just a “migratory wave”, but a new condition of the territory and social space of Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta disertación analizará los flujos inmigratorios de haitianos y senegaleses para el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en las dos primeras décadas del Siglo XXI, inseridos en un nuevo contexto migratorio en el cual el estado y Brasil hacen parte y son nuevos actores; ahora consolidados en la agenda internacional de las migraciones y refugio, al lado de los tradicionales países receptores de los inmigrantes, refugiados y asilados políticos. Este proceso de investigación, amparado en las teorías económicas, sociológicas y geográficas, además del instrumental de la cartografía temática, también se utilizó de investigaciones de campo en lugares clave de la ruta de los inmigrantes haitianos y senegaleses, desde su ingreso en el territorio brasileño hasta su distribución espacial en Rio Grande do Sul. Se han observado también similitudes entre los dos flujos, desde la color, etnias, rutas y redes, pero también distintas peculiaridades bajo una mirada crítica de la Ciencia Geográfica y sus aportes, principalmente en relación a la cuestión de su perfil demográfico social e inserción de estos en el mercado de trabajo, economía y sociedad del sur riograndense. Así, se ha inferido que estos dos grupos emergen como los principales actores del nuevo perfil inmigratorio gaucho y brasileño, constituido de un centenar de nuevas nacionalidades inmigrantes y de una nueva caracterización social espacial de aquellos que los reciben, sea en las relaciones de trabajo, en la inserción y aceptación social o incluso en la praxis xenofóbica. Rio Grande do Sul y Brasil, en efecto, están en un nuevo boom inmigratorio después de dos siglos desde las primeras inmigraciones y ahora se presentan al mundo como una nueva alternativa a las inmigraciones económicas, sin embargo, con un carácter más humanitario, en una economía en desarrollo y con un vasto territorio a ser desbravado por estos inmigrantes en las áreas social y laboral. Entonces es de la Geografía y de esta disertación el papel de fomentar la discusión sobre el tema y señalar los rasgos y repercusiones de estos flujos que no son solo una “ola inmigratoria”, pero sí una nueva condición del territorio y del espacio social de Brasil y Rio Grande do Sul.

<p>Denna narrativa studie handlar om tre lärares berättelse om hur de ser på barns roll och förmåga i lärandet efter att ha genomgått kompetensutveckling ”Läsa – språka – skriva”.</p><p>Resultatet påvisar att det finns ett samband mellan deras synsätt och kompetensutvecklingen som har föranlett förändringar av arbetsformen och arbetssättet av lärarnas undervisning i läs- och skrivprocessen.</p> / <p>This narrative study illustrates three primary school teachers’ experiences of children’s abilities to learn and their role in learning. The teachers where interviewed after attending the course “Läsa – språka – skriva” (”Reading – Conversing – Writing”). The result shows a relation between their experiences and the course, which has caused them to change their literacy teaching methods.</p>

<p> </p><p>Today, global media such as the Internet provides media audiences scattered across the globe with the possibility of cross-cultural moral interaction upon a plethora of global digital public spheres. Such trends have been the catalyst for increased academic attention to the field of media and morality and the notion of media audiences as global citizens – ‘cosmopolitans at home’, consuming a wide array of mediated, global images and thus enforcing a proximity with the ‘distant Other’. Parallel to such trends is the dichotomous relationship between rural- and urban areas that have emerged as increasingly ambivalent in ‘network society’. Due to the ‘urbanization of media culture’ and the ‘digital divide’, it is argued that rural areas, in an era characterized by global interconnectedness, are rendered dysfunctional. On the other hand however, media can be argued to promote inclusion and new possibilities for rural people.</p><p> </p><p>This study set out to empirically examine the tension field between residential patterns (rural/urban), the media (Internet) and cosmopolitanism. Setting out from the research questions: (1) <em>What variables determine a ‘cosmopolitan outlook’ in Sweden?</em>, (2) <em>Does media use/access promote a ‘cosmopolitan outlook’, and under what circumstances?</em>, and (3) <em>Is there a ‘cosmopolitan divide’ between different residential patterns – and if so: how does it relate to different patterns of media use and access?</em>.<em> </em>To attend the research questions, data from the annual national survey, Riks-SOM 2008, was analysed and the findings indicated the general trends for the Swedish cosmopolitan was, in accordance with other empirical accounts, young and well educated. Furthermore, respondents ‘high’ on Internet use where more likely to be cosmopolitans – confirming theoretical accounts of e.g. Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Dick Hebdige. Also, ‘locality’ proved to be more important for rural people than for people living in metropolitan areas. Finally, men and women displayed different ‘cosmopolitan patterns’: rural women being more cosmopolitan than metropolitan women in terms of a ‘willingness to move to a country outside of Europe’ while men displayed the opposite, following the hypothesis.</p><p> </p>

Denna narrativa studie handlar om tre lärares berättelse om hur de ser på barns roll och förmåga i lärandet efter att ha genomgått kompetensutveckling ”Läsa – språka – skriva”. Resultatet påvisar att det finns ett samband mellan deras synsätt och kompetensutvecklingen som har föranlett förändringar av arbetsformen och arbetssättet av lärarnas undervisning i läs- och skrivprocessen. / This narrative study illustrates three primary school teachers’ experiences of children’s abilities to learn and their role in learning. The teachers where interviewed after attending the course “Läsa – språka – skriva” (”Reading – Conversing – Writing”). The result shows a relation between their experiences and the course, which has caused them to change their literacy teaching methods.

Ce mémoire de master analysera les flux migratoires des Haïtiens et des Sénégalais vers l'état du Rio Grande do Sul, dans les premières décennies du 21éme siècle, étant insérés dans un nouveau contexte migratoire dans lequel cet état et le Brésil participent et sont de nouveaux acteurs ; aujourd'hui, ils sont consolidés dans l’ordre du jour international des migrations et de refuge, à côté des pays d'accueil traditionnels des immigrants, des réfugiés et des exilés politiques. Cette recherche est soutenue par les théories économiques, sociologiques et géographiques, ainsi que par la cartographie thématique et elle a également eu des enquêtes de terrain aux principaux lieux de la route des immigrants Haïtiens et Sénégalais, depuis leur entrée sur le territoire brésilien jusqu'à leur distribution spatiale dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Nous avons constaté quelques similitudes entre les deux flux, comme la couleur, l’appartenance ethnique, les routes et les réseaux, mais aussi nous signalons de différentes particularités par le biais de l'examen critique de la science géographique en concernant la question de leur profil social-démographique et leur insertion dans le marché du travail, de l'économie et dans la société du Rio Grande do Sul. De cette façon, nous avons conclu que ces deux groupes apparaissent comme les principaux acteurs du nouveau profil migratoire Gaucho et le Brésilien, composés de centaines de nationalités de nouveaux immigrants et d'une nouvelle caractérisation socio-spatiale de ceux qui les reçoivent, que ce soit dans les relations de travail, dans l'insertion et l’acceptation sociale ou même sur la praxis xénophobe. Le Rio Grande do Sul et le Brésil sont, de facto, dans un nouveau boum migratoire après deux siècles depuis les premières immigrations et, aujourd'hui, ils les présentent au monde comme une nouvelle alternative aux immigrations économiques, cependant, avec un caractère plus humanitaire, dans une économie en développement et avec un vaste territoire à explorer par ces immigrants dans les domaines sociaux et du travail. C’est alors à la Géographie et à ce mémoire de master le rôle de fomenter la discussion à ce sujet et souligner les caractéristiques et les conséquences de ces flux qui ne sont pas juste une « vague migratoire », mais une nouvelle condition du territoire et de l'espace social du Brésil et du Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta dissertação analisará os fluxos imigratórios de haitianos e senegaleses em direção ao Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, estando inseridos num novo contexto migratório da qual o estado e o Brasil fazem parte e são novos atores; agora consolidados na agenda internacional das migrações e refúgio, ao lado dos tradicionais países receptores de imigrantes, refugiados e asilados políticos. Este processo de pesquisa, amparado em teorias econômicas, sociológicas e geográficas, além do instrumental da cartografia temática, também contou com pesquisas de campo em lugares-chave da rota dos imigrantes haitianos e senegaleses, desde o seu ingresso no território brasileiro até a sua distribuição espacial no Rio Grande do Sul. Observaram-se similaridades entre os dois fluxos, desde a cor, etnias, rotas e redes, mas também distintas peculiaridades sob um olhar crítico da Ciência Geográfica e seus aportes, principalmente no que tange a questão do seu perfil demográfico-social e inserção destes no mercado de trabalho, economia e sociedade sul-rio-grandense. Deste modo, inferiu-se que estes dois grupos despontam como os principais atores do novo perfil imigratório gaúcho e brasileiro, constituído de uma centena de novas nacionalidades imigrantes e de uma nova caracterização social-espacial daqueles que lhes recebem, seja nas relações de trabalho, na inserção e aceitação social ou até mesmo na práxis xenofóbica. O Rio Grande do Sul e o Brasil, de fato, estão num novo boom imigratório após dois séculos desde as primeiras imigrações e agora apresentam-se ao mundo como uma nova alternativa às imigrações econômicas, porém, com um caráter mais humanitário, em uma economia em desenvolvimento e com um vasto território a ser desbravado por estes imigrantes nas searas social e laboral. Cabe então à Geografia e a esta dissertação fomentarem a discussão sobre o tema e apontarem as feições e repercussões destes fluxos que não se tratam apenas de uma “onda imigratória”, mas sim de uma nova condição do território e do espaço social brasileiro-sul-rio-grandense. / This thesis will analyse the immigration flows of Haitians and Senegalese towards the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the first decades of 21st Century, being inserted in a new migratory context which this state and Brazil take part and are new actors; nowadays they are consolidated in the international agenda of migrations and refuge, next to the traditional receiving countries of immigrants, refugees and political asylees. This research is supported in economic, sociological and geographical theories, as well as in the thematic cartography and also had field surveys on key-places of the route of Haitians and Senegalese immigrants, since their entry on the Brazilian territory up to their spatial distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. We have observed some similarities between the two flows, since the colour, ethnicity, routes and networks, but also we point some different peculiarities under the critical review of Geographic Science regarding the issue of their social-demographic profile and their insertion in the labour market, economy and Rio Grande do Sul’s society. In this way, we have concluded that these two groups emerge as the main actors of the new Gaucho and Brazilian migratory profile, composed of hundreds of new immigrants’ nationalities and of a new social-spatial characterization of those who receive them, whether in the labour relations, in the social insertion and acceptation or even on the xenophobic praxis. Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil are, de facto, in a new migratory boom after two centuries since the first immigrations and nowadays they present them to the world as a new alternative to the economic immigrations, however, with a more humanitarian character, in a developing economy and with a vast territory to be explored by these immigrants in the social and labour fields. It is then for Geography and to this dissertation foment the discussion about the issue and point out the features and consequences of these flows that are not just a “migratory wave”, but a new condition of the territory and social space of Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta disertación analizará los flujos inmigratorios de haitianos y senegaleses para el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en las dos primeras décadas del Siglo XXI, inseridos en un nuevo contexto migratorio en el cual el estado y Brasil hacen parte y son nuevos actores; ahora consolidados en la agenda internacional de las migraciones y refugio, al lado de los tradicionales países receptores de los inmigrantes, refugiados y asilados políticos. Este proceso de investigación, amparado en las teorías económicas, sociológicas y geográficas, además del instrumental de la cartografía temática, también se utilizó de investigaciones de campo en lugares clave de la ruta de los inmigrantes haitianos y senegaleses, desde su ingreso en el territorio brasileño hasta su distribución espacial en Rio Grande do Sul. Se han observado también similitudes entre los dos flujos, desde la color, etnias, rutas y redes, pero también distintas peculiaridades bajo una mirada crítica de la Ciencia Geográfica y sus aportes, principalmente en relación a la cuestión de su perfil demográfico social e inserción de estos en el mercado de trabajo, economía y sociedad del sur riograndense. Así, se ha inferido que estos dos grupos emergen como los principales actores del nuevo perfil inmigratorio gaucho y brasileño, constituido de un centenar de nuevas nacionalidades inmigrantes y de una nueva caracterización social espacial de aquellos que los reciben, sea en las relaciones de trabajo, en la inserción y aceptación social o incluso en la praxis xenofóbica. Rio Grande do Sul y Brasil, en efecto, están en un nuevo boom inmigratorio después de dos siglos desde las primeras inmigraciones y ahora se presentan al mundo como una nueva alternativa a las inmigraciones económicas, sin embargo, con un carácter más humanitario, en una economía en desarrollo y con un vasto territorio a ser desbravado por estos inmigrantes en las áreas social y laboral. Entonces es de la Geografía y de esta disertación el papel de fomentar la discusión sobre el tema y señalar los rasgos y repercusiones de estos flujos que no son solo una “ola inmigratoria”, pero sí una nueva condición del territorio y del espacio social de Brasil y Rio Grande do Sul.

Ce mémoire de master analysera les flux migratoires des Haïtiens et des Sénégalais vers l'état du Rio Grande do Sul, dans les premières décennies du 21éme siècle, étant insérés dans un nouveau contexte migratoire dans lequel cet état et le Brésil participent et sont de nouveaux acteurs ; aujourd'hui, ils sont consolidés dans l’ordre du jour international des migrations et de refuge, à côté des pays d'accueil traditionnels des immigrants, des réfugiés et des exilés politiques. Cette recherche est soutenue par les théories économiques, sociologiques et géographiques, ainsi que par la cartographie thématique et elle a également eu des enquêtes de terrain aux principaux lieux de la route des immigrants Haïtiens et Sénégalais, depuis leur entrée sur le territoire brésilien jusqu'à leur distribution spatiale dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Nous avons constaté quelques similitudes entre les deux flux, comme la couleur, l’appartenance ethnique, les routes et les réseaux, mais aussi nous signalons de différentes particularités par le biais de l'examen critique de la science géographique en concernant la question de leur profil social-démographique et leur insertion dans le marché du travail, de l'économie et dans la société du Rio Grande do Sul. De cette façon, nous avons conclu que ces deux groupes apparaissent comme les principaux acteurs du nouveau profil migratoire Gaucho et le Brésilien, composés de centaines de nationalités de nouveaux immigrants et d'une nouvelle caractérisation socio-spatiale de ceux qui les reçoivent, que ce soit dans les relations de travail, dans l'insertion et l’acceptation sociale ou même sur la praxis xénophobe. Le Rio Grande do Sul et le Brésil sont, de facto, dans un nouveau boum migratoire après deux siècles depuis les premières immigrations et, aujourd'hui, ils les présentent au monde comme une nouvelle alternative aux immigrations économiques, cependant, avec un caractère plus humanitaire, dans une économie en développement et avec un vaste territoire à explorer par ces immigrants dans les domaines sociaux et du travail. C’est alors à la Géographie et à ce mémoire de master le rôle de fomenter la discussion à ce sujet et souligner les caractéristiques et les conséquences de ces flux qui ne sont pas juste une « vague migratoire », mais une nouvelle condition du territoire et de l'espace social du Brésil et du Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta dissertação analisará os fluxos imigratórios de haitianos e senegaleses em direção ao Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, estando inseridos num novo contexto migratório da qual o estado e o Brasil fazem parte e são novos atores; agora consolidados na agenda internacional das migrações e refúgio, ao lado dos tradicionais países receptores de imigrantes, refugiados e asilados políticos. Este processo de pesquisa, amparado em teorias econômicas, sociológicas e geográficas, além do instrumental da cartografia temática, também contou com pesquisas de campo em lugares-chave da rota dos imigrantes haitianos e senegaleses, desde o seu ingresso no território brasileiro até a sua distribuição espacial no Rio Grande do Sul. Observaram-se similaridades entre os dois fluxos, desde a cor, etnias, rotas e redes, mas também distintas peculiaridades sob um olhar crítico da Ciência Geográfica e seus aportes, principalmente no que tange a questão do seu perfil demográfico-social e inserção destes no mercado de trabalho, economia e sociedade sul-rio-grandense. Deste modo, inferiu-se que estes dois grupos despontam como os principais atores do novo perfil imigratório gaúcho e brasileiro, constituído de uma centena de novas nacionalidades imigrantes e de uma nova caracterização social-espacial daqueles que lhes recebem, seja nas relações de trabalho, na inserção e aceitação social ou até mesmo na práxis xenofóbica. O Rio Grande do Sul e o Brasil, de fato, estão num novo boom imigratório após dois séculos desde as primeiras imigrações e agora apresentam-se ao mundo como uma nova alternativa às imigrações econômicas, porém, com um caráter mais humanitário, em uma economia em desenvolvimento e com um vasto território a ser desbravado por estes imigrantes nas searas social e laboral. Cabe então à Geografia e a esta dissertação fomentarem a discussão sobre o tema e apontarem as feições e repercussões destes fluxos que não se tratam apenas de uma “onda imigratória”, mas sim de uma nova condição do território e do espaço social brasileiro-sul-rio-grandense. / This thesis will analyse the immigration flows of Haitians and Senegalese towards the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the first decades of 21st Century, being inserted in a new migratory context which this state and Brazil take part and are new actors; nowadays they are consolidated in the international agenda of migrations and refuge, next to the traditional receiving countries of immigrants, refugees and political asylees. This research is supported in economic, sociological and geographical theories, as well as in the thematic cartography and also had field surveys on key-places of the route of Haitians and Senegalese immigrants, since their entry on the Brazilian territory up to their spatial distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. We have observed some similarities between the two flows, since the colour, ethnicity, routes and networks, but also we point some different peculiarities under the critical review of Geographic Science regarding the issue of their social-demographic profile and their insertion in the labour market, economy and Rio Grande do Sul’s society. In this way, we have concluded that these two groups emerge as the main actors of the new Gaucho and Brazilian migratory profile, composed of hundreds of new immigrants’ nationalities and of a new social-spatial characterization of those who receive them, whether in the labour relations, in the social insertion and acceptation or even on the xenophobic praxis. Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil are, de facto, in a new migratory boom after two centuries since the first immigrations and nowadays they present them to the world as a new alternative to the economic immigrations, however, with a more humanitarian character, in a developing economy and with a vast territory to be explored by these immigrants in the social and labour fields. It is then for Geography and to this dissertation foment the discussion about the issue and point out the features and consequences of these flows that are not just a “migratory wave”, but a new condition of the territory and social space of Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta disertación analizará los flujos inmigratorios de haitianos y senegaleses para el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en las dos primeras décadas del Siglo XXI, inseridos en un nuevo contexto migratorio en el cual el estado y Brasil hacen parte y son nuevos actores; ahora consolidados en la agenda internacional de las migraciones y refugio, al lado de los tradicionales países receptores de los inmigrantes, refugiados y asilados políticos. Este proceso de investigación, amparado en las teorías económicas, sociológicas y geográficas, además del instrumental de la cartografía temática, también se utilizó de investigaciones de campo en lugares clave de la ruta de los inmigrantes haitianos y senegaleses, desde su ingreso en el territorio brasileño hasta su distribución espacial en Rio Grande do Sul. Se han observado también similitudes entre los dos flujos, desde la color, etnias, rutas y redes, pero también distintas peculiaridades bajo una mirada crítica de la Ciencia Geográfica y sus aportes, principalmente en relación a la cuestión de su perfil demográfico social e inserción de estos en el mercado de trabajo, economía y sociedad del sur riograndense. Así, se ha inferido que estos dos grupos emergen como los principales actores del nuevo perfil inmigratorio gaucho y brasileño, constituido de un centenar de nuevas nacionalidades inmigrantes y de una nueva caracterización social espacial de aquellos que los reciben, sea en las relaciones de trabajo, en la inserción y aceptación social o incluso en la praxis xenofóbica. Rio Grande do Sul y Brasil, en efecto, están en un nuevo boom inmigratorio después de dos siglos desde las primeras inmigraciones y ahora se presentan al mundo como una nueva alternativa a las inmigraciones económicas, sin embargo, con un carácter más humanitario, en una economía en desarrollo y con un vasto territorio a ser desbravado por estos inmigrantes en las áreas social y laboral. Entonces es de la Geografía y de esta disertación el papel de fomentar la discusión sobre el tema y señalar los rasgos y repercusiones de estos flujos que no son solo una “ola inmigratoria”, pero sí una nueva condición del territorio y del espacio social de Brasil y Rio Grande do Sul.