Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In light of the discussions about the internationalization of firms and the challenges inherent in this process, several theories emerged seeking to understand the critical factors for the success of organizations in the foreign market. A recent theoretical approach argues that the main barriers in the internationalization process are related to the burden of being out of international networking, ie, the y face the so - called liability o f outsidership . Considering the importance of China for the trade balance of Brazil, the presence of 44.4% of Brazilian multinationals in Asia, and the complexity of business relationships in China ( guanxi ), this study aims to investigate how Brazilian com panies operating in China develop guanxi as a way to overcome the liability of outsidership. For this, it was developed a descriptive research with qualitative nature, and performed a multiple case study in four Brazilian companies that operate in the serv ices sector, being two law firms and two trading companies, with a subsidiary in China. The observation units involved professionals who had more experience in driving the company's business in China. Th e information was collected through semi - structured interviews explored in depth. To analyze the data, it was opted to content analysis, with the help of the software NVivo 8.0. The results show: (1) the motivations of the firms for the internationalization in China; (2) the difficulties arising from the liability of outsidership; (3) the im portance and benefits of guanxi ; (4) the activities for the development of guanxi ; and (5) the exper ience of the companies developing guanxi according to the model of Chen & Chen (2004). It is hoped that this research will contribute to knowledge generation about the internationalization of Brazilian companies to China. / À luz das discussões sobre internacionalização de empresas e os desafios inerentes à este processo, diversas teorias emergiram buscando compreender os fatores críticos para o sucesso das organizações no mercado estrangeiro. Uma recente abordagem teórica defende que as principais barreiras no processo de internacionalização estão relacionadas ao ônus de estar fora das redes de relacionamento internacionais, ou seja, enfrentam a chamada liability of outsidership. Considerando a relevância da China para a balança comercial do Brasil, a presença de 44,4% das multinacionais brasileiras na Ásia, e a complexidade das relações de negócios na China (guanxi), este estudo se propôs a investigar como as empresas brasileiras que operam na China desenvolvem guanxi como meio de superar a liability of outsidership. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa de caráter descritivo e natureza qualitativa, sendo realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos em quatro empresas brasileiras que atuam no setor de serviços, sendo dois escritórios de advocacia e duas tradings, que possuem filial na China. As unidades de observação compreenderam os profissionais que possuíam mais experiência na condução dos negócios da empresa com a China. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas exploradas em profundidade. Para o tratamento dos dados, optou-se pela análise de conteúdo, com o auxílio do software NVivo 8.0. Os resultados obtidos identificaram: (1) as motivações das empresas na internacionalização para a China; (2) as dificuldades enfrentadas decorrentes da liability of outsidership; (3) a importância e os benefícios do guanxi; (4) as atividades realizadas para o desenvolvimento do guanxi; e (5) a experiência das empresas no desenvolvimento do guanxi à luz do modelo de Chen e Chen (2004). Espera-se que este trabalho contribua para geração de conhecimento sobre a internacionalização das empresas brasileiras para a China.

The internationalization process is a well-researched and explored topic. However, many older models do not consider digitization as a phenomenon. Nor is any further consideration given to the smaller companies. The aim of this study is to investigate how small businesses feel that they are affected by digitalization during an internationalization process. In order to find an answer to this, a qualitative study has been done where a total of three people have been interviewed from three different companies. Based on these interviews, an analysis has been made which has then been analyzed in the context of the theoretical background. Theories used in the study to be able to fulfill the aim includes theories about Mental distance, Liability of Foreignness, Liability of Outsidership and other theories about growth, internationalization and digitalization. The conclusion drawn is that digitalization has simplified the internationalization process, mainly through progress in how knowledge can be collected and shared over greater distances. Digitalization has facilitated contact with the contact network through simpler and alternative contact channels. / Internationaliseringsprocessen är ett välundersökt och utforskat ämne. Många äldre modeller beaktar dock inte digitaliseringen som fenomen. Man tar inte heller någon vidare hänsyn till de mindre bolagen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur småföretag upplever att de påverkas av digitalisering under en internationaliseringsprocess. För att kunna besvara detta har en kvalitativ studie gjorts där totalt tre personer har intervjuats från tre olika företag. Utifrån dessa intervjuer har analyser gjorts som sedan har analyserats i kontexten av den teoretiska bakgrunden. Teorier som använts i studien för att kunna uppfylla syftet är bland annat teorier om Psykiskt avstånd, Liability of Foreignness, Liability of Outsidership samt andra teorier kring tillväxt, internationalisering och digitalisering.  Slutsatsen som dras är att digitaliseringen har förenklat internationaliseringsprocessen främst genom framsteg i hur kunskap kan insamlas men även delas över större avstånd. Digitaliseringen har underlättat kontakten med kontaktnätet genom enklare och alternativa kontaktkanaler.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur investmentbolag i sin strategi kan använda relationsbyggande till portföljbolag och andra aktörer för att stärka sin marknadsposition. Detta görs utifrån ett fokus på de hinder som liability of outsidership representerar vid global expansion. Uppsatsen baseras på ett explorativt och kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt där primärdata i form av intervjuer med representanter från investmentbolag, samt sekundärdata i form av textuell data använts för att ge en fördjupad förståelse till ämnet. Uppsatsens resultat visar att investmentbolagens ägarandelar och styrkan i deras relationer med investerare och portföljbolagen har stor betydelse för hur väl bolaget ifråga överkommer de hinder som liability of outsidership representerar. / The thesis examines how investment companies can use relationship-building with portfolio companies and other actors in their strategy to strengthen their market position. This is done with a focus on the obstacles that the liability of outsidership represents in global expansion. The thesis is based on an exploratory and qualitative approach, where primary data in the form of interviews with representatives from investment companies, as well as secondary data in the form of textual data, have been used to provide a deeper understanding of the subject. The results of the thesis show that the ownership stakes of investment companies and the strength of their relationships with investors and portfolio companies are of great importance for how well the company in question overcomes the obstacles that the liability of outsidership represents.

<p>This thesis aims to describe how Swedish firms have established themselves on the Japanese market with help from their business network. This research has been conducted in the light of the economic recession and the complicated Japanese business networks. We have chosen to use a qualitative approach and by doing so we received the three respondents’ views of doing business on the Japanese market. We have focused this thesis on the importance of networks and relationships and have chosen to use new theories regarding business networks and business relationships for the base of our research and to link them with our empirical findings. The interviews conducted have been focused on three respondents who all have broad experience of the Japanese market. These three interviews have been compared to each other in our analysis and through this we have drawn our conclusions. We also give recommendations for Swedish firms who aim to establish themselves on this market.</p>

This thesis aims to describe how Swedish firms have established themselves on the Japanese market with help from their business network. This research has been conducted in the light of the economic recession and the complicated Japanese business networks. We have chosen to use a qualitative approach and by doing so we received the three respondents’ views of doing business on the Japanese market. We have focused this thesis on the importance of networks and relationships and have chosen to use new theories regarding business networks and business relationships for the base of our research and to link them with our empirical findings. The interviews conducted have been focused on three respondents who all have broad experience of the Japanese market. These three interviews have been compared to each other in our analysis and through this we have drawn our conclusions. We also give recommendations for Swedish firms who aim to establish themselves on this market.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to extend the knowledge on how Swedish companies canbecome more embedded in the Chinese market by building relationships with political actors. Research question: How do Swedish managers develop and maintain relations with politicalactors in China, and how do they perceive the outcomes from such relations? Method: Qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews. Results: The results of the study shows that managers initially use local middlemen orconsultancies to get in contact with political actions. Further, they participate in variousactivities to build upon and develop that relationship, something that is argued by therespondents to be more time-consuming and extensive than in western countries. The outcomeof having these relationships is that firm could gain a competitive edge and the managers tobecome more efficient in their role. Contribution: This study contributes with additional research to the Extended BusinessNetwork and relationship building with non-business actors in China from a Swedishmanagerial perspective.

Purpose – This study aims to look into how foreignness and outsidership affect the market entry of a SME and the individual firm's ability to access the correct network as well as look at which support structures are available for the individual firms entering into a new market. Theory/Design &amp; Research Questions – By looking through the lens of Social Network theory, aspects of trust, legitimacy, nodes, foreignness and outsidership, this study has looked into the journey of a large hamburger chain in Sweden that has successfully entered into different markets outside of Sweden. The research questions explored were (i) how SMEs can overcometheir liabilities and leverage network connections to form strategic partnerships with other firms or organizations, and (ii) how centrality of nodes can be utilized by SMEs to gain access to valuable information and resources, and (iii) how intermediary networks can support SMEs in their efforts to enter new markets, and what policies and programs have proven effective in this regard. Methodology – The data was gathered using a non-probability sampling by conducting a semi-structured qualitative interview and was complemented with secondary sources from the company profile. Findings – Depending on the size of the firm the level of ability to access networks can differ. Smaller firms are more inclined to seek help from intermediaries compared to larger firms. Furthermore actors that are more central have been found to have a key role for firms entering foreign markets.

Since the opening of formerly closed markets in Eastern Europe and China in the early 1990s, numerous firms have sought to capture the growth opportunities prevailing in the virgin but institutionally distant business networks in these countries. I claim that the entry process into an institutionally distant business network has been realised when the entering firm has reached an insidership position in the network. To advance this idea, the thesis introduces the overlooked medium-sized multinational exporter (MME) and answers the following overarching research questions: (I) how do MMEs establish insidership positions in institutionally distant business networks, and (II) what critical abilities are developed by MMEs in the process of entering an institutionally distant business network? To answer these questions, qualitative and quantitative methods have sequentially been mixed to first give an in-depth understanding of the empirical field, and second to verify and generalise some of the most central tentative findings. Empirically, the study reports from a case study of eight firms in the Baltic Sea Region and from an on-site survey of 203 Swedish firms with experience of entries in Eastern Europe and/or China. Five individual essays are presented—all designed to reflect different aspects of the institutionally distant network entry process. The findings are condensed in the cover of the thesis, where it is claimed that an insidership position is reached through three main phases: the Scouting phase, the Qualifying phase and the Shielding phase. Furthermore, it is found that that the most critical abilities developed through the institutionally distant network entry process is local experience-based knowledge of high specificity. It is shown that previous experiences, generated in different business networks in mature markets, are not useful in the network entry process in immature markets. As a consequence, there is reason to believe that the entering firm needs to develop unlearning abilities to replace obsolete or misleading experience.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out how much influence underlying factors have in connection to the internationalization of Born Global firms. Methodology: This study has a qualitative approach in which data is obtained mainly through interviews and secondary data which consists previous theories about the internationalization in small and medium sized firms and recent theories that entitle these firms as Born Global. Conclusion: Based on the existing theories and the qualitative data, we have concluded that the underlying factors for the Born Global firm’s internationalization are abilities and opportunities to create insidership in relevant networks. The most crucial underlying factors for Born Global firm’s internationalization are the ability to create processes to break old patterns of thoughts and the ability to ally with right partners. / Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på hur stor påverkan olika bakomliggande faktorer haft i samband med en internationalisering av Born Global-företag. Metod: Denna studie är av kvalitativ ansats där data har samlats in främst genom djupintervjuer och av tidigare teorier om små- och medelstora företags internationalisering samt senare teorier som benämner dessa företag som Born Global. Slutsats: Vi har utifrån befintliga teorier och empiri kommit fram till att bakomliggande faktorer som personliga förmågor och möjligheter behövs för att kunna skapa innanförskap i relevanta nätverk. De mest avgörande bakomliggande faktorerna för Born Global-företags internationalisering är förmågan att kunna skapa processer för att bryta invanda tankemönster samt förmågan att alliera sig med rätt partners.

The purpose of this study was to explore key factors to consider for a Swedish Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) firm to successfully enter the Norwegian market, and examine how these factors compare to incumbent theories on foreign market establishment. The study is based on an interpretivist research design and utilizes qualitative methods in order to achieve the intended purpose. The empirics were gathered by a combination of methods, namely, an extensive literature review, a pilot-study, and a multiple-case study. The data gathering methods utilized in the pilot study were semi-structured interviews conducted with individuals with expertise in the KIBS environment, as well as participant observations. The pilot study resulted in a deeper understanding of the KIBS sector. The multiple-case study consisted of semi-structured interviews with Swedish KIBS firms that have entered the Norwegian market. The empirics have been analyzed and discussed in relation to existing literature. Consequently, several success factors and pitfalls have been identified that may aid an internationalizing firm, especially a Swedish KIBS firm entering the Norwegian market. The identified success factors were: Narrow your focus through relational embeddedness, Understand customer’s business, Educate customers, Become familiar with foreign laws, Be aware of network position, Exploit existing networks, Identify new relevant networks, Refresh and expand the network, and Ensure relational embeddedness with key actors. The identified pitfalls were: Underestimation of time and resources required, Lacking awareness of aggravating effects, Knowledge transfer problems, Failure of internally anchoring foreign ventures, Underestimation of the language barrier, Underestimation of differences in organizational structures, Underestimation of the cost of spatial distance, Underestimation of Patriotism, and Underestimation of loyalty to suppliers. Moreover, the study provided insights as to how the concepts of liability of foreignness and liability of outsidership might interplay, and thereby exert pressure on a firm's dynamic internationalization capabilities in the foreign market establishment process. As such, the need for firms and researchers to undertake a holistic view in order to avoid faulty conclusions has been discussed and visualized. / Syftet med denna studie var att utforska nyckelfaktorer för svenska KIBS-företag som vill expandera till den norska marknaden. Vidare analyserades det hur dessa faktorer relaterar till befintliga teorier inom marknadsetablering. Studien är baserad på en forskningsdesign där kvalitativa metoder används för att uppnå syftet. Empirin är insamlad via en kombination av metoder, nämligen en omfattande litteraturstudie, en pilotstudie och en flerfallsstudie. Datainsamlingsmetoderna som användes i pilotstudien var semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som har erfarenhet inom KIBS-miljön och även deltagarobservationer. Pilotstudien resulterade i en djupare förståelse av KIBS-sektorn. Flerfallsstudien bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer med svenska KIBS-företag som har expanderat till den norska marknaden. Empirin har analyserats och diskuterats i relation till befintlig litteratur. Utifrån analysen identifierades flertalet framgångsfaktorer samt fallgropar. Genom att belysa dessa faktorer underlättas internationaliseringen för företag, i synnerhet för svenska KIBS-företag som vill expandera till den norska marknaden. De framgångsfaktorer som identifierades var: Begränsa sin fokus genom relationell inbäddning, Förstå kundens verksamhet, Utbilda kunder, Bli bekant med utländska lagar, Var medveten om nätverksposition, Utnyttja befintliga nätverk, Identifiera nya relevanta nätverk, Uppdatera och utöka nätverket och Säkerställa relationell inbäddning med nyckelaktörer. Medan de fallgropar som identifierades var: Underskattning av tid och resurser, Bristande medvetenhet om försvårande effekter, Kunskapsöverföringsproblem, Misslyckande med att internt förankra utländsk satsning, Underskattning av språkbarriären, Underskattning av skillnader i organisationsstrukturer, Underskattning av avståndskostnader, Underskattning av patriotism och Underskattning av lojalitet mot leverantörer. Vidare har det argumenterats för att det finns ett samspel mellan koncepten liability of foreignness och liability of outsidership som sedermera sätter press på ett företags dynamiska internationaliseringsförmågor. Följaktligen har det även visualiserats samt diskuterats att företag och forskare bör vidta ett holistiskt synsätt för att undvika att dra felaktiga slutsatser i internationalseringsprocesser.