The topic of this diploma thesis is to design the co-firing of blast furnace gas and coke-oven gas. First, the stoichiometric calculation for the gas mixture was made. It is followed with the determination of basic measures of heating surfaces and with their thermal calculation. The part of the work is also the drawing documentation of the boiler.

Medieval dwelling houses of a similar type have been documented on Gotland in archaeological investigations. They all have common planning, a rectangular house foundation divided into two rooms and a square-shaped fireplace which is located in one of the corners. In this study the aim is to find out when this type of building was first introduced on Gotland as well as why it was adopted. Another aim is to compare the gotlandic houses with similar buildings from other places in Scandinavia? The method used to answer these questions consists of a comparison between visually similar houses from Gotland and the mainland based on orientation, dimensions, construction and dating. The comparison shows that the majority of the foundations investigated frequently are oriented west east, that the average dimensions are approximately 8 × 6 m and that the houses approximately can be dated between the 12th and 13th century.

L’objectif général de cette thèse a été d’étudier le potentiel de billes à base de molécules d’α-cyclodextrine et d’huile de soja, pour l’administration orale de principes actifs peu solubles dans l’eau.Nous avons tout d’abord vérifié qu’il était possible d’encapsuler dans les billes des molécules actives (la progestérone et l’indométacine) autres que les rétinoïdes et le diazépam, avec une teneur élevée et un rendement de fabrication satisfaisant. L’étude du comportement des billes nues lyophilisées, en termes de stabilité et de libération dans des milieux digestifs simulés, nous a permis de proposer un mécanisme de libération de la molécule encapsulée qui se déroule en plusieurs étapes: i) hydratation des billes, ii) dissolution de la matrice hydrophile d’α-cyclodextrine, iii) libération de gouttelettes d’huile contenant le principe actif puis de la fraction dissoute dans l’huile par un phénomène de partage, iiii) fragmentation des billes fragilisées et libération totale de l’huile. La présence de sels biliaires dans le milieu, accélère à la fois la libération et la quantité dissoute, en fragilisant les billes et en réduisant la valeur du coefficient de partage du principe actif entre l’huile et le milieu digestif. Nous avons montré in vitro et in vivo qu’il est possible de moduler la libération d’un principe actif à partir d’une même formulation de départ, en jouant sur l’organisation du système (émulsion sèche, billes nues, billes coquées par un nouvel ajout d’α-cyclodextrine sur les billes nues). Les études in vivo chez le rat ont révélé que l’émulsion sèche se comporte comme une forme à libération immédiate, les billes coquées comme une forme à libération prolongée et les billes nues comme une forme à libération intermédiaire. Enfin, la libération du principe actif encapsulé peut également être modulée en modifiant le mode de séchage des billes. Comparativement à la lyophilisation, le séchage à l’étuve modifie les propriétés des billes en augmentant leur résistance dans les milieux digestifs simulés et prolonge la libération de la molécule encapsulée. / The general aim of this thesis was the study of the potential of beads, made of α-cyclodextrin and soybean oil, for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. We have first verified that it was possible to encapsulate in beads, active molecules (progesterone and indomethacin), other than retinoid and diazepam, with a high drug loading and a satisfying yied. The study of the behaviour of freeze-dried naked beads, in terms of stability and drug release in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids, allowed to propose a mechanism for the release of the encapsulated drug, involving several steps: i) hydration of the freeze-dried beads, ii) dissolution of α-CD hydrophilic matrix, iii) release of oily droplets containing the active drug and then of the fraction of drug dissolved in oil, following a partition phenomenon, iiii) fragmentation of the weakened beads and at last the total release of oil. The presence of bile salts in the medium accelerates both the release and the dissolved amount, by weakening the beads and reducing the partition coefficient value of the active molecule between oil and digestive medium.We have shown in vitro as well as in vivo that it is possible to modulate the release of a model drug from the same initial formulation, according to the degree of organization of the system (dry emulsion, naked beads, coated beads obtained by an additional amount of α-cyclodextrine to the preformed naked beads). In vivo studies in rats have highlighted that dry emulsion behaves as a fast release formulation, the coated beads as a sustained release formulation and the naked beads as an intermediate one. Finally, the release of the encapsulated drug can also be modulated by modifying the drying method of the beads. Compared to freeze-drying, oven-drying modifies the properties of the beads by increasing their resistance in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids and sustaining the release of the encapsulated drug.

O presente trabalho propôs-se a estudar o fenômeno de fosqueamento em filmes de tinta em pó feitos a partir de resinas poliésteres sólidas pelo sistema conhecido como Triglicidilisocianutato (TGIC). Este fenômeno é indesejado e ocorre na ocasião de mistura de lotes de tintas produzidos independentemente com resinas poliésteres sólidas que compartilham as mesmas fórmulas, especificações e processo industrial. Amostras de uma tríade de resinas poliéster, que apresenta uma particular relação de fosqueamento, foram estudadas por termogravimetria/ termogravimetria derivada (TG/DTG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de Hidrogênio (1H-RMN), cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), análise térmica diferencial (DTA) e espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A partir da análise minuciosa dos resultados obtidos em cada técnica escolhida, não se notou diferenças significativas que pudessem vir a justificar o fosqueamento indesejado para os lotes estudados. Estas avaliações nos permitiram concluir que o fenômeno não ocorre por contaminação industrial dos materiais e que alguma relação latente de fosqueamento por blenda seca deve ainda ser revelada por estudo subsequente. / The present work endeavored to study the matting phenomenon of powder coatings films made of solid polyester resins through a system known as Triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC). This phenomenon is an undesired result and occurs when at the time of blending paint batches produced independently with polyester resins that share the same formula, specifications e industrial process. Samples of a polyester resin triad, that shared a particular matting relation, were studied by thermogravimetry/ thermogravimetry derivative (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), gel permeation chromatog r(aDpShCy), proton (GPC), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Through in-depth analyses of all results obtained from each chosen method, no accountable differences, that could justify the undesired matting phenomenon, were noticed. These evaluations paved us the way to conclude that the studied phenomenon was not occurring due to industrial contamination, and that some latent dry blend matting relation is still to be revealed by an ensuing study.

Aproximadamente 15% do faturamento das indústrias brasileiras são provenientes da indústria alimentícia, responsáveis por empregar mais de um milhão de pessoas. Para produção em larga escala é necessário que estas indústrias estejam preparadas tecnologicamente, no entanto grande parte da instrumentação eletrônica e controle ainda requer tecnologia estrangeira. Para acompanhar o crescimento e as tendências mundiais nesta área, faz-se necessário fomento para as pesquisas e inovações tecnológicas. Essas inovações podem trazer a este setor maior faturamento, principalmente nos setores de alimentos saudáveis e de preparo rápido. Ao contrário disso, muitas dessas empresas sequer possuem departamentos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, principalmente no que se refere ao uso da tecnologia da informação agregada à instrumentação eletrônica, com foco na produção de alimentos. Que é justamente onde se insere este projeto que tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma mini linha experimental de produção de biscoitos com monitoramento eletrônico e computacional, que possa estimar o ponto ideal da massa e controlar a produção de biscoitos automaticamente. Para provar a viabilidade da aplicação das tecnologias desenvolvidas na indústria alimentícia, uma linha de produção de biscoitos foi projetada e construída em escala laboratorial, sensores e atuadores que utilizam tecnologia sem fio com protocolo zigbee foram instalados ao longo da linha. Para que se pudesse analisar a temperatura interna do biscoito durante seu assamento, um encapsulamento a base de cimento refratário foi desenvolvido para proteger o nó sensor, permitindo que esse possa acompanhar o biscoito dentro do forno e coletar a temperatura interna do biscoito. Desenvolveu-se também um sensor capaz de captar, em tempo real, dados referente à massa, através da leitura da corrente utilizada pelo motor do misturador, pois esta corrente está relacionada com o torque aplicado à massa. A metodologia proposta comprovou a viabilidade da utilização de sensores sem fio com protocolo zigbee, e mostrou ser possível estimar o ponto ideal da massa através do sistema desenvolvido, iniciar o processo de fabricação automaticamente e controlar todos os processos envolvidos / Approximately 15% of the revenues of Brazilian industries from the food industry is responsible for employing over a million people. For large scale production is necessary for these industries are technologically prepared, however much of the electronic instrumentation and control equipment still requires foreign technology. To keep up with growth and global trends in this area, it is necessary to promote research and technological innovation. These innovations can improve sales to this sector, mainly in health food and fast preparation. By contrast, many of these companies even have departments of research and development, especially regarding the use of information technology to aggregate electronic instrumentation, focusing on food production. That is precisely where it belongs this project aims to develop an experimental production line mini biscuits with electronic monitoring and computing, which can estimate the ideal point of the mass and control the production of biscuits automatically. To prove the feasibility of applying the technologies developed in the food industry, a biscuit production line was designed and built at the laboratory scale, using sensors and actuators with wireless zigbee protocol were installed along the line. In order to examine the internal temperature of the cookie during its baking, a tunnel-based refractory cement is designed to protect the sensor node, allowing it to follow the cookie into the oven and the temperature inside the collecting biscuit. It was also developed a sensor capable of capturing real time data regarding the mass, by reading the current used by the motor of the mixer, since this current is related to the torque applied to the mass. The proposed methodology proved the feasibility of using wireless sensor zigbee-protocol, and shown to be possible to estimate the ideal point of the mass through the system developed, start the manufacturing process and automatically control all processes involved

O presente trabalho propôs-se a estudar o fenômeno de fosqueamento em filmes de tinta em pó feitos a partir de resinas poliésteres sólidas pelo sistema conhecido como Triglicidilisocianutato (TGIC). Este fenômeno é indesejado e ocorre na ocasião de mistura de lotes de tintas produzidos independentemente com resinas poliésteres sólidas que compartilham as mesmas fórmulas, especificações e processo industrial. Amostras de uma tríade de resinas poliéster, que apresenta uma particular relação de fosqueamento, foram estudadas por termogravimetria/ termogravimetria derivada (TG/DTG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de Hidrogênio (1H-RMN), cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), análise térmica diferencial (DTA) e espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A partir da análise minuciosa dos resultados obtidos em cada técnica escolhida, não se notou diferenças significativas que pudessem vir a justificar o fosqueamento indesejado para os lotes estudados. Estas avaliações nos permitiram concluir que o fenômeno não ocorre por contaminação industrial dos materiais e que alguma relação latente de fosqueamento por blenda seca deve ainda ser revelada por estudo subsequente. / The present work endeavored to study the matting phenomenon of powder coatings films made of solid polyester resins through a system known as Triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC). This phenomenon is an undesired result and occurs when at the time of blending paint batches produced independently with polyester resins that share the same formula, specifications e industrial process. Samples of a polyester resin triad, that shared a particular matting relation, were studied by thermogravimetry/ thermogravimetry derivative (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), gel permeation chromatog r(aDpShCy), proton (GPC), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Through in-depth analyses of all results obtained from each chosen method, no accountable differences, that could justify the undesired matting phenomenon, were noticed. These evaluations paved us the way to conclude that the studied phenomenon was not occurring due to industrial contamination, and that some latent dry blend matting relation is still to be revealed by an ensuing study.

Aproximadamente 15% do faturamento das indústrias brasileiras são provenientes da indústria alimentícia, responsáveis por empregar mais de um milhão de pessoas. Para produção em larga escala é necessário que estas indústrias estejam preparadas tecnologicamente, no entanto grande parte da instrumentação eletrônica e controle ainda requer tecnologia estrangeira. Para acompanhar o crescimento e as tendências mundiais nesta área, faz-se necessário fomento para as pesquisas e inovações tecnológicas. Essas inovações podem trazer a este setor maior faturamento, principalmente nos setores de alimentos saudáveis e de preparo rápido. Ao contrário disso, muitas dessas empresas sequer possuem departamentos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, principalmente no que se refere ao uso da tecnologia da informação agregada à instrumentação eletrônica, com foco na produção de alimentos. Que é justamente onde se insere este projeto que tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma mini linha experimental de produção de biscoitos com monitoramento eletrônico e computacional, que possa estimar o ponto ideal da massa e controlar a produção de biscoitos automaticamente. Para provar a viabilidade da aplicação das tecnologias desenvolvidas na indústria alimentícia, uma linha de produção de biscoitos foi projetada e construída em escala laboratorial, sensores e atuadores que utilizam tecnologia sem fio com protocolo zigbee foram instalados ao longo da linha. Para que se pudesse analisar a temperatura interna do biscoito durante seu assamento, um encapsulamento a base de cimento refratário foi desenvolvido para proteger o nó sensor, permitindo que esse possa acompanhar o biscoito dentro do forno e coletar a temperatura interna do biscoito. Desenvolveu-se também um sensor capaz de captar, em tempo real, dados referente à massa, através da leitura da corrente utilizada pelo motor do misturador, pois esta corrente está relacionada com o torque aplicado à massa. A metodologia proposta comprovou a viabilidade da utilização de sensores sem fio com protocolo zigbee, e mostrou ser possível estimar o ponto ideal da massa através do sistema desenvolvido, iniciar o processo de fabricação automaticamente e controlar todos os processos envolvidos / Approximately 15% of the revenues of Brazilian industries from the food industry is responsible for employing over a million people. For large scale production is necessary for these industries are technologically prepared, however much of the electronic instrumentation and control equipment still requires foreign technology. To keep up with growth and global trends in this area, it is necessary to promote research and technological innovation. These innovations can improve sales to this sector, mainly in health food and fast preparation. By contrast, many of these companies even have departments of research and development, especially regarding the use of information technology to aggregate electronic instrumentation, focusing on food production. That is precisely where it belongs this project aims to develop an experimental production line mini biscuits with electronic monitoring and computing, which can estimate the ideal point of the mass and control the production of biscuits automatically. To prove the feasibility of applying the technologies developed in the food industry, a biscuit production line was designed and built at the laboratory scale, using sensors and actuators with wireless zigbee protocol were installed along the line. In order to examine the internal temperature of the cookie during its baking, a tunnel-based refractory cement is designed to protect the sensor node, allowing it to follow the cookie into the oven and the temperature inside the collecting biscuit. It was also developed a sensor capable of capturing real time data regarding the mass, by reading the current used by the motor of the mixer, since this current is related to the torque applied to the mass. The proposed methodology proved the feasibility of using wireless sensor zigbee-protocol, and shown to be possible to estimate the ideal point of the mass through the system developed, start the manufacturing process and automatically control all processes involved

Este trabalho avaliou a influência da densidade de energia da pré-cura, e de diferentes tratamentos pós-cura na otimização das propriedades físicas (Resistência à Flexão e Dureza Knoop) de resinas compostas diretas, visando a possibilidade de indicação para restauraçoes indiretas. Foram usadas as resinas diretas Fillmagic, Concept, Glacier, Z100, Masterfill e W3D Master e as indiretas Solidex e Belleglass HP como controle. Para cada resina direta foram confeccionados 60 espécimes em barra (10x2x2mm), 30 irradiados em uma face e 30 nas duas faces (30 espécimes = 10 controle, 10 autoclave e 10 forno de luz). Para as resinas indiretas foram preparados 10 espécimes conforme processamento de seus fabricantes. 380 espécimes foram submetidos ao ensaio de resistência à flexão (Kratos). De cada condição experimental, 10 fragmentos foram usados para ensaio de microdureza Knoop (Shimadzu HMV-2). A análise de variância e o teste de Tukey demonstraram significância para resistência à flexão nos fatores Resina (p<0,001) e Tratamento (p=0,001) e na interação Resina x Tratamento (p=0,001). Para a microdureza Knoop os três fatores e as interações foram significantes: Resina (p=0,001); Face (p=0,001) Tratamento (p=0,017); Resina x Face (p=0,001); Resina x Tratamento (p=0,007); Face x Tratamento (p=0,001) e Resina x Face x Tratamento (p=0,024). A maior média de cada resina direta, independente da condição experimental, foi comparada às médias das resinas indiretas. Os resultados apontam que na resistência à flexão (Z100 = W3D = Fillmagic = Glacier) e (Z100 > Masterfill > Belleglass HP > Concept > Solidex). Na Dureza Knoop (Z100 > Belleglass HP, Fillmagic, W3D, Concept, Glacier, Masterfill e Solidex). Conclusão: as propriedades físicas (resistência à flexão e dureza Knoop) não são obstáculos na indicação de resinas compostas de uso direto para restaurações indiretas / This study evaluated the influence of pre-cure energy density, and additional post-cure treatments in optimizing the physical properties (Flexural strength and Knoop microhardness) of direct resin composites with the aim at allowing their use for indirect restorations. Direct resin composites evaluated were Fillmagic, Concept, Glacier, Z100, Masterfill and W3D Master; indirect composites were Solidex and Belleglass HP. Sixty bar-shaped specimens (10x2x2mm) were prepared for each material, so that 30 of them were light-cured by one surface and 30 on both surfaces. From the 30 specimens of each group, 10 were control, 10 were submitted to additional autoclave and 10 to light oven treatment. Ten specimens were prepared with each indirect composite following the manufactures’ recommendations. The 380 specimens were submitted to flexural strength test (Kratos universal testing machine), and values obtained at fracture were reported. After that, 10 fragments were chosen for each experimental condition and assessed for Knoop microhardness (Shimadzu HMV-2). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at p<0.05. Statistically significant differences were found among flexural strength results regarding composite materials (p<0.001), treatments (p<0.001) and interactions (composite x treatment, p<0.001). Regarding Knoop microhardness, both three factors and their interactions were also significant: composite (p<0.001), surface (p<0.001) and treatment (p<0.017), composite x surface (p<0.001), composite treatment (p<0.001), surface x treatment (p<0.001) and composite x surface x treatment (p<0.024). The highest mean value for each direct composite, regardless of the experimental condition, was compared to the mean values obtained for the indirect materials. With regard to flexural strength, comparisons point out that Z100 = W3D = Fillmagic = Glacier and Z100 > Masterfill > Belleglass HP > Concept > Solidex, whereas for Knoop microhardness Z100 > Belleglass HP, Fillmagic, W3D, Concept, Glacier, Masterfill and Solidex. Conclusion: considering the physical properties evaluated in this study, they are not an obstacle to the indication of direct composites for indirect restorations

Abstract This thesis examines and discusses a sample of the medieval hypocausts (stone-heating ovens) in the Baltic area. The medieval construction is thoroughly explained as well as the antique hypocaust in order to establish a base for the following discussion. The medieval hypocaust has been almost forgotten for a long period of time. The last time someone dealt with this category of finds were in the 1960’s by Swedish archaeologist Iwar Andersson and in the 1970’s by Danish archaeologist Johannes Hertz. Not one archaeologist, since the early 20th century, has tried to interpret these constructions in their social contexts. The focus has always been on the construction and the technique in itself, which doesn’t lead the research any further than to a functional interpretation.   The author applies a comparative method to the literary material that is used for the thesis and discusses the origins of the medieval technique, which types there are, what contexts they appear in, what buildings and activities they can be related to, if they represent status or necessity or both and who could afford to construct them in relation to the resources that was demanded and finally why the technique was abandoned.   Keywords: Medieval hypocaust, stone-heating oven, medieval, ancient technology, the Baltic area.

Presented in this thesis is the design and characterization of a new, high-flux source of cold atoms based on continuous, post-nozzle injection of lithium atoms into a cryogenic, supersonic helium jet. To date, experiments have been performed with lithium injection fractions up to [approximately equal to]10⁻⁶, where fluorescence spectroscopy reveals successful capture and thermalization of lithium atoms within the helium jet. The observed lithium beam copropagates with the helium jet and has a temperature of less than 10 mK, a brightness of 1.1x10¹⁹ m⁻² s⁻¹ sr⁻¹, and a brilliance of 3.1x10²⁰ m⁻² s⁻¹ sr⁻¹. Lithium atoms contained within a solid angle of [approximately equal to]0.018 sr are good candidates for future magnetic extraction. This results in a potentially capturable lithium flux of 1.1x10¹² s⁻¹, comparable to the existing record for a cold atomic beam. Also presented is preliminary data showing lithium fluorescence nearly 1 m downstream, demonstrating that the cold lithium beam can be successfully extracted from the seeding region. Numerical simulations reproduce capture efficiency to within 50%, suggesting that the process is well understood. We believe that successful seeding may be possible at a fraction up to 10⁻⁴. Seeding at this rate could produce an atomic beam with a flux as high as 1.3x10¹⁴ s⁻¹ at a phase-space density up to 1.6x10⁻⁷, corresponding to brightness and brilliance of order 10²² m⁻² s⁻¹ sr⁻¹ and 10²⁴ m⁻² s⁻¹ sr⁻¹ , respectively. If this novel cooling method performs as well at higher incident lithium flux, it could serve as a pump source and pave the way to the realization of the first truly continuous atom laser. / text