Rome et Éphèse sont deux villes portuaires emblématiques de la Méditerranée antique ; la première fut le centre de l’Empire romain et la seconde devint la capitale romaine d’Asie mineure à la fin du 1er s. av. J.-C. Leur rayonnement économique et commercial en Méditerranée reposa notamment sur leur système portuaire. Cette étude a pour vocation de retranscrire le développement économique de ces deux cités par le signal des paléo-pollutions. Pour mener à bien ces travaux, nous avons prélevé des carottes dans les archives sédimentaires des bassins portuaires sur lesquels les isotopes du plomb ont été mesurés. La reconstitution des paléo-environnements par la géochimie élémentaire a été un préalable indispensable. Sur le temps long, la dynamique des masses d’eau portuaires fut visiblement soumise à la progradation des systèmes deltaïques, ainsi qu’aux interventions humaines qui modifièrent les environnements aquatiques initialement ouverts et bien oxygénés au profit de milieux fermés en déficit de dioxygène. Ce confinement des bassins portuaires franchit un seuil irréversible pour la navigation dès lors qu’un régime épilimnique se mit en place en raison d’une trop faible profondeur de la colonne d’eau. Les niveaux de contamination au plomb ont relativement bien enregistré l’état de santé économique de Rome et d’Éphèse qui évolua notamment au gré des périodes de prospérité et de troubles. Cependant, l’évolution des conditions environnementales et les multiples dragages semblent avoir altéré une partie de ces enregistrements. Les données isotopiques du plomb, converties en paramètres géologiques (Tmod, μ et к), nous ont également permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur les sources d’approvisionnement en minerais de plomb à l’origine de ces pollutions. On peut en retenir que les stratégies d’alimentation en plomb à l’époque romaine furent locales. En effet, il semble assez logique que ces deux cités aient dominé les espaces économiques environnants avec lesquelles elles étaient en contact. En revanche, alors que l’entrée dans le Moyen Âge s’accompagne du déclin de Rome, Éphèse retrouve sa prospérité passée avec l’importation de plomb hercynien d’Europe de l’Ouest produit massivement à la suite de la révolution économique médiévale. / Rome and Ephesus are two iconic harbor cities of the ancient Mediterranean; the first was the center of the Roman Empire and the second became the Roman capital of Asia Minor at the end of the 1st c. BC. The economic and commercial influence of these two ports in the Mediterranean depended heavily on their harbor systems. The aim of this study is to discern the economic development of Rome and Ephesus from the geochemical signals of the pollution they were exposed to. To this end, we drilled cores through the sedimentary archives of the two ancient harbors and measured major and trace element concentrations and Pb isotope compositions. Both harbors were subject to delta progradation, Rome by the Tiber and Ephesus by the Caÿster, which changed the aquatic environments from being initially open and well oxygenated to becoming closed and anoxic. The harbor basins finally shut down for shipping when an epilimnic system came into place due to too shallow a depth of the water column. Although changing environmental conditions and multiple dredgings appear to have altered some parts of the geochemical record, the pollution levels of lead quite accurately reflect the state of the economic health of Rome and Ephesus, which evolved the most during periods of prosperity and disorder. Pb isotope data, converted into geological parameters (Tmod, μ and к), further allowed deducing the provenance of the geological sources of lead ores at the origin of the pollution. Based on these results, it appears that lead ore supplies during the Roman period were of local origins, reflecting how Rome and Ephesus dominated the surrounding economic areas with which they were in contact. However, while the beginning of the Middle Ages is accompanied by a decline of Rome, Ephesus regains its past prosperity with the importation of Hercynian lead from western Europe. It was produced massively as a result of the medieval economic revolution that Europe experienced from the 10th century onward.

This thesis develops and executes a method of comprehensively discovering accessible Paleoamerican archaeological materials from a restricted geographic area, analyzing the data collected, and comparing them within a larger sphere of interaction. The restricted area was Darke County, in west-central Ohio. The study area was familiar to the writer both in field experience and knowledge of collections held by local residents. A total of 115 diagnostic points and additional tools were located, examined, photographed, and measured.On the basis of point typology three stages of Paleoamerican occupation were identified, Early (11, 500 to 10, 500 B. P.), Middle (11,000 to 10, 500 B. P.), and Late (10,500 to 10,000 B. P.). The Early Paleoamerican stage was marked by Clovis fluted and Unfluted fluted points, the Middle by the Cumberland point, and the Late by Agate Basin, Transitional, Plano Lanceolate, and Hi-Lo points. The sources of raw materials were identified and changes of habitat through time were described.The abundant data recovered and analyzed by the approach used in this study from just one Ohio county indicates that extensive data is available but has yet to be recorded and analyzed for Paleoamerican occupation throughout Midwestern United States. / Department of Anthropology

The Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona is a peer-reviewed monograph series sponsored by the School of Anthropology. Established in 1959, the series publishes archaeological and ethnographic papers that use contemporary method and theory to investigate problems of anthropological importance in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and related areas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano de Ribeiro.pdf: 4798776 bytes, checksum: dc742910054a60505ae39e1139f1a745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation studies the evolution of the drainage network of the surface of Palmas/Agua Doce during the Late Quaternary, seeking to understand the mechanisms that led to the abandonment of and palaeochannels and palaeo valley head observed in the area. For this, we proceeded to: a) a characterization of materials through the description of three stratigraphic sections, HS10, HS13 and HS 20 and the establishing of their respective transects; b) geomorphological mapping in detail scale; and c) characterization of the network of local channels and river basins related to the main waterways, Stream Do Salto and Stream Vigia. The sections HS10 and HS20 correspond to palaeochannels of 2nd order, whereas HS13 to a palaeo valley head. The stratigraphic record and its chronology indicate that the bottoms of the valleys in the study area remained active throughout the Upper Pleistocene, especially among the last interstadial and the Last Glacial Maximum, however, in the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene, both bottoms of low-order valleys (<4th order) as the valley head, began to act as target areas of sediment from the slopes, resulting in clogging of the valley bottoms and valley heads. The detail geomorphological mapping shows that the mapped area is divided into four geomorphological compartments: Surface 1, Surface 2, desiccated Sector Surface 2 and Surface 2 with dissection in pediments. Of these the surface 2 assumes prominence to contain abandoned paleochannels and valley heads. The characterization of the network of local channels and river basins was carried out mainly through the analysis of drainage patterns, longitudinal profiles and Basin Asymmetry Factor (FAB). The results indicated the role of the structural control influencing the dynamics of drainage channels. The integration of the results shows that events of tectonic order acted on the surface of Palmas / Agua Doce until 42,000 years AP causing blocks to rise, and the consequent expansion of the network of drainage channels, which promoted the action of erosion. From that age the network of drainage channels passes to the state of dynamic equilibrium, whose stratigraphic records indicate changes of paleohidrológicas order associated with the Last Maximum Glacia (UGM). This phase is marked by the dry season with concentrated rainfall promoting significant erosions. In the passage of the LGM to the Holocene occurs generation of colluvium responsible for clogging of canals and valley heads. To making the clogging possible, perennial channels became especially ephemeral. This fact was associated to the lowering of the water table during the LGM transition to the Holocene. / A presente dissertação estuda a evolução da rede de drenagem da superfície de Palmas/Água Doce durante o Quaternário Tardio, buscando entender os mecanismos que culminaram no abandono de paleocanais e paleocabeceira de drenagem observados na área. Para isso, procedeu-se: a) caracterização dos materiais por meio da descrição de três seções estratigráficas, HS10, HS13 e HS 20 e estabelecimento de seus respectivos transectos; b) mapeamento geomorfológico em escala de detalhe; e c) caracterização da rede de canais locais e das bacias hidrográficas referentes aos principais cursos fluviais, Córrego do Salto e Córrego do Vigia. As seções HS10 e HS20 correspondem a paleocanais de 2a ordem, enquanto a HS13 a uma paleocabeceira de drenagem. O registro estratigráfico e a respectiva cronologia indicam que os fundos dos vales na área estudada se mantiveram ativos ao longo do Pleistoceno Superior, principalmente entre o Último Interestadial e o Último Máximo Glacial, no entanto, na transição do Pleistoceno para o Holoceno, tanto os fundos de vales de baixa ordem (<4ª ordem) quanto as cabeceiras de drenagem, passaram a atuar como áreas de destino dos sedimentos das encostas, culminando na colmatação dos fundos de vales e das cabeceiras de drenagem. O mapeamento geomorfológico de detalhe mostra que área mapeada se encontra dividida em quatros compartimentos geomorfológico: Superfície 1, Superfície 2, Setor dissecado de Superfície 2 e Superfície 2 com Dissecação em Pedimentos. Destes a Superfície 2 assume destaque por conter paleocanais e paleocabeceira de drenagem abandonados. A caracterização da rede de canais locais e das bacias hidrográficas foi realizada principalmente por meio da análise de padrões de drenagem, de perfis longitudinais e do Fator de Assimetria de Bacia (FAB). Os resultados indicaram a atuação do controle estrutural influenciando na dinâmica dos canais de drenagem. A integração dos resultados mostra que eventos de ordem tectônicas atuaram na superfície de Palmas/Água Doce até 42 000 anos AP causando ascensão de blocos, e consequente expansão da rede de canais de drenagem, o que promoveu a ação de processos erosivos. A partir dessa idade a rede de canais de drenagem passa para o estado de equilíbrio dinâmico, cujos registros estratigráficos indicam mudanças de ordem paleohidrológicas associadas ao Último Máximo Glacia (UGM). Essa fase é marcada por período mais seco com chuvas concentradas promovendo erosões significativas. Na passagem do UMG para o Holoceno ocorre geração de coluvio responsável pela colmatação de canais e de cabeceira de drenagem. Para que a colmatação fosse possível, os canais perenes se tornaram, sobretudo, efêmeros. Fato, este, associado ao rebaixamento do lençol freático durante a transição UMG para o Holoceno.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano de Ribeiro.pdf: 4798776 bytes, checksum: dc742910054a60505ae39e1139f1a745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation studies the evolution of the drainage network of the surface of Palmas/Agua Doce during the Late Quaternary, seeking to understand the mechanisms that led to the abandonment of and palaeochannels and palaeo valley head observed in the area. For this, we proceeded to: a) a characterization of materials through the description of three stratigraphic sections, HS10, HS13 and HS 20 and the establishing of their respective transects; b) geomorphological mapping in detail scale; and c) characterization of the network of local channels and river basins related to the main waterways, Stream Do Salto and Stream Vigia. The sections HS10 and HS20 correspond to palaeochannels of 2nd order, whereas HS13 to a palaeo valley head. The stratigraphic record and its chronology indicate that the bottoms of the valleys in the study area remained active throughout the Upper Pleistocene, especially among the last interstadial and the Last Glacial Maximum, however, in the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene, both bottoms of low-order valleys (<4th order) as the valley head, began to act as target areas of sediment from the slopes, resulting in clogging of the valley bottoms and valley heads. The detail geomorphological mapping shows that the mapped area is divided into four geomorphological compartments: Surface 1, Surface 2, desiccated Sector Surface 2 and Surface 2 with dissection in pediments. Of these the surface 2 assumes prominence to contain abandoned paleochannels and valley heads. The characterization of the network of local channels and river basins was carried out mainly through the analysis of drainage patterns, longitudinal profiles and Basin Asymmetry Factor (FAB). The results indicated the role of the structural control influencing the dynamics of drainage channels. The integration of the results shows that events of tectonic order acted on the surface of Palmas / Agua Doce until 42,000 years AP causing blocks to rise, and the consequent expansion of the network of drainage channels, which promoted the action of erosion. From that age the network of drainage channels passes to the state of dynamic equilibrium, whose stratigraphic records indicate changes of paleohidrológicas order associated with the Last Maximum Glacia (UGM). This phase is marked by the dry season with concentrated rainfall promoting significant erosions. In the passage of the LGM to the Holocene occurs generation of colluvium responsible for clogging of canals and valley heads. To making the clogging possible, perennial channels became especially ephemeral. This fact was associated to the lowering of the water table during the LGM transition to the Holocene. / A presente dissertação estuda a evolução da rede de drenagem da superfície de Palmas/Água Doce durante o Quaternário Tardio, buscando entender os mecanismos que culminaram no abandono de paleocanais e paleocabeceira de drenagem observados na área. Para isso, procedeu-se: a) caracterização dos materiais por meio da descrição de três seções estratigráficas, HS10, HS13 e HS 20 e estabelecimento de seus respectivos transectos; b) mapeamento geomorfológico em escala de detalhe; e c) caracterização da rede de canais locais e das bacias hidrográficas referentes aos principais cursos fluviais, Córrego do Salto e Córrego do Vigia. As seções HS10 e HS20 correspondem a paleocanais de 2a ordem, enquanto a HS13 a uma paleocabeceira de drenagem. O registro estratigráfico e a respectiva cronologia indicam que os fundos dos vales na área estudada se mantiveram ativos ao longo do Pleistoceno Superior, principalmente entre o Último Interestadial e o Último Máximo Glacial, no entanto, na transição do Pleistoceno para o Holoceno, tanto os fundos de vales de baixa ordem (<4ª ordem) quanto as cabeceiras de drenagem, passaram a atuar como áreas de destino dos sedimentos das encostas, culminando na colmatação dos fundos de vales e das cabeceiras de drenagem. O mapeamento geomorfológico de detalhe mostra que área mapeada se encontra dividida em quatros compartimentos geomorfológico: Superfície 1, Superfície 2, Setor dissecado de Superfície 2 e Superfície 2 com Dissecação em Pedimentos. Destes a Superfície 2 assume destaque por conter paleocanais e paleocabeceira de drenagem abandonados. A caracterização da rede de canais locais e das bacias hidrográficas foi realizada principalmente por meio da análise de padrões de drenagem, de perfis longitudinais e do Fator de Assimetria de Bacia (FAB). Os resultados indicaram a atuação do controle estrutural influenciando na dinâmica dos canais de drenagem. A integração dos resultados mostra que eventos de ordem tectônicas atuaram na superfície de Palmas/Água Doce até 42 000 anos AP causando ascensão de blocos, e consequente expansão da rede de canais de drenagem, o que promoveu a ação de processos erosivos. A partir dessa idade a rede de canais de drenagem passa para o estado de equilíbrio dinâmico, cujos registros estratigráficos indicam mudanças de ordem paleohidrológicas associadas ao Último Máximo Glacia (UGM). Essa fase é marcada por período mais seco com chuvas concentradas promovendo erosões significativas. Na passagem do UMG para o Holoceno ocorre geração de coluvio responsável pela colmatação de canais e de cabeceira de drenagem. Para que a colmatação fosse possível, os canais perenes se tornaram, sobretudo, efêmeros. Fato, este, associado ao rebaixamento do lençol freático durante a transição UMG para o Holoceno.

RESUME FRANCAIS La société en Mésopotamie du Sud, à lépoque de la Dynastie de Larsa, est fondée sur une économie qui possède des caractéristiques particulières et uniques. Cette économie « sui generis », parce que adaptée à une situation donnée, présente lefficacité nécessaire au maintien et au développement dune civilisation remarquable. La période de la Dynastie de Larsa est une période charnière entre la fin de lépoque dUr III et la domination babylonienne sous le règne de Hammurabi, car on peut percevoir que la société a alors subi une véritable évolution. Les centres administratifs, qui, à lépoque dUr III, contrôlaient léconomie, ont progressivement tendance à faire intervenir dans leur gestion des personnes indépendantes, mais il existe une différence bien nette entre la situation à Larsa et celle à Ur : - A Larsa, la gestion des centres administratifs passe par des personnes dont on ignore souvent la fonction, mais la nouveauté est bien évidemment lindépendance dans la gestion des ressources agricoles que vont acquérir de grandes familles comme celle de Balmunamhe. - A Ur, le complexe religieux de Nanna et de Ningal tient dans léconomie une place aussi considérable quà lépoque dUr III. Un bon nombre de personnes, qui nont pas la qualité de membre à part entière du complexe, va cependant soccuper de diverses choses, telles que le bétail et la pêche. On ignore toutefois la marge dindépendance que ces personnes ont par rapport au complexe. La politique tient par ailleurs un rôle primordial dans léconomie. Les misharû sont des actes politiques forts qui vont contribuer à lajustement des prix et des salaires. Les bouleversements politiques vont singulièrement modifier les comportements économiques, le bouleversement politique le plus fort étant sans doute la prise du pouvoir à Larsa par Nûr-Adad, les prix ayant chuté à ce moment précis. La prise du pouvoir à Larsa par les descendants de Kudur-mabuk na pas eu un impact aussi considérable. *********************** ENGLISH SUMMARY The society in southern Mesopotamia at the time of the Dynasty of Larsa, is based on an economy that has particular characteristics and unique. The economy "sui generis" because adapted to a given situation, present this efficiency for the maintenance and development of a remarkable civilization. The period of the Dynasty of Larsa is a pivotal period between the end of the period of Ur III and Babylonian domination under the reign of Hammurabi : we can perceive that the society then suffered a real evolution. The administrative centers, which at the time of Ur III, controlled the economy, gradually tend to intervene in their management of independent persons, but there is a clear difference between the situation in Larsa and Ur: - At Larsa, the management of administrative centers through which people often ignore the function, but the novelty is obviously independence in the management of agricultural resources that will acquire large families like Balmunamhe. - A Ur, the complex religious of Nanna and Ningal takes a considerable at the time of Ur III in the economy. A great number of people who do not qualify as a full member of the complex will deal with various things, such as livestock and fisheries. It is unclear, however, the margin of independence that these people have over the complex. The policy also holds a key role in the economy. The misharû are strong political act that will contribute to the adjustment of prices and wages. The political changes will significantly alter economic behavior, the political upheaval is the strongest probably took power in Larsa by Nur-Adad, prices fell at that time. The seizure of power in Larsa by the descendants of Kudur-Mabuk has not had a considerable impact.

Geomorphological evidence of glaciations exist for the Last Glacial Maximum (about 20 kyr ago). At this time, both North America and Eurasia were covered by extensive ice sheets which are both absent today. However, the temporal and spatial evolution of the ice sheets from the previous interglacial up to the fully-glaciated conditions at LGM is still unresolved and remains a vexing question in climate dynamics. The evolution of ice sheets is essentially controlled by the prevailing climate conditions. On glacial time-scales, the climate is shaped the by the orbital variations of the Earth, but also by internal feedbacks within the climate system. In particular, the ice sheets themselves have the potential to change the climate within they evolve. This thesis focuses on the interactions between ice sheets and the time-mean atmospheric circulation (stationary waves). It is studied how the stationary waves, which are forced by the ice-sheet topography, influence ice-sheet evolution through changing the near-surface air temperature. In this thesis, it is shown that the degree of linearity of the atmospheric response controls to what extent the stationary waves can reorganise the structure of ice sheet. Provided that the response is linear, the stationary waves constitute a leading-order feedback, which serves to increase the volume and deform the shape of ice sheets. If the stationary-wave response to ice-sheet topography is nonlinear in character, the impact on the ice-sheet evolution tends to be weak. However, it is further shown that the amplitude of the nonlinear topographical response, and hence its effect on the ice-sheet evolution, can be significantly enhanced if thermal cooling over the ice sheets is taken into account. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-168).

Thesis (M.S.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Les travaux de reconnaissance menés par la société Lyon-Turin-Ferroviaire (LTF) pour le projet de tunnel international ont conduit à l'acquisition de diagraphies différées sur un grand nombre de forages profonds. La synthèse des données a permis de mettre en évidence des anomalies thermiques profondes au sein du massif à proximité du front du Houiller et dans la série siliceuse de Vanoise. Ces anomalies sont confrontées à un modèle conceptuel intégrant des circulations d'eaux souterraines homogènes dans les zones décomprimées de versant et localisées dans les zones profondes ainsi que les effets thermiques associés. Le modèle conceptuel considère un état thermique transitoire des massifs dépendant du contexte paléo-climatique.A proximité du front du Houiller, une modélisation numérique du secteur a permis de montrer que les anomalies thermiques rencontrées sont cohérentes avec l'hypothèse d'une perturbation froide associée à l'activation, au début de l'Holocène, d'une circulation profonde localisée qui se propage par conduction dans le massif. La prise en compte, dans la modélisation, du changement de température au début de l'Holocène conduit à l'adoption d'un flux géothermique de 100mWm-2, donc plus élevé que les flux généralement considérés dans les Alpes.Dans la série siliceuse de Vanoise, les anomalies observées de gradients profonds peuvent être expliquées par une augmentation de la température des circulations dans la zone décomprimée de l'ordre de 2.4°C vers la fin du Petit Âge Glaciaire. Le réchauffement des circulations plus important par rapport au réchauffement de l'air à cette période est expliqué par une diminution des apports d'eau de fusion nivale dans la zone décomprimée. Ce résultat repose sur le développement d'une méthode 1D permettant d'estimer l'âge et l'amplitude d'une variation brutale de température à la limite d'un milieu semi-infini en conduction. Avant d'être appliquée aux données de diagraphies de forage, la méthode a été testée sur des données issues de simulations numériques reproduisant les températures obtenues dans un contexte de versant intégrant les effets du relief et la présence d'un flux géothermique. / The reconnaissance works for the Lyon-Turin railway tunnel project have led to well logs acquisition for a large number of deep boreholes. Data synthesis enabled to identify deep thermal disturbances inside the mountain massif in the siliceous series of Vanoise and in the vicinity of the Houiller Front. On the base of the well logs analysis and the mountain hydrogeology previous knowledge, a conceptual model of groundwater flows and their thermal effects in the massif is proposed to explain the observed thermal disturbances. It integrates both a uniform water flow in decompressed zone of the valley sides and local deep flows in the massif. The model assumes a transient thermal state related to the paleo-climate environment.First, 2D numerical modelling is used to simulate the thermal disturbances encountered under the valley side in the vicinity of the Houiller Front. In one hand, a thermal transfer by conduction in the massif and a cold temperature imposed near the Houiller Front at the beginning of the Holocene period leads to the current transient thermal state of the massif. The cold temperature near the Houiller Front is assumed to be the consequence of the activation of local deep cold groundwater flows. In a second hand, to simulate the thermal disturbances related to the air temperature change at the beginning of the Holocene, a geothermal heat flux of 100mWm-2 is necessary.Secondly, we develop a method 1D for estimating the age and amplitude of a sudden temperature change at the boundary of a semi-infinite medium in conduction. The method is tested previously on data resulting from numerical simulations in order to assess its use under a valley side and with a geothermal heat flow. Applied to the temperature disturbances observed the siliceous series of Vanoise, the method leads to a 2,4°C increase of groundwater temperature in decompressed zone around the end of Little Ice Age. The value of 2,4°C is higher than the air temperature increase and explained by a decrease in snow meltwater contribution to the decompressed zone.