Šio darbo tema – Palazzo tipo rūmai XVI–XVIII a. Vilniaus architektūroje. Pažymėtina, kad Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Vilniaus architektūros istoriografijoje rezidencijų klausimui skirta pakankamai daug dėmesio, tačiau tipologiniu atžvilgiu atskiri sostinės rūmai beveik nenagrinėjami. Pagrindiniu šio tyrimo objektu yra Renesanso epochoje susiformavusi miesto rezidencija – palazzo. Savo darbe autorius analizuoja minėto tipo rūmų paplitimo lygį renesansinėje, barokinėje ir klasicistinėje Vilniaus architektūroje, išskirdamas šio modelio bei jo stilistinių formų recepcijos ypatybes. Darbą sudaro trys dalys, iš kurių pirmoji yra įvadinė. Joje suformuluotas darbo objektas, iškelti probleminiai klausimai, nustatyti tikslai ir uždaviniai bei tyrimo metodai. Antroji dalis yra teorinio pobūdžio, joje kalbama apie palazzo reiškinį. Pirmiausia, bandoma išsiaiškinti rūmų fenomeną nuo pačių seniausių laikų iki renesanso, po to nagrinėjamas Renesanso epochos miesto rezidencijos klausimas, išsiaiškinamos socialinės ir ekonominės šios rezidencinės architektūros prielaidos bei analizuojama palazzo raida nuo ankstyviausios renesanso stadijos iki manierizmo. Toliau nagrinėjama įtališkųjų miesto rūmų recepcija bendraeuropiniame kontekste. Pagrindinis pirmojo skyriaus tikslas – parodyti itališkojo tipo rezidencijų specifiką, jų planinę ir erdvinę struktūrą ir būdingiausias eksterjero detales, siekiant pritaikyti bendrus kriterijus, kurie padėtų tipologiškai suklasifikuoti analogiško... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The topic of this paper is palazzo type palaces in Vilnius architecture in the 16th–18th centuries. It should be noticed that in the historiography of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (henceforth GDL) and Vilnius architecture the question of residences has received sufficient attention. However, from the point of view of typology, separate palaces of the capital are scarcely analyzed. The main object of this research is palazzo – an urban residence, which formed in the Renaissance époque. The author of this paper analyzes the spread of the latter type of palaces in the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicistic architecture of Vilnius. In addition, the peculiarities of this model and its stylistic forms are distinguished. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part the object is formulated, the problematic questions are raised and the aims as well as methods are set. The second part is theoretical. It presents an overview of the phenomenon of palazzo. At first, an attempt to investigate the phenomenon of the palaces from the earliest times till the Renaissance is made. Later on, the question of an urban residence in the époque of Renaissance is examined, social and economical assumptions about this residential architecture are tested, and the development of palazzo from the earliest stage of Renaissance till the Mannerism is analyzed. Further on, the reception of Italian urban palaces in the general European context is analyzed. The basic aim of the first part is to show the... [to full text]

Thesis (doctoral) - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

Between 1961 and 1963 a large terraced Etruscan building on the southside of the Acropolis at the archaeological site of San Giovenale in Italy was excavated. The building, named House K, remained largely unpublished and unstudied throughout the years, leaving our picture of the ancient settlement at San Giovenale incomplete. This thesis aims to get a better understanding of the Etruscan architecture, settlement, culture, and society at San Giovenale, by doing an architectural analysis of the building of House K, using unpublished field journals, drawings, and photographs. By comparing the architecture of House K and any structural elements immediately connected with the building, to other structures at San Giovenale, as well as other Etruscan sites, this thesis set out to learn: what kind of structure House K is; what function it had; what its relative dating is; what role it played in the settlement at San Giovenale; and what it can tell us regarding the society and culture at San Giovenale. Using environment-behaviour relations and building archaeology, the study first examined the structural elements of House K, before comparing House K to other structures at San Giovenale built 700–400 BCE. Thereafter, the study looked at parallels outside of San Giovenale, looking at the sites of Acquarossa, Luni sul Mignone, Poggio Civitate, Cerveteri, Pyrgi, Montetosto, Vulci, and Narce. Finally, a discussion was had regarding the character and function of House K, whether it was public, private, sacred, or profane. In the course of the study, an architectural chronology of San Giovenale was established, which dated the construction date of House K to between c. 565 BCE and the late 6th century BCE. The interpretation of the function of House K that seems most probable is that it was a monumental building complex of administrative, political and/or religious significance, which probably also acted as a residence for the ruling elite at San Giovenale – in other words: a palazzo. House K being a palazzo would mean that there was a centralised authority at San Giovenale, suggesting that there was some sort of ruler or leader at the top of the social hierarchy, splitting the social division at San Giovenale further than it was previously believed to have been.

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En 1482, lorsque la construction du palazzo del Vaso s’achève sous le cardinal Giuliano della Rovere (1443-1513), l’édification d’imposants palais au cœur de la ville de Rome consiste en une pratique que se réservent, presque exclusivement, les Princes de l’Église. Manifestation ostensible du pouvoir, les riches et puissantes familles de la capitale ne tardent pas, dès le tournant du XVIe siècle, à s’approprier à leur tour cette prérogative dans le but de légitimer leur statut social. Certes, l’architecture extérieure du palais demeure, pour ces familles, un moyen efficace d’y parvenir, mais à plus forte raison, le décor intérieur – mobilier, frises, plafonds de bois peints, etc. – devient un dispositif didactique de prédilection qui permet au commanditaire d’articuler ses visions politiques à l’intérieur de programmes iconographiques savamment élaborés. Suivant cette perspective, ce mémoire souhaite interroger une composante du décor rarement examinée par la discipline de l’histoire de l’art : le plafond de bois peint. À cet effet, celui commandité par Marcantonio II Colonna (1535-1584) pour le salone du palazzo del Vaso (Colonna) de Rome fait ici office de cas d’étude. En tant que l’une des plus anciennes familles baronniales romaines, alliée des impériaux espagnols, la famille Colonna est ponctuellement impliquée, au cours de son histoire, dans des conflits qui l’opposent à la papauté, notamment à partir de 1557, année où Marcantonio II Colonna devient le chef de la famille. Ainsi, il s’agira d’abord de recenser les variantes structurelles et les modalités d’ornementation des plafonds de bois de la Renaissance pour identifier celui du salone. Puis, nous procéderons à une première interprétation iconographique de son programme peint afin de montrer de quelle manière cette composante décorative véhicule un message politique, directement lié aux enjeux du clan Colonna. / Under the order of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere (1443-1513), the construction of Palazzo del Vaso was completed in 1482, a time when virtually all major palace constructions in the heart of Rome were restricted to the Princes of the Church. From the 16th century onwards, the leading wealthy families of the Italian capital appropriated this prerogative in order to legitimize their social status. The architecture of these palaces, as well as interior decoration such as furniture, friezes, painted wooden ceilings, etc., became symbols of status and power. Interior decoration also served as a didactic device that allowed the owner to articulate his political views within sophisticated iconographic programmes. From this perspective, the purpose of this thesis is to examine a décor component rarely addressed by art historians: the painted wooden ceiling. The ceiling commissioned by Marcantonio II Colonna (1535-1584) for the salone of the Palazzo del Vaso (Colonna) in Rome will serve as a case study. The Colonnas, traditionally pro-Spanish and one of the oldest Roman baronial families, were frequently involved in conflicts with the papacy, especially during the period when Marcantonio II Colonna was head of the household, from 1557. The structural variants and modalities of ornamentation specific to Renaissance wooden painted ceilings will be explored in order to form an in-depth analysis of the ceiling of the salone. Lastly, a first iconographic interpretation of its painted programme will be provided in order to demonstrate the conveyance of political messages directly linked to the stakes of the Colonna family.

In Italy the first half of the Cinquecento was marked by both flourishing artistic innovation and deep-seated religious uncertainty, the latter revealing itself most clearly in a widespread impetus towards reform. The relationship between these two cultural spheres--long a fraught problem in art historical scholarship--is made visually manifest in the religious works produced by the Florentine painter Jacopo da Pontormo. By re-examining Pontormo's three monumental religious commissions--the Certosa del Galluzzo (1522-27), the Capponi Chapel (1525-28), and the choir of San Lorenzo (1545-1557)--this dissertation maps the complex dialogue between artistic and devotional practice that characterized this era. Further, in highlighting the active role of the painter in this dynamic I propose a not only a new understanding of Pontormo, but also enrich our current notions of artistic agency in the Renaissance period. The foundation of these arguments derives from a re-evaluation of the specific historical context on the one hand, and the implementation of a broader framework of visual culture on the other. Taking its cue from Giorgio Vasari's 1568 edition of The Lives of the Artists, modern scholarship has tended to view much of the art from the early sixteenth century through a post-Tridentine lens; paintings are labeled controversial or heretical, when in fact such notions would not have been relevant in these earlier decades. Published five years after the conclusion of the Council of Trent, Vasari's Lives is predominantly characterized by the author's own attempts to codify artistic pedagogy and style in the service of the Medici Duchy, whose newly consolidated ties with the papacy were of primary importance. A further difficulty presented by following Vasari's example is the relatively narrow view of the artistic environment that his account affords. Aimed as it was towards the social elevation of the individual Renaissance artist, Vasari's narrative undervalues the importance of other genres and media--such as prints, Mystery plays, terracotta sculptures, and sacri monti--to the work of well-established painters like Pontormo. Each chapter examines a single, monumental project, delineating the artist's responsiveness to, and engagement with, the unique devotional and artistic challenges inherent to the individual commission. Chapter One resituates Pontormo's use of the maniera tedesca within the broader contexts of northern devotional practices and the parallels they form with affective strategies employed by other genres including sacre rappresentazioni and sacri monti. Chapter Two focuses on the painter's decision to portray himself the guise of Nicodemus, and the ways in which this identification evoked an entire web of historical associations--linked to hagiographic tradition and local legend--that would have been accessible to contemporary viewers. Finally, in Chapter Three I investigate Pontormo's pictorial approach, which combined an overarching diagrammatic simplicity with a complex, allusive figural language, as a means of communicating to the different levels of Florentine society that would have been his audience in this important parish church.

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