The recent global economic downturn has stimulated a growing interest among scholars in how employees interpret and respond to the circumstance of being overqualified. However, the overqualification literature has been hindered by uncertainty regarding the extent to which employees’ perceptions of being overqualified are based in reality. The present study sought to address this concern by proposing and testing a theoretical model of objective overqualification, perceived overqualification, job satisfaction, and well-being using a cross-sectional sample of full-time employees who had recently graduated from college. Additionally, the present study investigated cognitive ability, achievement striving, and trait negative affectivity as potential moderators of several relationships delineated in the proposed model. Results indicated that the data were consistent with the proposed model, which argues that objective overqualification predicts employees’ perceptions of being overqualified, which creates feelings of relative deprivation and ultimately manifests in poorer job satisfaction and reduced well-being. Importantly, however, the pattern of relationships among study variables suggested that strain outcomes were mostly driven by perceived overqualification. Furthermore, employees’ perceptions of being overqualified appeared to be influenced considerably by unmeasured factors besides objective overqualification, potentially including dissatisfaction with other aspects of the job. There was no support for the hypothesized individual moderators. Overall, the study highlights the importance of taking a more nuanced approach to studying overqualification phenomena and cautions against the assumption that being objectively overqualified is a necessarily undesirable circumstance for individuals and their employers.

O presente trabalho dedicou-se ao estudo de uma forma de discriminação que foge dos parâmetros usuais. As vítimas dessa nova forma de tratamento desigual não são integrantes de grupos historicamente desfavorecidos, como sói acontecer nas hipóteses mais usuais de discriminação, mas profissionais capacitados que investiram na sua formação profissional e acadêmica visando aumentar a sua empregabilidade. Investimento que, ao invés de facilitar o seu ingresso ou progresso no mercado de trabalho, como era esperado, tomou-se o motivo da sua preterição em contratações e promoções ou da sua dispensa. Esta conduta irregular, ora chamada discriminação por sobrequalificação, apresenta efeitos sociais perversos, pois desestimula o investimento em educação e em formação profissional, além de violar o direito ao desenvolvimento subjetivo de cada indivíduo. A sua gravidade se acentua ainda mais na medida em que vem se constatando que o número de ingressos em cursos universitários cresce mais do que o de postos de trabalho que demandam formação especializada criados, o que certamente fará com que um maior número de profissionais qualificados tenham que procurar empregos que não exijam os conhecimentos adquiridos. / The present paper is aimed to the study of a way of discrimination different from the usual parameter. The victims of this new way of unequal treatment aren\'t part of the historically not endowed group, as it happens in the most common ways of discrimination, but capacitated professionals that have invested in their professional and academic formation seeking for work oportunits. Investiment that, instead of making the search for work easier, has became the reason for their preterition in contracts and promotions or the motive of their resignation. This irregular behavior, now called discrimination for overqualifiction, shows perverse social effects, once it discourage investiments in education and professional formation. Furthermore it violates each person\'s right to subjective development. It\'s gravity increases even more because it has been noticed that the number of new students in the universities is increasing more than the work opportunities that demands specialized formation. Due to this fact, it is certain that the number of qualified professionals that will have to search for jobs that don\'t demands their knowledge, will increase.

The dominant human capital theory-based perspective that education is crucial for economic success and employment has affected national and regional policies in education and employment worldwide. The present thesis critically assesses the target for increased number of tertiary education graduates in the current EU agenda for growth and employment (Europe 2020 Strategy). This target presumes that employment is positively related with tertiary education qualifications, and that there is an increasing demand for highly educated workers in the EU labour markets. Based on Eurostat data, our findings indicate that (i) more public spending on tertiary education does not seem to be associated with higher employment rates of graduates in the EU countries; (ii) in more than half of the EU28 member states, unemployment rates are not related with increased number of graduates; (iii) in most of the remaining EU countries, the increase in graduates is associated with higher graduates’ unemployment rates; (iv) increased number of tertiary education graduates relates with higher overqualification rates in the majority of the EU countries. These results accord with previous studies which find that investment in education alone is inadequate to explain complex socio-economic phenomena, such as graduates’ employment/unemployment. Moreover, they further support previous research works, which question the proclaimed increased need for highly educated workers in the EU labour markets. This, in turn, suggests that common European policies which target at increasing horizontally the number of graduates may further deteriorate the existing problem of overqualification in the EU. Without downplaying the importance of education and skills in employment, the current thesis contemplates that the disproportionate emphasis on the role of tertiary education in employment may falsely cultivate the perception that education per se can be the main solution for unemployment. Thus, it is likely to conceal the wider socio-economic reasons that influence a person’s ability to find, secure and advance in his/her job. Last, but not least, this perspective narrows down the role of tertiary education confining it to economic and employment purposes.

O presente trabalho dedicou-se ao estudo de uma forma de discriminação que foge dos parâmetros usuais. As vítimas dessa nova forma de tratamento desigual não são integrantes de grupos historicamente desfavorecidos, como sói acontecer nas hipóteses mais usuais de discriminação, mas profissionais capacitados que investiram na sua formação profissional e acadêmica visando aumentar a sua empregabilidade. Investimento que, ao invés de facilitar o seu ingresso ou progresso no mercado de trabalho, como era esperado, tomou-se o motivo da sua preterição em contratações e promoções ou da sua dispensa. Esta conduta irregular, ora chamada discriminação por sobrequalificação, apresenta efeitos sociais perversos, pois desestimula o investimento em educação e em formação profissional, além de violar o direito ao desenvolvimento subjetivo de cada indivíduo. A sua gravidade se acentua ainda mais na medida em que vem se constatando que o número de ingressos em cursos universitários cresce mais do que o de postos de trabalho que demandam formação especializada criados, o que certamente fará com que um maior número de profissionais qualificados tenham que procurar empregos que não exijam os conhecimentos adquiridos. / The present paper is aimed to the study of a way of discrimination different from the usual parameter. The victims of this new way of unequal treatment aren\'t part of the historically not endowed group, as it happens in the most common ways of discrimination, but capacitated professionals that have invested in their professional and academic formation seeking for work oportunits. Investiment that, instead of making the search for work easier, has became the reason for their preterition in contracts and promotions or the motive of their resignation. This irregular behavior, now called discrimination for overqualifiction, shows perverse social effects, once it discourage investiments in education and professional formation. Furthermore it violates each person\'s right to subjective development. It\'s gravity increases even more because it has been noticed that the number of new students in the universities is increasing more than the work opportunities that demands specialized formation. Due to this fact, it is certain that the number of qualified professionals that will have to search for jobs that don\'t demands their knowledge, will increase.

The present study examined the relationship between perceived overqualification and work engagement through basic need satisfaction at work and further incorporated job crafting and nonwork crafting to understand the indirect role of need satisfaction. In study 1, a new measure for targeted nonwork crafting was developed and validated. The final scale provided adequate reliability and validity evidence, and predicted life satisfaction and job satisfaction above and beyond the measures of intrinsic motivation and recovery experiences. The main study included a total of 321 full-time employees who had been working in their current job for at least 3 months and represented diverse occupations and industries. Results indicated that basic need satisfaction at work explains the negative relationship between perceived overqualification and work engagement. However, job crafting and targeted nonwork crafting do not moderate the indirect effect of basic need satisfaction at work. Supplemental analyses revealed that job satisfaction emerges as a reactive response to unmet needs at work while targeted nonwork crafting serves as a buffer for the relationship between perceived overqualification and burnout. These findings underscore the importance of considering motivational implications of overqualification on work outcomes and integrating cross-domain variables to the overqualification research.

No description available.

La majorité des auteurs qui s’intéressent à la surqualification la comprennent et l’analysent habituellement comme une situation de suréducation ou de déclassement scolaire. Ce mémoire fait l’hypothèse que le sens qu’accordent les individus au fait d’être surqualifié est beaucoup plus large. Même s’il est raisonnable de croire que la majorité des diplômés espèrent pouvoir obtenir un emploi à la hauteur de leur diplôme, le fait de définir le sentiment de surqualification de façon substantialiste, en ne considérant que le niveau de diplôme obtenu par le travailleur et exigé par l’employeur, semble quelque peu réducteur. Le sentiment de surqualification naît d’un jugement social : il est empirique, contextualisé et dynamique. À la croisée des mesures objectives et subjectives, nous explorons ainsi les facteurs explicatifs du sentiment de surqualification chez les diplômés canadiens à partir d’une analyse statistique des déterminants de ce sentiment dans les premières années qui suivent l’obtention de leur diplôme d’études postsecondaires. Nous montrons d’abord que l’utilisation de compétences en emploi et le lien entre le diplôme obtenu et l’emploi expliquent bien plus le sentiment de surqualification que la suréducation objective. Nous montrons aussi que l’impact du niveau d’utilisation d’une compétence donnée sur le sentiment de surqualification varie substantiellement selon le domaine d’études du diplômé et la nature de cette compétence. / The majority of researchers who study occupational overqualification interpret it as mainly a matter of overeducation. This analysis shows that the issue of overqualification has a broader interpretation than these authors have shown. One assumes that a graduate hopes to obtain a position commensurate with his level of education, but we also have to consider other factors that explain overqualification. The notion of overqualification comes from a social judgment: it is empirical, contextualized and dynamic. As there are objective and subjective measures, we explore the different factors that contribute to the perception of overqualification in Canadian postsecondary graduates. Statistical analysis is used to identify such factors in these individuals during their first years after graduation. Initially, we show that work skills and the link between the diploma earned and the employment obtained explains much more about the feeling of overqualification than solely the matter of overeducation. We also demonstrate that the impact of the extent a given skill is used on the feeling of overqualification varies substantially according to the graduate’s field of study and the nature of the particular skill utilized.

La majorité des auteurs qui s’intéressent à la surqualification la comprennent et l’analysent habituellement comme une situation de suréducation ou de déclassement scolaire. Ce mémoire fait l’hypothèse que le sens qu’accordent les individus au fait d’être surqualifié est beaucoup plus large. Même s’il est raisonnable de croire que la majorité des diplômés espèrent pouvoir obtenir un emploi à la hauteur de leur diplôme, le fait de définir le sentiment de surqualification de façon substantialiste, en ne considérant que le niveau de diplôme obtenu par le travailleur et exigé par l’employeur, semble quelque peu réducteur. Le sentiment de surqualification naît d’un jugement social : il est empirique, contextualisé et dynamique. À la croisée des mesures objectives et subjectives, nous explorons ainsi les facteurs explicatifs du sentiment de surqualification chez les diplômés canadiens à partir d’une analyse statistique des déterminants de ce sentiment dans les premières années qui suivent l’obtention de leur diplôme d’études postsecondaires. Nous montrons d’abord que l’utilisation de compétences en emploi et le lien entre le diplôme obtenu et l’emploi expliquent bien plus le sentiment de surqualification que la suréducation objective. Nous montrons aussi que l’impact du niveau d’utilisation d’une compétence donnée sur le sentiment de surqualification varie substantiellement selon le domaine d’études du diplômé et la nature de cette compétence. / The majority of researchers who study occupational overqualification interpret it as mainly a matter of overeducation. This analysis shows that the issue of overqualification has a broader interpretation than these authors have shown. One assumes that a graduate hopes to obtain a position commensurate with his level of education, but we also have to consider other factors that explain overqualification. The notion of overqualification comes from a social judgment: it is empirical, contextualized and dynamic. As there are objective and subjective measures, we explore the different factors that contribute to the perception of overqualification in Canadian postsecondary graduates. Statistical analysis is used to identify such factors in these individuals during their first years after graduation. Initially, we show that work skills and the link between the diploma earned and the employment obtained explains much more about the feeling of overqualification than solely the matter of overeducation. We also demonstrate that the impact of the extent a given skill is used on the feeling of overqualification varies substantially according to the graduate’s field of study and the nature of the particular skill utilized.

Submitted by Micheli Abreu (mabreu@fiocruz.br) on 2015-07-08T18:12:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dolores_Francisco_EPSJV_Mestrado_2015.pdf: 1033716 bytes, checksum: 9d9c9cca5b803cb89b9178a0a46e9ef7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mario Mesquita (mbarroso@fiocruz.br) on 2015-07-09T16:24:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dolores_Francisco_EPSJV_Mestrado_2015.pdf: 1033716 bytes, checksum: 9d9c9cca5b803cb89b9178a0a46e9ef7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mario Mesquita (mbarroso@fiocruz.br) on 2015-07-09T16:31:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dolores_Francisco_EPSJV_Mestrado_2015.pdf: 1033716 bytes, checksum: 9d9c9cca5b803cb89b9178a0a46e9ef7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-09T16:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dolores_Francisco_EPSJV_Mestrado_2015.pdf: 1033716 bytes, checksum: 9d9c9cca5b803cb89b9178a0a46e9ef7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 215 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Profissional em Saúde. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal delinear o papel da Gestão do Trabalho em Saúde diante da sobrequalificação dos técnicos de enfermagem inseridos na emergência do Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso. A relevância do tema associa-se à centralidade de questões relativas ao processo de qualificação dos trabalhadores técnicos do SUS e suas repercussões no mundo do trabalho no âmbito da saúde. O trabalho de campo foi realizado a partir da abordagem qualitativa através de entrevistas com os trabalhadores selecionados no local de trabalho. A análise dos dados foi elaborada mediante a transcrição das entrevistas que foram classificadas a partir das percepções dos entrevistados sobre as categorias qualificação profissional, valorização do trabalhador e gestão do trabalho em saúde. Dessa forma foi possível constatar que a gestão do trabalho em saúde é um importante instrumento de valorização profissional para estes trabalhadores de enfermagem, porém sem uma participação efetiva diante dos processos de sobrequalificação que vem se configurando no mundo do trabalho em saúde. / This research aims to delineate the role of Labour Health Management before the overqualification of nursing technicians entered the emergence of the Federal Hospital Bonsucesso. The relevance of this issue is associated with the central issues concerning the qualification process of SUS technical workers and its impact on the world of work in health. Fieldwork was conducted from the qualitative approach through interviews with workers selected in the workplace. Data analysis was prepared by transcribing the interviews that were classified according to the perceptions of respondents about the professional qualification categories, worker exploitation and management of health work. Thus it was found that the health work management is an important professional development tool for these nursing workers, but without effective participation before overqualification processes that has emerged in the world of health work.

Il est bien connu que les immigrants rencontrent plusieurs difficultés d’intégration dans le marché du travail canadien. Notamment, ils gagnent des salaires inférieurs aux natifs et ils sont plus susceptibles que ces derniers d’occuper des emplois précaires ou pour lesquels ils sont surqualifiés. Dans cette recherche, nous avons traité de ces trois problèmes sous l’angle de la qualité d’emploi. À partir des données des recensements de la population de 1991 à 2006, nous avons comparé l’évolution de la qualité d’emploi des immigrants et des natifs au Canada, mais aussi au Québec, en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. Ces comparaisons ont mis en évidence la hausse du retard de qualité d’emploi des immigrants par rapport aux natifs dans tous les lieux analysés, mais plus particulièrement au Québec. Le désavantage des immigrants persiste même lorsqu’on tient compte du capital humain, des caractéristiques démographiques et du taux de chômage à l’entrée dans le marché du travail. La scolarité, l’expérience professionnelle globale et les connaissances linguistiques améliorent la qualité d’emploi des immigrants et des natifs. Toutefois, lorsqu’on fait la distinction entre l’expérience de travail canadienne et l’expérience de travail étrangère, on s’aperçoit que ce dernier type d’expérience réduit la qualité d’emploi des immigrants. Dans ces circonstances, nous trouvons incohérent que le Canada et le Québec continuent à insister sur ce critère dans leur grille de sélection des travailleurs qualifiés. Pour valoriser les candidats les plus jeunes ayant peu d’expérience de travail dans leur pays d’origine, nous suggérons d’accroître l’importance accordée à l’âge dans ces grilles au détriment de l’expérience. Les jeunes, les étudiants étrangers et les travailleurs temporaires qui possèdent déjà une expérience de travail au Canada nous apparaissent comme des candidats à l’immigration par excellence. Par contre, les résultats obtenus à l’aide de la méthode de décomposition de Blinder-Oaxaca ont montré que l’écart de qualité d’emploi entre les immigrants et les natifs découle d’un traitement défavorable envers les immigrants dans le marché du travail. Cela signifie que les immigrants sont pénalisés au chapitre de la qualité d’emploi à la base, et ce, peu importe leurs caractéristiques. Dans ce contexte, la portée de tout ajustement aux grilles de sélection risque d’être limitée. Nous proposons donc d’agir également en aval du problème à l’aide des politiques d’aide à l’intégration des immigrants. Pour ce faire, une meilleure concertation entre les acteurs du marché du travail est nécessaire. Les ordres professionnels, le gouvernement, les employeurs et les immigrants eux-mêmes doivent s’engager afin d’établir des parcours accélérés pour la reconnaissance des compétences des nouveaux arrivants. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que le traitement défavorable à l’égard des immigrants dans le marché du travail est plus prononcé au Québec qu’en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. Il se peut que la société québécoise soit plus réfractaire à l’immigration vu son caractère francophone et minoritaire dans le reste de l’Amérique du Nord. Pourtant, le désir de protéger la langue française motive le Québec à s’impliquer activement en matière d’immigration depuis longtemps et la grille de sélection québécoise insiste déjà sur ce critère. D’ailleurs, près des deux tiers des nouveaux arrivants au Québec connaissent le français en 2011. / It is well documented that immigrants face many difficulties in the Canadian labour market. Particularly, compared to native-born, they earn lower wages, occupy more precarious jobs and are often overqualified. In this research, we discuss these three issues in terms of job quality. Using the data from the 1991 to 2006 Canadian population censuses, we compare the trends in job quality of immigrants and native-born in Canada, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. These comparisons highlight the rising gap in job quality between immigrants and native-born in the four geographical areas, but especially in Quebec. This gap persists even after controlling human capital, demographic variables and unemployment rate at entry in the labour market. Overall, we found that education, work experience and language skills improve the job quality of immigrants and their native-born counterparts. However, when we separate Canadian and foreign work experience, we find that the latter type of experience reduces job quality of immigrants. In these circumstances, it is counterproductive that Canada and Quebec continue to insist on this criterion in the point systems. We also suggest increasing the importance of age in the point systems in order to encourage the admission of younger candidates with little or no foreign experience. Youth, foreign students and temporary workers who already have work experience in Canada appear to be ideal candidates for immigration. Nevertheless, using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method, we show that the job quality gap between immigrants and natives is mainly due to unfavourable treatment of immigrants in the labour market. This means that immigrants are penalized in terms of job quality regardless of their characteristics. In this context, the selection of the best candidates for immigration may produce a limited effect. We therefore suggest acting downstream with public policy to support employment integration of immigrants. To do so, a better coordination between all actors in the labour market is required. Professional orders, government, employers and immigrants must establish accelerated pathways of skills recognition for newcomers. In addition, our results indicate that the treatment of immigrants in the labour market is more problematic in Quebec compared to Ontario and British Columbia. It is likely that Quebec society is less open to immigration given its francophone character and its minority status in North America. Since the beginning, the desire to protect the French language motivates Quebec to be actively involved in immigration and the Quebec point system already emphasizes this criterion. Moreover, nearly two-thirds of newcomers to Quebec speak French in 2011.