Det här examensarbetet undersöker vilka effekter en undervisning med matematikhistorisk prägel har på eleverna, samt vilka faktorer i en sådan undervisning som kan påverka utfallet. När matematikhistoria betraktas som ett verktyg i matematikundervisningen förväntas elever påverkas affektivt och/eller kognitivt. Med synen på matematikhistoria som ett verktyg är två strategier för undervisning lämpliga – historisk upplysning och historiska paket. Med historisk upplysning inkluderas matematikhistoria i matematikundervisningen genom kortare anekdotiska inslag eller problem. Historiska paket är små moduler i undervisningen, som behandlar ett avgränsat ämne inom matematiken, och har en nära koppling tillläroplanen. Analysen genomfördes utifrån en litteraturstudie, och visar att båda strategiernakan påverka eleverna affektivt och kognitivt. Faktorer som kan påverka utfallet är elevernas ålder och förkunskaper, lärarens kompetens, graden av interaktivitet i undervisningen ochdet material som används. / This thesis investigates potential effects on students from including history of mathematics inmathematics education, and what circumstances within such education can influence the outcome. When the history of mathematics is considered a tool in teaching, pupils are expected to be influenced in a cognitive and/or affective way. From this perspective, two strategies are considered appropriate – the illumination approach or historical packages. The illumination approach includes short historical anecdotes or problems, whereas the historical packages are designed to teach an isolated subject within mathematics and are closely connected to the curriculum. The analysis was based on a literature study and shows that both strategies can influence pupils in a cognitive and affective way. Circumstances that influence the outcome are the age and previous knowledge of the pupils, teacher competence, the level of interactivity amongst the pupils and the material used in the teaching.

With the exception of holders of default-free instruments, a key risk run by investors is credit risk. To meet the need of investors to hedge this risk, the market uses credit derivatives. The South African credit derivatives market is still in its infancy and only the very simplistic instruments are traded. One of the reasons is due to the technical sophistication required in pricing these instruments. This dissertation introduces the key concepts of risk neutral probabilities, arbitrage free pricing, martingales, default probabilities, survival probabilities, hazard rates and forward spreads. These mathematical concepts are then used as a building block to develop pricing formulae which can be used to infer valuations to the most popular credit derivatives in the South African financial markets. / Operations Research / M.Sc. (Operations Research)

Résumé : Tout comme l’aéronautique, l’industrie aérospatiale s’est tournée progressivement vers l’emploi des coques à base des matériaux composites. Cette transition a permis d’alléger considérablement les structures aéronautiques et aérospatiales, et par conséquent, a réduit la consommation de carburants ainsi que l’impact écologique des aéronefs et des lanceurs. Toutefois, la loi de masse stipule que cela ne peut être sans conséquence sur la perte par transmission acoustique des panneaux, surtout sur les basses fréquences. Que ce soit pour la conformité aux exigences des normes aéronautiques en terme de niveau de pression acoustique à l’intérieur des cabines ou la protection des charges utiles dans les coiffes des lanceurs, les traitements acoustiques ciblant les basses fréquences s’avèrent un défi d’envergure. En effet, avec des contraintes très strictes de minimum de masse et de volume ajoutés, il est difficile de traiter les problèmes d’absorption acoustique basses-fréquences, avec les traitements phoniques classiques. Afin de tirer avantage des effets résonants pour améliorer l’absorption sur les basses fréquences, ce projet se propose d’étudier l’intégration d’écrans résistifs à très faibles épaisseurs dans les revêtements acoustiques, tout en minimisant le poids. Il a été proposé dans le cadre de la chaire industrielle de recherche en aéroacoustique dont les principaux bailleurs de fonds sont Bombardier aerospace, Pratt & whitney et Bell helicopter. Aussi, des travaux de recherche connexes se sont déroulés en partenariat avec ULA (United Launch Alliance). Ce travail de maîtrise comporte une partie bibliographique qui présente une étude exhaustive des traitements basses-fréquences existants, tout en y portant un regard critique. La partie théorique met particulièrement l’emphase sur les différents modèles de propagation d’onde et les phénomènes de dissipations dans les milieux poreux. Dans cette partie, on dénombre également les différents types d’écrans ainsi que les modèles de propagation correspondants. Des critères permettant une étude comparative objective du point de vue masse/performance ont été proposés. En plus des paramètres non acoustiques, les conditions de montage et d’agencement des couches ont été étudiées avec des simulations numériques appuyées par des mesures expérimentales. Dans l’avant dernier chapitre, un modèle SEA (Statical Energy Analysis) d’une coiffe de lanceur a été construit avec tous ses détails à partir d’un exemple concret. Les simulations se sont terminées avec une étude comparative de la réduction de niveau de pression acoustique dans la coiffe. Le dernier chapitre résume les principaux résultats et conclusions de cette étude. / Abstract : Over the last few decades, the aerospace industry has witnessed a significant emergence of the use of composite shells. The latter are continuously replacing the metallic ones. This transition allowed a significant weight reduction of flying structures. Consequently, it substantially lessened the fuel consumption and mitigated the environmental footprint of aircrafts and space launch vehicles. However, evoking the mass law, this transition clearly cannot be without consequences on the acoustic transmission loss of fuselage panels. Neither can it be on payload fairings, especially over the low frequencies. Whether to meet with the standards and regulations in terms of acoustic pressure levels inside the pressurized cabins or to protect the payloads inside the launchers fairings, acoustic treatments design targeting the low frequencies seems to be a challenging issue. Indeed, with very stringent constraints in terms of added weight and volume, it is difficult to deal with the low frequencies noise and vibration, using passive monolayers. In order to take advantage of the resonant effects in enhancing low frequencies absorption, this work intends to investigate the integration of heavy treatments of very low thicknesses in acoustic coatings while minimizing weight. It was conducted within the frame work of the industrial research chair in aeroacoustics, whose main funders are : Bombardier Aerospace, Pratt & Whitney and Bell Helicopter. Also, other related researches were jointly carried out in partnership with ULA (United Launch Alliance). This master thesis includes a bibliographical section which consists of an overview of the existing low-frequencies solutions while keeping a critical eye on most of them. The following theoretical part focuses on the different models describing wave s’ propagation and dissipation phenomena in porous media. In the same section, we also list the different types of screens and the corresponding propagation models. Criteria for an objective comparative study in terms of weight versus performance were suggested. In addition to non-acoustic parameters, the layout and the mounting conditions of the acoustic packages were also investigated by means of numerical simulations, seconded by experimental measurements. In the penultimate chapter, an SEA detailed model of a launcher fairing was built based on data taken from a concrete example. The simulations ended with a comparative study of the sound pressure level reduction in the inner fairing cavity. The final chapter summarizes the main findings, conclusions and perspectives of this study.

The aim of this degree project was to study the use and presence of plastic in municipal large-scale catering establishments from preschool to high school and in geriatric care. It was also to get a deeper knowledge about the substance BPA and the plastic PVC and their connection with food. The third aim was to lay forward some suggestions for Eskilstuna about continued work and substitution in their municipal large-scale kitchens. The means for data gathering was databases, websites, scientific reports, on site visits, interviews, online survey and communication by phone and email. The result from the case study was that plastic articles as containers, disposable materials, utensils and food packages for storing food were used in hot, ambient, cold and freezing temperatures. Nine types of plastic were found: PP, PE, PC, PVC, PA, PS, PET, melanin and SAN. All large-scale kitchens had disposable gloves, plastic films and plastic bags. In the first two examples, some brands were made of PVC-plastic. PC-plastic was found in some drinking glasses, plastic food pans, utensils, bowls and jugs. BPA is a common additive in production of PC-plastic and therefore these articles may contain BPA. Between all ten municipal large-scale kitchens, there are some differences and similarities. Of all the kitchens, no one had exactly the same articles or methods, and some had also special routines that differed from the others. The suggestions to Eskilstuna municipality were to remove those articles that contained BPA or chlorinated plastics (especially those products that already had an alternative on the procurement contract), contact the suppliers and wholesalers and ask which products that both are made of PC and contain BPA or other bisphenols, develop a exchange plan for products that do not fulfil the future regulations of KRAV and finally demand in procurement that the product do not contain BPA, PVC or other chlorinated plastics. / KRAV-certifiering av kommunala storkök inom Eskilstuna kommun

The law of railway transportation is a phenomenon affecting several other law branches in particular European Law, Commercial Law and Administrative Law. This thesis focuses on the last mentioned branch, i.e. Administrative Law. This thesis does not cover this issue comprehensively; however, it gives fundamental and comprehensive views on the issue. In addition to information on current legal situation and its background it provides information about the history of law of railway transportation and includes the topic of public transport services. In last twenty years the initiator of changes in law of railway transportation is mainly the European Union, which gradually liberalizes the railway transportation. Both national legislation and public services reflect and adapt to these changes. After summarising the history of law railway transportation this thesis gives overview on the important European legislation which determines national legislation in the Czech Republic. The main part of this thesis is about legislation issues in law of railway transportation in the Czech Republic. It focuses on the organisation of public administration according to the Railway Act and the jurisdiction of the Rail Administrative Authority including some aspects of the administrative proceedings there. It mentions...

Principe de droit coutumier longtemps honoré, le droit de refuge n’est plus. Les catastrophes de l’« Erika » et du « Prestige », et entre les deux, le périple du « Castor », ont largement mis en lumière cette réalité. À l’origine de ce déclin, les progrès techniques. Certains ayant permis la sauvegarde des marins en perdition sans nécessiter le déroutement du navire vers un abri. D’autres ayant eu pour conséquence de rendre dangereux et polluants la navigation.Le phénomène dit de « lèpre maritime » fut la constante, la pratique adoptée par les États côtiers confrontés à des navires en difficulté susceptibles de porter atteinte à leurs intérêts. Décrit ainsi, le réflexe se perçoit comme légitime. Mais voilà, l’automatisme peut pousser à l’absurde alors que les progrès, encore eux mais a contrario cette fois-ci, permettent de mesurer et tempérer les risques et ainsi revenir vers la voie naturelle du refuge même en présence de navires potentiellement dangereux et/ou polluants / Principle of customary international law which was honored a long time, the right of refuge for ships in distress is in the present day eroded. The disasters of the « Erika » and the « Prestige », and between these two, the event of the « Castor », have largely emphasized this reality.At the origin of this decline, we found technical progresses. Some having permitted rescue of the sailors in distress without requiring the ship to be granted a safe haven. Others having had for consequence to make navigation dangerous and pollutant.The phenomenon known as of « maritime lepers » has been the constant, the practice adopted by the coastal States confronted with ships in distress likely to threaten their interests. Described in this manner, the reflex can be perceived like legitimate. But, the automatism can conduct to the absurdity whereas progresses, but a contrario this time, make possible to measure and moderate the risks and, in consequence, to return towards the natural way of the refuge even in the presence of potentially dangerous and/or polluting ships

The beginning of diploma thesis is about economic crisis, then it deals more specifically with the characteristics of the anti-crisis fiscal measures, which the Czech Republic and Slovakia have adopted to reduce the effects of economic crisis. These measures are described in detail and accompanied by tables and graphs, I set their goals, advantages and disadvantages. The aim of the thesis is to compare anti-crisis measures in the Czech and Slovak Republic and to say which of them is more efficient.

Student Number : 9908223M - PhD thesis - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / This thesis examines the status and role of parliamentary committees in democratic theory with a view to critically assessing the performance of one such committee, the South African version of the PAC, SCOPA. It advances a pluralist theory of popular sovereignty according to which there is no single institutional complex or site, which exclusively expresses the will of the people. The latter is the case in monist theories, which reduce democracy to its practice in a single site. Rousseau and Weber are critically examined in this connection. In the pluralist notion advanced in this thesis the popular will is expressed and realized in a plurality of institutional sites and modalities of exercise. On this perspective parliamentary committees perform a function vital to the constitution of popular sovereignty itself. They are indispensable to the formation by the people of an accurate perception by it of what the Executive is doing in its name. Their investigative work is thus constitutive of the formation of a democratic subject and will. Parliamentary committees are thus central to the satisfaction of the conditions of the deliberative dimension of democracy. On this definition, parliamentary committees must in addition themselves conform to the principles of deliberation in their own practice. This specifically deliberative conception of democracy is then further delineated by distinguishing it from the aggregation – majoritarian perspective and defending it against a variety of criticisms, including that of Chantal Mouffe. With this conceptual and normative framework in place, the British and American committee systems are examined in order to establish some reference points in terms of the institutional practice of parliamentary committees. The focus then shifts to the parliamentary committees of the South African Parliament. The constitutional and legal foundation for parliamentary committees (in the South African system) is examined with particular reference to SCOPA itself and the first five years of the new parliamentary committee system identified as a period during which several South African parliamentary committees, including SCOPA, effectively exercised their “oversight” function. Once the Government’s SDP entered the scene all things changed. This thesis examines the formation of the JIT, paying particular attention to the exclusion of the HSIU and the interventions of the Speaker, Hon Frene Ginwala. It identifies in close detail all the flaws in the SDP procurement process as well as the contradictions and lacunae in the final JIT Report itself. These are of such a magnitude as to render unreasonable any claim to the contrary and in endorsing the Report SCOPA thus clearly failed in its essential function. The notion of a threshold concept of reasonable adequacy is introduced as limiting the conditions under which committee decisions can legitimately be taken via majority voting. The argument is advanced that these were clearly not met in the case of the SCOPA decision under discussion. The implications of this “collapse” of SCOPA for South African democracy more broadly are then identified and discussed in terms of deliberative democratic theory.

本研究探討外國機構投資人交易行為及其對股票市場的衝擊，參考 Chan and Lokonishok(1995)的交易期間(trading package)觀念，分析外國機構投資人的持股內容及易行為，以了解其選股決策，並驗證其交易行為是否存在正向回應現象；及研究外國機構投資人的交易行為所產生的市場衝擊，以了解外資進出對國內股票市場穩定性的影響，並進一步研究交易完成後的股價回復現象及短期績效表現。 本研究的樣本期間為包括民國 84 年至民國 86 年底，樣本資料包含每日股價資料、每日外國機構投資人的持股明細、以及所有上市個股的財務資料。經實驗後發現，可能是基於風險控管和模擬臺灣股價指數的考量，外國機構投資人傾向買賣大型績優個股；在相同交易行為上，通常有持續十日的現象，且每一次交易的張數並不大。此外，明顯存在著正向回應情形、顯著的市場衝擊和短暫的股價回復現象，如同國外相同的研究結果，本研究亦發現外國機構投資人在買和賣不同的交易行為上，存在著不對稱的影響。 / The study is to Investigate the trading behavior of foreign institutional investors and its market impact on stock prices. The purposes of the study are as follows: First, to analyze the holding characteristics and trading behavior of foreign institutional investors in order to understand their stocks selection decisions and test if positive feedback behavior exists. Second, to analyze the market impacts on Taiwan stock market stability. Finally, after finishing each trading behavior, to observe the trend of stock prices in order to test if price reversion exists and how their short-term performance are. Form empirical studies, foreign institutional investors tend to hold stocks of large-size firms probably because of controlling investment risk and simulation Taiwan stock index. Besides, analyzing their trading activities, positive feedback bahavior, market impacts and price reversion really exist and are significant. According to our study, we found that buying and selling activities have asymmetric impact on stock prices. The conclusion is the same as foreign studies.

With the exception of holders of default-free instruments, a key risk run by investors is credit risk. To meet the need of investors to hedge this risk, the market uses credit derivatives. The South African credit derivatives market is still in its infancy and only the very simplistic instruments are traded. One of the reasons is due to the technical sophistication required in pricing these instruments. This dissertation introduces the key concepts of risk neutral probabilities, arbitrage free pricing, martingales, default probabilities, survival probabilities, hazard rates and forward spreads. These mathematical concepts are then used as a building block to develop pricing formulae which can be used to infer valuations to the most popular credit derivatives in the South African financial markets. / Operations Research / M.Sc. (Operations Research)