No description available.

Dans cette étude, des copolymères à blocs rigide-flexible comprenant des segments donneur [poly(3-hexylthiophène) régiorégulier, (rr-P3HT)] et accepteurs d’électrons (C60) ont été synthétisés. L’auto-assemblage en masse de ces copolymères à blocs avait pour objectif d’atteindre des morphologies dont la taille des domaines coïncide avec la distance idéale de transport de l’exciton (~10 nm) en vue d’utiliser ces systèmes comme matériaux de couche active dans les cellules photovoltaïques organiques de type P3HT-PCBM.La maîtrise et l'optimisation des conditions de synthèse de rr-P3HT de fonctionnalité terminale bien définie nous ont permis d'accéder à différentes architectures de copolymères linéaires di- et triblocs, constitués de P3HT comme bloc rigide et de polystyrène ou poly(4-vinylpyridine) comme bloc ‘flexible’. La fonctionnalisation du bloc flexible avec des dérivés du fullerène (C60 ou PCBM) a ensuite été réalisée et ces copolymères utilisés comme additifs pour stabiliser la morphologie de la couche active des cellules solaires organiques de type P3HT/PCBM. Les caractéristiques photovoltaïques des matériaux ainsi préparés ont été déterminées et corrélées aux analyses morphologiques de la couche active. / The performance of organic photovoltaic cells mainly depends on the active layer nano-morphology. Rod-coil block copolymers (BCPs) are well known in their ability to self-assemble into well-ordered nanoscopic morphologies. BCPs containing electron-donor and acceptor segments are of particular interest for use in photovoltaic cells because electronic light-excited states exist over distances similar to the typical size of block copolymer domains (~10 nm). Therefore, we designed novel donor-acceptor BCPs to exploit this coincidence in dimensions. This thesis is focused on BCPs based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT) due to its high hole mobility and good processibility from various solvents. Simplified and versatile syntheses of donor-acceptor rod-coil di- and tri- BCPs consisting of the donor block P3HT (rod) and polystyrene or poly(4-vinylpyridine) (coil) blocks to carry the acceptor C60 in different ways were developed. These materials were used as surfactants to stabilize the nano-morphology of reference P3HT: [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) based devices. Photovoltaic characterizations were then tied to copolymer structural data with the help of AFM and a range of complementary characterization techniques.

Les propriétés des matériaux organiques pour l'optoélectronique à base de polymères ou de petites molécules sont fortement influencées par l'organisation moléculaire. En particulier, l'efficacité de la photoconversion dans les dispositifs à base de films minces organiques peut être corrélée directement à la morphologie de leurs mélanges actifs. Par conséquent, une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution de la morphologie des films minces pendant les divers traitements effectués lors de leur élaboration est essentielle et nécessaire. D'autre part, l'ingénierie moléculaire est un outil crucial pour l'obtention de molécules basées sur des alternances de fragments accepteurs d'électrons ou donneurs d'électrons et présentant des valeurs de gap électronique optimales et conduisant à des dispositifs aux paramètres de photoconversion optimisés.Dans le présent travail, nous présentons une étude approfondie en solution et sur des films minces de poly-3-hexylthiophène (P3HT) pur et en mélange avec des complexes de nickel (Ni-bdt). Le but était de comprendre comment le P3HT interagit avec les complexes de nickel pour contrôler des phénomènes d'organisation éventuels. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de comprendre l'organisation moléculaires au sein des films organiques et son impact sur le transfert de charge entre les matériaux afin d'optimiser les rendements de photoconversion. En outre, nous avons conçu et synthétisé trois nouvelles molécules à faible gap électronique, nommées SilOCAO, Bz(T1CAO)2 et Bz(T1CAEH)2 selon des méthodologies de synthèse optimisées. Ces molécules ont été conçues avec l'appui de calculs semi-empiriques effectués avec le programme Gaussian 09 au niveau B3LYP/6-31G* dans le but de les associer éventuellement aux complexes de nickel. Leurs synthèses et caractérisations complètes sont décrites en détail. Les techniques analytiques utilisées sont la spectroscopie d'absorption UV-visible, la photoluminescence, la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN), la spectroscopie de masse, l'électrochimie, l'analyse thermogravimétrique (TGA) et la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC). Ces molécules présentant des propriétés intéressantes pour leur utilisation en photovoltaïque organique, nous avons réalisé des cellules solaires organiques prototypes. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs, en particulier dans le cas de la molécule SilOCAO, utilisée ici comme donneur d'électrons en association avec le PC71BM. Ce travail est le fruit d'une collaboration précieuse entre plusieurs chercheurs, des théoriciens et expérimentateurs, des laboratoires LAAS et LAPLACE à Toulouse (France), de l'Université Autonome Nationale de Mexico (UNAM) et du Centre de Recherche en Optique (CIO) de Leon (Mexique). / Optoeletronic properties of semiconducting polymeric/small molecules materials are highly influenced by molecules organization. In particular, photoconversion efficiency of organic devices may be correlated directly with their blend morphology. Therefore, a better understanding of the blend film morphology evolution during postproduction treatment and device performance is essential and needed. On the other hand, molecular engineering is a good way to module the band gap of molecules by alternating different electron acceptor or electron donor moieties which may lead to an improved internal charge transfer and a low band gap to achieve important Voc and Jsc, and consequently a good OPV performance. In the present work, we present a comprehensive study in solution and on thin films of pristine P3HT and of some nickel bisdithiolene complexes (Ni-bdt), and their blends, in order to understand how poly(3-hexylthiophene) P3HT interacts with the nickel core with the aim of understanding eventual organization phenomena. The main goal of this study is to understand materials organization and the charge transfer effect between donor and acceptor molecules, rather than focalize on a high photoconversion yields. In addition, we have developed 3 new low band gap small molecules, SilOCAO, Bz(T1CAO)2 and Bz(T1CAEH)2 with innovating synthetic methodologies and interesting applications to be used in thin film bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) for organic photovoltaics. These molecules were strategically designed via semi-empirical calculations (B3LYP/6-31G*) to match their energetic levels (LUMO and HOMO) with those of nickel bisdithiolene family towards a performing charge transfer. The syntheses of SilOCAO, Bz(T1CAO)2 and Bz(T1CAEH)2 have been described. These molecules have been fully-characterized by different techniques such as UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Electroluminescence, Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR), Mass Spectroscopy (MS), Electrochemistry, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, we have performed organic solar cells prototypes with some promising results, specifically for SilOCAO as the electron-donor in counterpart of the PC71BM as the electron-acceptor. This work is a fruitful collaboration between several laboratories, researchers, technical servers and students from LAAS and LAPLACE in France, and IIM (UNAM) and CIO in Mexico.

La présente thèse porte sur les calculs utilisant la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) pour simuler des systèmes dans lesquels les effets à longue portée sont importants. Une emphase particulière est mise sur les calculs des énergies d’excitations, tout particulièrement dans le cadre des applications photovoltaïques. Cette thèse aborde ces calculs sous deux angles. Tout d’abord, des outils DFT déjà bien établis seront utilisés pour simuler des systèmes d’intérêt expérimental. Par la suite, la théorie sous-jacente à la DFT sera explorée, ses limites seront identifiées et de nouveaux développements théoriques remédiant à ceux-ci seront proposés. Ainsi, dans la première partie de cette thèse, des calculs numériques utilisant la DFT et la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité dépendante du temps (TDDFT) telles qu’implémentées dans le logiciel Gaussian [1] sont faits avec des fonctionnelles courantes sur des molécules et des polymères d’intérêt expérimental. En particulier, le projet présenté dans le chapitre 2 explore l’utilisation de chaînes latérales pour optimiser les propriétés électroniques de polymères déjà couramment utilisés en photovoltaïque organique. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’un choix judicieux de chaînes latérales permet de contrôler les propriétés électroniques de ces polymères et d’augmenter l’efficacité des cellules photovoltaïques les utilisant. Par la suite, le projet présenté dans le chapitre 3 utilise la TDDFT pour explorer les propriétés optiques de deux polymères, le poly-3-hexyl-thiophène (P3HT) et le poly-3-hexyl- sélénophène (P3HS), ainsi que leur mélange, dans le but d’appuyer les observations expérimentales indiquant la formation d’exciplexe dans ces derniers. Les calculs numériques effectués dans la première partie de cette thèse permettent de tirer plusieurs conclusions intéressantes, mais mettent également en évidence certaines limites de la DFT et de la TDDFT pour le traitement des états excités, dues au traitement approximatif de l’interaction coulombienne à longue portée. Ainsi, la deuxième partie de cette thèse revient aux fondements théoriques de la DFT. Plus précisément, dans le chapitre 4, une série de fonctionnelles modélisant plus précisément l’interaction coulombienne à longue portée grâce à une approche non-locale est élaborée. Ces fonctionnelles sont basées sur la WDA (weighted density approximation), qui est modifiée afin d’imposer plusieurs conditions exactes qui devraient être satisfaites par le trou d’échange. Ces fonctionnelles sont ensuite implémentées dans le logiciel Gaussian [1] et leurs performances sont évaluées grâce à des tests effectués sur une série de molécules et d’atomes. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que plusieurs de ces fonctionnelles donnent de meilleurs résultats que la WDA. De plus, ils permettrent de discuter de l’importance relative de satisfaire chacune des conditions exactes. / This thesis is about calculations using density functional theory (DFT) in order to simulate systems in which long range peoperties are important. Particular emphasis is put on excitation energies, especially in the context of applications in photovoltaics. These effects are adressed in two different ways. In the first place, well-established DFT tools are used to simulate systems of experimental interest. Secondly, DFT’s underlying theory will be explored, its limits will be identified and new theoretical developments will be suggested in reponse to them. For the first part of this thesis, numerical calculations using DFT and time- dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) as implemented in the Gaussian software system [1] are done with known functionals on molecules and polymers of experimental interest. In particular, the project presented in chapter 2 explores the use of lateral chains in order to optimize electronic properties of polymers which are already widely used in organic photovoltaics. The results obtained show that a judicious choice of lateral chains can allow good control of the electronic properties of these polymers and can make photovoltaic cells using these polymers more efficient. The project presented in chapter 3 uses TDDFT in order to explore the optical properties of two polymers, poly-3-hexyl-thiophene (P3HT) and poly- 3-hexyl-selenophene (P3HS) as well as a blend of these two polymers, in order to support experimental observations indicating an exciplex formation in the blend. The numerical calculations in the first part of this thesis allow us to make a few very interesting conclusions, however they also emphasize certain limitations of DFT and TDDFT when treating excited states, due to the approximate treatment of long-range Coulombic interactions. So, the second part of this thesis comes back to the theoretical foundations of DFT. To be more precise, in chapter 4, a series of functionals better modelizing long-range Coulombic interactions based on a non-local approach is elaborated. The functionals expand upon the weighted density approximation (WDA) and impose several exact conditions which should be satisfied by the exchange hole. These functionals are implemented in the Gaussian [1] software system and their performances are evaluated with tests on a series of atoms and molecules. The results obtained show that many of these functionals improve upon the WDA and they also provide some insight on the relative importance of satisfying each of the exact conditions.

No description available.

Photoelectron spectroscopy is an experimental method to study the electronic structure in matter. In this thesis, a combination of soft and hard X-ray based photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to obtain atomic level understanding of electronic structures and energy level alignments in mesoscopic solar cells. The thesis describes how the method can be varied between being surface and bulk sensitive and how to follow the structure linked to particular elements. The results were discussed with respect to the material function in mesoscopic solar cell configurations. The heart of a solar cell is the charge separation of photoexcited electrons and holes, and in a mesoscopic solar cell, this occurs at interfaces between different materials. Understanding the energy level alignment between the materials is important for developing the function of the device. In this work, it is shown that photoelectron spectroscopy can be used to experimentally follow the energy level alignment at interfaces such as TiO2/metal sulfide/polymer, as well as TiO2/perovskite. The electronic structures of two perovskite materials, CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbBr3 were characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and the results were discussed with support from quantum chemical calculations. The outermost levels consisted mainly of lead and halide orbitals and due to a relatively higher cross section for heavier elements, hard X-ray excitation was shown useful to study the position as well as the orbital character of the valence band edge. Modifications of the energy level positions can be followed by core level shifts. Such studies showed that a commonly used additive in mesoscopic solar cells, Li-TFSI, affected molecular hole conductors in the same way as a p-dopant. A more controlled doping can also be achieved by redox active dopants such as Co(+III) complexes and can be studied quantitatively with photoelectron spectroscopy methods. Hard X-rays allow studies of hidden interfaces, which were used to follow the oxidation of Ti in stacks of thin films for conducting glass. By the use of soft X-rays, the interface structure and bonding of dye molecules to mesoporous TiO2 or ZnO could be studied in detail. A combination of the two methods can be used to obtain a depth profiling of the sample.

Understanding the fundamentals of Organic semiconductors is crucial aspect towards the technological applications. Conjugated polymers have shown many interesting physical properties. Especially the electronic and optical properties of these materials have great impact on the daily life. Much work has been devoted to gain the knowledge on the electrical and photo physical properties of these materials. Despite the large number of studies in fabrication and characterisation on these devices some of the fundamental properties like charge transport, carrier generation and its control by doping are not well accomplished. The Thesis consists of 6 chapters. First chapter is a brief introduction on various properties of semiconducting polymers. Different charge transport models and their basic mechanisms are discussed. Chapter 2 discusses the synthesis, device making and experimental methods used to characterise the polymer devices. Chapter 3 is focused on transport properties in polypyrrole devices and its variation with different experimental conditions. Chapter 4 is aimed to understand the anomalies in the current-voltage characteristics appearing in some of the thiophene based devices. In Chapter 5, the impedance measurement technique is used to characterise the poly (3-hexylthiophene) devices and the outcomes are presented and chapter 6 summarises all the experimental results obtained in this thesis work and presents some future aspects and directions. Chapter 1: Some of the basic properties and recent advancements in the field of organic semiconductors are discussed in this chapter. Organic semiconductor devices based on conjugated polymers are now becoming alternatives to inorganic semiconductors in many fields. Mobility of these conjugated polymers can be increased by adding dopants and also by choosing appropriate metal contacts for charge injection and extraction. The complexity of the metal-polymer interfaces can be better understood by varying the carrier density and studying their transport properties with various experimental tools. Chapter 2: The polymer films prepared in this study are electrochemically deposited on to various conducting substrates. The doping and de-doping of the carriers is done by passing a current and reversing its polarity for different time intervals. Device structures for the measurements are obtained by making a top contact on top of the polymer layer. The current-voltage (I-V) and impedance measurements are carried out in metal-polymer-metal geometry. Temperature dependent studies down to 10 K were performed in a continuous flow cryostat to understand the role of temperature in transport studies. Impedance and light measurements are also carried out in the same geometry. Chapter 3: Transport measurements on polypyrrole devices have shown a space-charge limited (SCLC) conduction, which is also known as bulk property of the materials. I-V curves displayed non-ohmic behaviour at higher voltages and by varying the carrier density the devices show a transition from trap controlled SCLC to trap free/trap filled SCLC. Traps distribution and energies are estimated from the temperature dependent I-V measurements. Poole-Frenkel behaviour, i.e. field dependent mobility is observed in all the polypyrrole samples. The zero field mobility follows Arrhenius behaviour at higher temperatures. Also the temperature variation of mobility displays field dependent and field independent regimes in fully doped and lightly de-doped polypyrrole films. A zero-bias anomaly is observed as the field goes to zero value below 50 K, due to coulomb-blockade transport. Capacitance measurements have shown pseudo inductive behaviour at higher bias, which is also connected with trap-filling regime of PPy devices. Chapter 4: Current-Voltage anomalies are observed in polythiophene (PTh) and poly (3-methylthiophene) [P3MeT] based devices. The origin of this anomaly is not straight forward in polymer devices, so we investigated it in detail. We propose this is a property specific to the above two materials from various experimental studies. The anomalous behaviour appears when the bias is swept from negative to positive keeping the substrate deposited with polymer as anode. The magnitude of peak to valley current ratio (PVCR) which characterises the merit of device can be varied more than two orders of magnitude by varying the carrier density and as well as by varying scan rate. Since the trap states are also one of the reasons for the origin of this anomaly the rate of filling of these states can be helpful in tuning the magnitude of PVCR. Photo generated carriers in the above devices also help in tuning and controlling the magnitude of anomaly, which can make this device as a suitable candidate for opto-electronic studies. Different conductive substrates such as indium tin oxide, platinum, gold and stainless steel are used for deposition of the above polymers. Top contacts (gold, silver and aluminium) have been also varied to understand the origin of this anomaly. Anomalies are observed with all these different substrates and different top contacts. Finally impedance measurements have shown an elongated tail in the Cole-Cole plot in the region of NDR. Chapter 5: Impedance measurements on poly (3-hexylthiophene) devices have shown different relaxation mechanism by varying the doping concentration. For moderately doped devices the relaxation mechanism is classical Debye-type, whereas for highly de-doped samples the relaxation time of the carriers is distributed. Charge transport parameters such as contact resistance, mobility and conduction mechanism details can be obtained by identifying and fitting the data to the equivalent circuit model. The relaxation time of the carriers can give rough estimation of mobility and capacitance. The capacitance variation with applied bias gives the nature of conduction mechanism in the devices. If the capacitance variation is unaffected by the applied bias the transport is bulk limited, if it changes significantly the transport can be considered as either contact limited or depletion layer controlled. Current-Voltage measurements also show that Schottky behaviour is present in all the devices. The rectification ratio varies with doping concentration; at one optimum doping concentration the rectification is very high. I-V measurements on P3MeT devices with varying carrier density have shown a transition in the conduction mechanism from SCLC to contact limited. In the devices with less carrier density the contact limited mechanism is dominating at lower bias voltage and as the bias increases the bulk limited transport takes over. This highlights the role of carrier density in the transport mechanism. Chapter 6: The conclusions from all the works presented in the thesis are summarised in this chapter. Some of the future directions works are presented.

The main motivation of this thesis is derived from the fact that physics of disordered systems like conjugated polymer has yet not achieved as concrete understanding as ordered and crystalline systems such as inorganic semiconductors. Through the work done in this thesis, several efforts have been made in order to understand basic charge transport (hopping, current injection) phenomena and photo-physical properties (photoluminescence quenching, absorption, photoconductivity) in conjugated polymer and their hybrid composites. The thesis consists of 7 chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the background knowledge and information of the general properties of conjugated polymers, quantum dots and their hybrid nanocomposites. Chapter 2 deals with the sample preparation and experimental techniques used in this thesis. Chapter 3 elaborates the temperature and field dependent anisotropic charge transport in polypyrrole. Chapter 4 presents an idea to probe and correlate disorder and transport properties using impedance and Raman spectroscopy. Chapter 5 mainly talks about the doping level dependent photophysical and electrical properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene). Chapter 6 reveals the charge transport phenomena in hybrid composites of poly(3,4-ethyldioxythiophene):polysterene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and cadmium telluride quantum dots. Chapter 1: Conjugated polymers and their hybrid systems are easily processible and cost effective material having huge scope for advanced materials of the future. Although variable range hopping (VRH) is widely accepted to model charge transport in π-conjugated systems, but at very low temperatures, high fields, high carrier concentrations one need to explore other models. Conjugated polymers are anisotropic intrinsically. Therefore, anisotropic charge transport can provide basic insights about the physics of charge hopping. Quantum dots, and their hybrid nanocomposites with semiconducting polymers receiving a huge attention for light emission and photovoltaic purposes. It is important to learn about the charge injection,barrier heights, etc. in order to achieve efficient hybrid devices. Chapter 2: Synthesis of the samples, both conjugated polymers and quantum dots, and fabrication of hybrid devices is an important and integral part of this thesis. An Electropolymerization technique is used for making polymer samples on conducting substrates. This is quite interesting because one can tune doping level, disorder and thickness simultaneously. Hydrothermal process is adopted to get highly aqua-dispersible quantum dots. Samples are characterized by different techniques like Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy. Photoluminescence, UV-Vis absorption, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are used to explore several properties of the polymer and hybrid nanocomposites. Chapter 3: It is known that conjugated polymers are intrinsically one–dimensional materials. Therefore it is important to learn anisotropic behavior of these complex systems. Hence, a comparison of electronic transport to their morphology has been carried out and role of carrier density and disorder is discussed further. Both in-plane and out-of-plane charge transport is studied in electrochemically deposited polypyrrole on platinum. Strong anisotropy is observed in the system which is correlated to granular morphology. Field dependence of anisotropic conductivity is also explored. Field scaling analysis shows that all field dependent curves of conductance at different temperatures can fall on to single master curve. Glazman – Matveev model is used to describe nonlinear conduction in field dependence and nonlinearity exponent is estimated. Disorder and carrier density along with the morphological structure like length and orientation of polymer chains with stacking arrangement of different layers in PPy films play an important role in governing the anisotropy in transport properties. Chapter 4: Two different techniques, namely impedance and Raman spectroscopies are used to probe disorder and transport properties in the polypyrrole. An effort is made to correlate the transport properties to the morphology by probing disorder via two different spectroscopic techniques. Frequency dependence of both real and imaginary part has shown that disorder and inhomogeneity varies in different PPy devices, which thus affect the transport properties like conductivity and mobility. Mobility values along the thickness direction for each sample reveal the impact of disorder on out-of¬plane geometry. A circuit based on consideration of the distributed relaxation times, is successfully used to obtain the best fit for the Cole–Cole plot of various PPy devices. FWHM of the de-convoluted peaks of Raman spectra is attributed to the change in distribution of the conjugation length in the PPy films. Chapter 5: The main focus of this chapter is the qualitative exploration of different photo-physical and electrical properties of electropolymerized poly(3-hexylthiophene) and their dependence on doping level. Photoluminescence quenching, band edge shifting in absorption spectra, electrochromic effect, significant enhancement in photocurrent at optimum doping level, two relaxation behaviors in reactance spectra and presence of negative capacitance at low frequencies are distinct features which are observed in poly(3-hexylthiophene) in this work. Quenching in photoluminescence intensity is attributed to charge transfer occurring between polymer chains and dopant ions. Two semicircles in the Cole-Cole plots refer to two type of relaxation process occurring in bulk layer and at interface. Frequency response of capacitance at higher bias and lo side of frequency shows a negative capacitance due to the relaxation mechanism associated with the space-charge effect. Chapter 6: Synthesis of quantum dots and fabrication of hybrid devices is one of the catchy parts of this chapter. Huge quenching photoluminescence intensity and very high increment (~ 400 %) in photocurrent clearly depict the charge transfer at molecular level. Temperature dependent current–voltage characteristics show the absence of thermionic emission since the barrier height is more than the thermal energy of the carriers. Further analysis confirms that the charge carrier injection of ITO/PPCdTe3/Al device is controlled by tunneling processes. The hybrid system has shown a peculiar transition from direct tunneling to Fowler–Nordheim tunneling mechanism which is because of the change in shape of the barrier height from trapezoidal to triangular type with increase in applied electric field. Chapter 7: The conclusions of the different works presented in this thesis are coherently summarized in this thesis. Thoughts and prospective for future directions are also summed up.

Halbleiter aus organischen Molekülen sind aufgrund ihres hervorragenden Absorptionsverhaltens vielversprechende Funktionsmaterialien für den Einsatz in der Photovoltaik. Dank neuester Entwicklungen konnte auch der Wirkungsgrad organischer Solarzellen mit bis zu 20% zu alternativen photovoltaischen Systemen, wie zum Beispiel anorganisch-organischer Perovskit-Solarzellen, aufschließen. Im Allgemeinen werden in organischen Molekülen zunächst stark gebundene Elektron-Loch-Paare durch absorbierte Photonen angeregt. Erst nach einer Verkleinerung der Bindungsenergie lassen sich die beiden Ladungsträger effizient voneinander trennen und extrahieren. In organischen Solarzellen hat sich dafür eine heterogene Vermischung von zwei molekularen Halbleitern mit unterschiedlicher Elektronenaffinität etabliert: An der Grenzfläche zwischen den Materialphasen kommt es zu einem Elektronentransfer von Donator- zu Akzeptormolekülen. Diese schwach gebundenen Ladungstransferzustände definieren die elektrische Leistung der Solarzelle, in dem sie einen hohen Photostrom ermöglichen, gleichzeitig aber einen Spannungsverlust aufgrund der verringerten Energie der Ladungsträger verursachen. Insbesondere hat die energetische Mikroumgebung an Donator-Akzeptor-Grenzfläche einen großen Einfluss auf das makroskopisch abgefasste, elektrische Potential der gesamten organischen Solarzelle. Hier setzt diese Arbeit an, indem der Einfluss von statischer energetischer Unordnung und dynamischer Reorganisation auf den Ladungstransfer untersucht wird. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Beobachtung organischer Solarzellen im thermischen Gleichgewicht. Mit spektroskopischen Untersuchungen des Absorptionsverhaltens sowie der Photoemission unter Injektionsbedingungen werden die energetischen Eigenschaften der Ladungstransferzustände sichtbar gemacht. Dabei werden konsequent temperaturabhängige Methoden zum Einsatz gebracht und in Verbindung zu einer exakten Bestimmung der maximalen Leerlaufspannung der Solarzellen gesetzt. Um fehlerhafte Interpretationen der vermessenen Spektren auszuschließen liegt ein Schwerpunkt auf der Überprüfung der Solarzellentemperatur anhand der elektro-optischen Reziprozitätsrelation, deren Gültigkeit für organische Solarzellen hier über einen Temperaturbereich von 175 K nachgewiesen wird. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass spektrale Merkmale, welche bislang der statischen Unordnung zugeschrieben wurden, sich allein mit dynamischer Reorganisation der molekularen Umgebung erklären lassen. Für das Design von Funktionsmaterialien bedeutet die Dominanz von dynamischen Prozessen, dass die gezielte Variation von molekularen Strukturen erfolgversprechender für die Optimierung des Ladungstransfers ist, als Eingriffe in die morphologisch bedingte Unordnung. Im Weiteren wird in dieser Arbeit der Einfluss von charakteristischen Polymerattributen auf den Ladungstransfer untersucht, sowie Modellerweiterungen für Ladungstransferzustände diskutiert, welche noch vorhandene Widersprüche zwischen Theorie und Messungen aufklären könnten.

No description available.