This original research seeks to identify unique predictive relationships between the characteristics, values and expectations of entrepreneurs in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and the management practices they choose; and then, the relationships between those practices and business performance. It adds to the current understanding of the impact of entrepreneurs on the performance of their businesses and has also led to the development of two new tools for assessing the performance of SMEs. Growth of the SME sector is important to the public policy agendas of governments, like those in Australia, that are seeking to optimise the employment opportunities associated with an SME sector in which "success" is the norm because SME failure, or underperformance, is associated with many social costs; costs that include reduced earnings for proprietors, potential job loss for staff and financial hardship for suppliers, as well as a reduction in the average per capita spending power of the community in which the failed or under performing business is based. For the SME, business strategy development and implementation is often the role of the entrepreneur owner-manager. The characteristics, values and expectations of entrepreneurs in SMEs may thus influence their choice of management practices and thereby the performance of their businesses. As Cooper (1998) argued: "the primary motivations of the entrepreneur bear upon not only the decision to start but also upon the decisions about how to manage, including whether or not to grow the firm aggressively" (p. 247). Johnson (1990) suggested that there is a strong need to focus future research on the motivation mechanisms of entrepreneurs as drivers of the entrepreneurial process. Johnson's view supports the entrepreneurial trait school of thought that development of an understanding of the individual entrepreneur's characteristics, values and expectations might provide worthwhile insight into her or his behaviour and its relationship to SME success and failure. The purposes of this research, therefore, were, first, to determine the importance of the attributed and attained characteristics of the entrepreneur on the formation of his or her values and expectations; second, to determine the influence of those values and expectations on the choice of management practices; third, to determine the degree to which those management practices influence business performance; and last, to develop a scale of measurement for entrepreneur characteristics, values and expectations that can be used to predict business performance. To enable limited comparison with Kotey's and Meredith's (1997) findings and to control for between industry and between state influences, the chosen context for the research was the furniture industry in Queensland. To add to current knowledge in SME management practices and performance, two new measurement tools were developed for this research. The first quantifies the positiveness of the business intentions of the entrepreneur. The second is a scaled index of perceived performance that takes account of the importance given by an entrepreneur to eight common business objectives and the degree to which he or she is satisfied with the performance of the business for each objective. Both tools are important additions to the limited existing armoury of tools available to researchers seeking to understand and predict SME performance. For the first time, the findings of this research indicate negative relationships between parent occupation skill levels and the importance given by entrepreneurs to the values of responsibility, honesty and competence and the negative role of the entrepreneur's achieved highest qualification on the importance given to values of affection, compassion, religion and national security. The findings thereby highlight the important role played by an entrepreneur's attained characteristics on the formation of his or her values. As well, the results show the important role played by values such as power and responsibility, as well as by high internal locus of control, on an entrepreneur's selection of planning, marketing and future management practices. In turn, the impact of those practices on business performance, as measured by the overall satisfaction of the entrepreneur and the newly created Scaled Index of Perceived Performance, is demonstrated. In so doing, the results shed more light on the complex relationships between entrepreneurs, the management practices they choose, and business performance. For the furniture industry in Queensland, the findings confirm Cooper's (1998) view that there is an empirical relationship between business founding processes and the performance of the business. Also supported is Kotey's and Meredith's (1997) broad finding for the furniture industry in New South Wales that "personal values of owner/managers, the strategies they adopt in operating their firms, and the performance outcomes of their businesses are empirically related" (1997, p. 59). Future research is needed to develop a causal model for those relationships in a variety of SME and other contexts.

<p>Forestry operations in Sweden can be traced a long way back in history. The overall emphasis has traditionally been on the forests’ economic or profitable role, even though they are also of great ecological and social interests. Nevertheless, the focus has shifted during the last decade due to the impact of sustainable development. A new Forestry Act has now provided the Swedish forestry with a new policy which is guided by two equally-weighted objectives; production and environmental concern. The European Union (EU) has also adapted to the direction of sustainable development. It places particular interest in the creation of sustainable coastal areas within the union. </p><p>The aim of the Bachelor of Science thesis was to investigate how Swedish coastal forest owners define their role in the creation of sustainable coastal forests. The study is built on interviews which were conducted with seven forest owners, all of whom have properties in the coastal zones of Östergötland and Kalmar. These two counties are situated in the south-eastern part of Sweden. </p><p>The study raises three different issues. The first is the manner in which the informants shape their knowledge of the existing forestry legislation, based on their identities and responsibilities. The second concerns the preconditions with which they are faced when managing their coastal forest properties and whether or not they see the new legislation as a shift in focus. The final issue highlights the importance of local knowledge and looks at the participation of the informants in the development of new regulations. </p><p>The following conclusions are drawn from the investigations. Many owners of forest properties do not identify themselves as forest owners; it is therefore important to be aware of this distinction which is made between being a forest owner and being the holder of a forest property. The coastal forest owners who were interviewed run their forests according to their individual situations. Because of this they do not appear to be part of any shift of focus within the Swedish forestry. As a result, they may not have a defined role in its development. This role would probably be clearer or greater if their local knowledge were more explicitly valuated.</p>

This thesis comprises five empirical essays using Swedish data. Three of the essays examine open market share repurchases, one essay investigates changes in investors’ shareholdings surrounding equity rights offerings (ROs), and the last essay investigates owner-managers’ equity portfolio choices. The first essay examines stock performance around initiation announcements of open market share repurchase programs, the price impact of repurchase trading and the long-run stock performance following the initiation announcements. The study uses a unique data set of initiation announcements and actual share repurchases conducted by firms listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (SSE). The results show that initiation announcements of open market repurchase programs exhibit a 2 day abnormal return (AR) of 2% on average. The price impact on the actual repurchase days is positively correlated with the daily repurchase volume, and is both statistically and economically significant during the first 3 repurchase days in a repurchase program. The long-run abnormal stock performance is positively associated with the fraction of shares bought in the program and is on average 7% for the first year following the initiation announcement. The results indicate that repurchase trading provides price support and that the market participants detect and perceive the initiation announcement and the first repurchase days in a repurchase program as a signal of undervaluation. The second essay examines differences in the market performance of Swedish firms that initiate repurchase programs infrequently (1-2 programs), occasionally (3-4 programs) and frequently (5 or more programs) over the period 2000-2009. It is found that infrequent repurchase programs are greeted with a stronger positive reaction than occasional and frequent programs. However, over the long-term, infrequent repurchase programs show no AR while occasional and frequent repurchase programs show significant positive ARs. A positive relationship between AR and repurchase size is documented for all types of repurchase programs. The third essay examines the market liquidity impact of open market share repurchases in an electronic order-driven market. The study uses a detailed data set of daily repurchase transactions on the SSE together with intraday data on bid-ask spreads and order depths which enables an investigation of the liquidity effects on the actual repurchase days. It is found that repurchase trades inside the order-driven trading system contribute to market liquidity through narrower bid-ask spreads and deeper market depths. After controlling for trading volume, price and volatility, a significant decrease of the bid-ask spread on repurchase days relative to surrounding non-repurchase days is still found. However, repurchases executed as block trades outside the order-driven trading system have a detrimental effect on the bid-ask spread, consistent with a negative response to the presence of informed managerial trading. The fourth essay examines changes in equity ownership surrounding ROs by firms listed on the SSE. The results show that domestic individual investors on average reduce their shareholdings following rights issues, whereas domestic institutional investors and foreign investors increase their holdings. However, when ownership changes are adjusted with changes in ownership in matched non-issuing firms, it is documented that domestic institutions significantly increase their shareholdings in RO firms, whereas foreign investors decrease their holdings in these firms. A positive (negative) association between the 6 month benchmark adjusted return following the offering and the change in shareholdings by foreign investors (domestic institutional investors) is also documented. Finally, the fifth and last essay investigates how Swedish owner-managers (CEO or Chairman) invest in the Swedish stock market conditional on a major investment in their own firm. No evidence is found that owner-managers seek diversification benefits when they invest in other Swedish stocks. In general, they choose other stocks that show higher correlation among themselves than the average Swedish stocks. It is also found that owner-managers within high-tech industries invest significantly more of their total Swedish stock investments in IT stocks than owner-managers within other industries. / <p>QC 20130515</p>

No description available.

Background: Theoretical, it’s been questioned why dividends exists in companies based upon the fact that there is a separation between ownership and control. According to the agency theoretical perception, dividends is used as a manner to unify the interest of this separation, which in turn lower the agency cost, and increase the efficiency of companies. Purpose: The aim of this master thesis is to scrutinize and analyse the association between Swedish firms’ owner structure and owner types and their inclination to dividend. Method: We attack the problem with a hypothetical-deductive research method by using the existence of a universal theory, the agency theory. From our theoretical framework we propose a set of hypotheses. Through these hypotheses we intend to empirical investigate the agency theoretical explanations regarding ownership and dividend policy in Swedish public firms. The empirical material has been gathered from annual reports, Börsguide and Ägarna och Makten. The data has then been statistical processed and analyzed which consecutively resulted in our conclusions. Conclusions: The findings from our study indicate that ownership affects companies dividend policy. The most striking findings in our study show that there is a significant positive relationship with owner concentration and dividends. Comparing to other studies in the field this is a rather controversy conclusion. According to Schooley and Barney (1994) and Farinha (2003) our results confirm the proposal that there is a U-shaped relationship between internal ownership and dividends. Suggestions for further research: Our suggestion for further research is to expand our study by investigate a time-serie of data and compare Swedish listed firms with firms in other European countries. Further suggestion is to proceed the identification of ownership as a mechanism for corporate governance. Based on the fact that the market context in Sweden has developed, it would be of great interest to investigate ownership affection on the procurement of raising capital. / Bakgrund: Det har länge förts en kraftfull debatt om ägarstrukturens påverkan på företag. Viss teori har ifrågasatt varför utdelningar överhuvudtaget förekommer i företag där kontrollen är skild från ägarna. Enligt det agentteoretiska perspektivet är utdelning en metod att föra samman företagsledningens och ägarnas intressen, vilket samtidigt ökar företagetseffektivitet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och analysera sambandet mellan svenska företags ägarstruktur samt ägartyper och företags utdelningsnivå. Vi vill således undersöka ägandets påverkan på företags utdelningsnivå. Metod: Vi använder oss av ett hypotetiskt-deduktivt angreppssätt genom att vi utgår ifrån befintlig universell teori i form av agentteori. Utifrån vår teoretiska referensram har vi utformat hypoteser för att på så sätt empiriskt undersöka de agentteoretiska förklaringarna angående ägande och utdelningspolicy i svenska företag. Det empiriska materialet har vi samlat in från årsredovisningar, Börsguide samt Ägarna och Makten. Informationen har sedan statistiskt bearbetats samt analyserats vilket har mynnat ut i våra slutsatser. Slutsatser: Den generella slutsats vi kan dra genom vår studie är att ägarstruktur och ägartyper har en viss inverkan på företags utdelningspolicy. De mest utmärkande slutsatserna vår studie har visat är för det första ett signifikant positivt samband mellan ägarkoncentration och utdelningar. Jämfört med andra studier på området är detta en motsägande slutsats. För det andra, i enlighet med Schooley och Barney (1994) och Farinha (2003) bekräftar våra resultat antagandet att det finns en U-formad relation mellan internt ägande och utdelningar. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vårt förslag till fortsatt forskning är att utöka denna studie genom att undersöka en längre tidsperiod samt att jämföra svenska företag med företag i andra europeiska länder. Ytterligare förslag till vidare forskning är att fortsätta identifiera ägandet som en mekanism för hur företag styrs. Då det har skett en utveckling i Sverige beträffande själva marknadskontexten så anser vi det vara av intresse att utreda hur kapitalanskaffningen går till i svenska börsbolag.

Familjeskogsbruket har sällan någon anledning att bekymra sig om grundläggande förändringar av verksamhetens inriktning. I ett slag har dock situationen förändrats för skogsägarna i de stormdrabbade områdena. Den uppkomna situationen gör att många olika beslut måste tas som kommer att forma skogsfastigheten i flera decennier. Det finns därför ett behov av att kunna styra skogsgårdens verksamhet så att varje enskilt beslut bildar ett enhetligt mönster mot ett gemensamt mål. Ett sätt att göra det på är att använda teorierna kring strategisk management och applicera dessa på familjeskogsbruken. Denna rapport har utgått från gängse metodik vid strategiframtagning och målsättningsarbete. Olika metoder och verktyg beskrivs till sitt innehåll och syfte. Därefter samlas ett antal metoder i ett arbetsflöde som passar behoven för skogsgårdens strategiframtagning. Slutligen testas metodiken på en speciell skogsgård i det storm-drabbade området För att få kontinuitet i förändringsarbetet så har en återkommande revidering av strategiarbetet föreslagits. Det är bara genom ett enträget och långsiktigt arbete som gamla vanor och arbetsprocesser kan förändras. / The family forest farms do seldom have any reason to worry about basic changes of the business plan. In an instant, that has been changed for the forest owners in the region that was hardest hit by the storm. The situation at hand calls for a lot of different decisions to be taken that will shape the forest estate for several decades. There is a need for controlling the forest farm business so that each individual decision is forming a uniform pattern against a defined objective. One way of doing just that is to use the theories of strategic management and apply those on the family forest farm business. This report is based on the generic methodology that is used for strategy definition and goal setting. Different methods and tools are described to content and purpose. After that, a couple of methods are used in a work flow that fit the needs when developing the strategies for the forest farm. As a last step, the methodology is tested on a special forest farm that is situated in the storm hit region. To achieve continuity in the change process, a reoccurring assessment of the strategy work has been proposed. It is only by dedicated and consistent work that old habits and working processes can be changed.

<p>Background: Theoretical, it’s been questioned why dividends exists in companies based upon the fact that there is a separation between ownership and control. According to the agency theoretical perception, dividends is used as a manner to unify the interest of this separation, which in turn lower the agency cost, and increase the efficiency of companies.</p><p>Purpose: The aim of this master thesis is to scrutinize and analyse the association between Swedish firms’ owner structure and owner types and their inclination to dividend.</p><p>Method: We attack the problem with a hypothetical-deductive research method by using the existence of a universal theory, the agency theory. From our theoretical framework we propose a set of hypotheses. Through these hypotheses we intend to empirical investigate the agency theoretical explanations regarding ownership and dividend policy in Swedish public firms. The empirical material has been gathered from annual reports, Börsguide and Ägarna och Makten. The data has then been statistical processed and analyzed which consecutively resulted in our conclusions.</p><p>Conclusions: The findings from our study indicate that ownership affects companies dividend policy. The most striking findings in our study show that there is a significant positive relationship with owner concentration and dividends. Comparing to other studies in</p><p>the field this is a rather controversy conclusion. According to Schooley and Barney (1994) and Farinha (2003) our results confirm the proposal that there is a U-shaped relationship between internal ownership and dividends.</p><p>Suggestions for further research: Our suggestion for further research is to expand our study by investigate a time-serie of data and compare Swedish listed firms with firms in other European countries. Further suggestion is to proceed the identification of ownership as a</p><p>mechanism for corporate governance. Based on the fact that the market context in Sweden has developed, it would be of great interest to investigate ownership affection on the procurement of raising capital.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: Det har länge förts en kraftfull debatt om ägarstrukturens påverkan på företag. Viss teori har ifrågasatt varför utdelningar överhuvudtaget förekommer i företag där kontrollen är skild från ägarna. Enligt det agentteoretiska perspektivet är utdelning en metod</p><p>att föra samman företagsledningens och ägarnas intressen, vilket samtidigt ökar företagetseffektivitet.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och analysera sambandet mellan svenska företags ägarstruktur samt ägartyper och företags utdelningsnivå. Vi vill således undersöka ägandets påverkan på företags utdelningsnivå.</p><p>Metod: Vi använder oss av ett hypotetiskt-deduktivt angreppssätt genom att vi utgår ifrån befintlig universell teori i form av agentteori. Utifrån vår teoretiska referensram har vi utformat hypoteser för att på så sätt empiriskt undersöka de agentteoretiska förklaringarna angående ägande och utdelningspolicy i svenska företag. Det empiriska materialet har vi samlat in från årsredovisningar, Börsguide samt Ägarna och Makten. Informationen har</p><p>sedan statistiskt bearbetats samt analyserats vilket har mynnat ut i våra slutsatser.</p><p>Slutsatser: Den generella slutsats vi kan dra genom vår studie är att ägarstruktur och ägartyper har en viss inverkan på företags utdelningspolicy. De mest utmärkande slutsatserna vår studie har visat är för det första ett signifikant positivt samband mellan ägarkoncentration och utdelningar. Jämfört med andra studier på området är detta en motsägande slutsats. För det andra, i enlighet med Schooley och Barney (1994) och Farinha (2003) bekräftar våra</p><p>resultat antagandet att det finns en U-formad relation mellan internt ägande och utdelningar.</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vårt förslag till fortsatt forskning är att utöka denna studie genom att undersöka en längre tidsperiod samt att jämföra svenska företag med företag i andra europeiska länder. Ytterligare förslag till vidare forskning är att fortsätta identifiera ägandet som en mekanism för hur företag styrs. Då det har skett en utveckling i Sverige beträffande själva marknadskontexten så anser vi det vara av intresse att utreda hur kapitalanskaffningen går till i svenska börsbolag.</p>

<p>Familjeskogsbruket har sällan någon anledning att bekymra sig om grundläggande förändringar av verksamhetens inriktning.</p><p>I ett slag har dock situationen förändrats för skogsägarna i de stormdrabbade områdena. Den uppkomna situationen gör att många olika beslut måste tas som kommer att forma skogsfastigheten i flera decennier. Det finns därför ett behov av att kunna styra skogsgårdens verksamhet så att varje enskilt beslut bildar ett enhetligt mönster mot ett gemensamt mål. Ett sätt att göra det på är att använda teorierna kring strategisk management och applicera dessa på familjeskogsbruken.</p><p>Denna rapport har utgått från gängse metodik vid strategiframtagning och målsättningsarbete. Olika metoder och verktyg beskrivs till sitt innehåll och syfte. Därefter samlas ett antal metoder i ett arbetsflöde som passar behoven för skogsgårdens strategiframtagning. Slutligen testas metodiken på en speciell skogsgård i det storm-drabbade området</p><p>För att få kontinuitet i förändringsarbetet så har en återkommande revidering av strategiarbetet föreslagits. Det är bara genom ett enträget och långsiktigt arbete som gamla vanor och arbetsprocesser kan förändras.</p> / <p>The family forest farms do seldom have any reason to worry about basic changes of the business plan.</p><p>In an instant, that has been changed for the forest owners in the region that was hardest hit by the storm. The situation at hand calls for a lot of different decisions to be taken that will shape the forest estate for several decades. There is a need for controlling the forest farm business so that each individual decision is forming a uniform pattern against a defined objective. One way of doing just that is to use the theories of strategic management and apply those on the family forest farm business.</p><p>This report is based on the generic methodology that is used for strategy definition and goal setting. Different methods and tools are described to content and purpose. After that, a couple of methods are used in a work flow that fit the needs when developing the strategies for the forest farm. As a last step, the methodology is tested on a special forest farm that is situated in the storm hit region.</p><p>To achieve continuity in the change process, a reoccurring assessment of the strategy work has been proposed. It is only by dedicated and consistent work that old habits and working processes can be changed.</p>

Research object – the management of private forest. Research aim – to determine the type of decision-making and factors, affecting the decision–making in private forest estate. Objectives: 1. To determine the conception of private forest management and sustainable development, to describe the process of private forestry and to traverse the theory of decision–making. 2. To examine and traverse the management of private forestry in Lithuania. 3. To describe the characteristic’s of private forest owner and his private forest estate, the decisions of private forest owners’. 4. To prepare a model of decision–making in private forestry in order to support sustainable development of the country. Research methods – scientific literature analysis and synthesis, questionnaire, induction and deduction, dispersive analysis, comparative analysis, methods of logical thinking, graphic modeling, and other methods. While studying Lithuanian and other countries authors’ scientific works, periodical literature about management of decision-making, there are examine, traverse and describe the type and factors affecting of decision-making in private forest estate.

[Truncated abstract] The focus of this thesis is to investigate the meaning and measurement of business success for owner-operators of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Taking a first step towards a greater understanding of SME performance, the study develops an instrument specifically designed to measure the business goals and objectives of SME owners. This development is based on a combination of a: literature search; quantitative analysis of a secondary data set of the goals and expectations of Australian retailers; qualitative (focus group) study of West Australian SME principals; and quantitative (mail survey) study of West Australian SME principals. Both these primary data studies used SME principals from a wide variety of industries . . . Tests of the power of the SOS to account for differences in economic performance revealed that the SOS significantly increased understanding of variations in owner returns and profitability and had a limited capacity to explain differences in revenue growth and staff revenue productivity. SOS satisfaction was found to describe differences in owner-operators’ perceptions of business success significantly better than objective measures of economic return. It is expected that such knowledge will help subsequent research develop an understanding of how SME onwer-operators modify their expectations of economic return for the utility they gain from their working life.