Despite growing interest in coaching sciences, literature has revealed a dearth of research on coaches who work with para athletes (e. g. Cregan, Bloom, & Reid, 2007; McMaster, Culver, & Werthner, 2012). The purpose of this study was to explore how novice coaches in parasport develop their knowledge. The study was conducted in real-time during the coaches’ first contact with the context. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were conducted with six Canadian para sailing coaches. Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) revealed that coaches developed context-specific knowledge and skills through a blend of formal, nonformal, and informal learning situations. The participants highlighted the importance of learning from others, especially other coaches and from athletes.

Book Summary: The international nature of the sport industry presents many management challenges and opportunities for sport organisations. This book brings together cutting-edge research from leading sport management scholars around the world, surveying a wide range of topics and issues facing the sport industry today. It represents an essential platform for the international exchange of ideas, best practice and research in sport management studies. The globalisation of the sport industry has brought increased complexity to organisations’ operations in terms of regulation, competition and multiculturalism. Drawing on a wealth of original research from fifteen countries, this book addresses a variety of global, regional, national and community issues that are central to successful sport management. Combining both qualitative and quantitative studies, it explores key themes, such as managing resources and organisational change, marketing and promotion, law and regulation, sport-for-development and research protocols. Global Sport Management Studies: Contemporary issues and inquiries is essential reading for all students and scholars of sport management, sport business and sport marketing, as well as for any professional working in the sport and leisure industries.

Background: Participation in sport by athletes with impairment has grown and evolved rapidly since the inception of the Paralympic Games. Athletes with visual impairment were first included in the Paralympic Games in 1976. Surveillance of illnesses and injuries forms the first important step in determination of the epidemiology and an understanding of the risk factors for both illness and injuries in these populations. Thus, surveillance can therefore assist medical teams in implementing prevention strategies. Few studies have evaluated the incidence of illness and injuries amongst athletes with impairment. For this reason, a novel web based injury and illness surveillance system (WEBIISS) was developed for use by the team physicians at the London 2012 Paralympic Games. To our knowledge, no study has specifically researched the epidemiology of illness and injuries in athletes with visual impairment during a major sport event such as the Paralympic Games. Objective: To determine the incidence associated with illness and injuries in athletes with visual impairment during the London 2012 Paralympic Games. We further aim to describe any differences between sports, age groups, gender and body systems affected in this cohort of athletes. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of a component of the large prospective cohort study on the epidemiology of injury and illness conducted over a 14-day period at the London 2012 Paralympic Games. The data from 711 of the 791 athletes with visual impairment who participated in the London 2012 Paralympic Games were analyzed. The following data sources were used: Firstly, de-identified information regarding age, gender, impairment, country code and sports code of athletes obtained from the International Paralympic Committee database. Secondly, information collected from the electronic medical data capture system (EMDCS) used at all the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) medical stations; and thirdly a novel web-based injury and illness surveillance system (WEB-IISS) used by the team physicians. This is the most comprehensive reporting system used in elite athletes with impairment to date. Data were collected on a daily basis from 3 days prior to the start of the Paralympic Games (pre-competition period) until the last day of the 11-day Paralympic Games (competition period). Definitions: In order to determine the nature and extent of illnesses and injuries as well to enable uniformity in research studies evaluating the data collected during the London 2012 Paralympic Games, the following definitions were implemented: Illness was defined as 'any newly acquired illness as well as exacerbation of pre-existing illness that occurred during training or competition, and during or immediately before the London 2012 Paralympic Games'. Injury was defined as 'any newly acquired injury as well as exacerbation of pre-existing injury that occurred during training and/or competition period of the London 2012 Paralympic Games'. Incidence rate (IR) of illness or injury is the number of illnesses or injuries per 1000 athlete days. Incidence proportion (IP) of illness or injury is the proportion of athletes affected by illness or injury (n/100). Results: Incidence rate of illness (IR 11.9; 95% CI 9.0 - 15.7) was similar to incidence rate of injuries (IR 14.5; 95% CI 11.3 - 18.5) in VI athletes. The IR of illness for VI athletes (IR 11.9; 95% CI 9.0 - 15.7) compared well to that of illness for all impairment groups (IR 12.7; 95% CI 10.2 - 16.0). Furthermore, the IR of injuries for VI athletes (IR 14.5; 95% CI 11.3 -18.5) compared well to that of injuries for al impairment groups (IR 12.6; 95% CI 10.3 - 15.4). Gender and age did not affect the risk of illness or injuries in VI athletes. Furthermore, there was a higher IR of illness for swimmers with visual impairment compared to other sports, but this was not statistically significant. The IR of illness for VI athletes participating in swimming was 12.5 (95% CI 8.8 - 17.8) compared to that of VI non-swimmers, IR 11.8 (95% CI 8.9 - 15.6). Participation in athletics (track and field) was associated with a slightly higher risk for injury for athletes with VI compared to other sports, but this was not statistically significant. The IR of injury was 15.8 (95% CI 11.6 - 21.5) and the IP 22.1 (95% CI 16.3 - 30.1) for VI track and field athletes. The IR of injury was 13.0 (95% CI 9.6 - 17.4) and IP 18.1 (95% CI 13.5 - 24.3) amongst VI athletes not participating in track and field athletics. VI swimmers had a lower IR of injury (IR 4.1; 95% CI 1.8 - 9.5) than VI non-swimmers (IR 16.1; 95% CI 12.6 - 20.7) (p=0.002). There was a higher IR and IP of lower limb injuries compared to upper limb injuries in athletes with visual impairment. The IR for lower limb injuries in athletes with visual impairment was 7.7 (95% CI 5.8 - 10.3) and the IP was 10.8 (95% CI 8.1 - 14.4). The average IR of lower limb injuries for all para-athletes was 4.5 (95% CI 3.5 - 5.7). The IR for upper limb injuries in athletes with visual impairment was 3.0 (95% CI 1.9 - 4.5) and the IP was 4.1 (95% CI 2.7 - 6.3). The average IR for upper limb injuries for all para-athletes was 4.5 (95% CI 3.5 - 5.9). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that Paralympic athletes with VI had a similar incidence rate of illness and injury compared to other impairment groups; and IR of illness was similar to that of injuries. Risk of illness or injury was not affected by age group or gender, but rather sport specific differences were observed. Of particular interest was the fact that athletes with VI had a higher incidence rate of lower limb injuries than upper limb injuries.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-09T12:34:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - M?rcio de Souza Santos.pdf: 1878817 bytes, checksum: a756f4944391d69980b6075abcb196c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T12:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - M?rcio de Souza Santos.pdf: 1878817 bytes, checksum: a756f4944391d69980b6075abcb196c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Paralympic boccia is a challenging sport for the disabled with motor impairment in all four limbs. A group of these athletes, even with the sports practice, remains hampered by oralization inability and lack of communication by other means. Based on Cultural Psychology of Bruner (1997), our goal is to investigate through the narrative of these subjects, considering the importance of being present in the world through communication and do this for yourself, to take the ideas of the fog of thought and outsource them, forming, by the need to organize them and make intelligible to the other, establishing dialogue. It is proposed adjustments in the narrative and subsequent analysis, considering the characteristics of the subjects: communication by translator or computer with adapted keyboard; expressions, sounds and gestures changed by disability; communication (typed) with emphasis on semantics and phonetics deficit (Transposing this oral characteristic for writing). Choice of pictures; and social network analysis of the subject. This made the role of the researcher was of paramount importance to establish links with the subjects, allowing dialogue (Trying NOT Make use of mediator). Aiming to know the life story of people accustomed to be interpreted and not heard and how it is built. It was noticed that the boccia adapted, different than the researcher believed, is not the salvation of a stagnant life, but it is primarily a bridge for socializing and recreation (in meetings before and after games , at time of eat , in travels) , and , second, the athlete's career , bringing his other identity (competitive, warrior , serious, focused). The narrative research allowed to show behind the scenes of research and allowed joint data collection methods have improved dialogue with the subject, showing a mature athlete, intelligent , not as independent as it is believed to be ideal , but as autonomous as possible. / A bocha paral?mpica ? um esporte desafiador para pessoas com defici?ncia com comprometimento motor nos quatro membros. Um grupo desses atletas, mesmo com a pr?tica esportiva, permanece prejudicado pela incapacidade de oraliza??o e falta de comunica??o por outros meios. Baseado na Psicologia Cultural de Bruner (1997) buscou-se investigar atrav?s da narrativa desses sujeitos, considerando a import?ncia de se fazer presente no mundo atrav?s da comunica??o e se fazer presente para si mesmo, ao retirar as ideias da neblina do pensamento e externaliz?-las, dando forma, pela necessidade de organiz?-las e se fazer intelig?vel ao outro, estabelecendo o di?logo. Prop?s-se alternativas na express?o narrativa e posterior an?lise, considerando as caracter?sticas dos sujeitos: comunica??o por tradutor ou computador com teclado adaptado; express?es, sons e gestos alterados pela defici?ncia; comunica??o (digitada) com ?nfase na sem?ntica e d?ficit na fon?tica (transpondo essa caracter?stica oral para a escrita); escolha de fotos; e an?lise da rede social do sujeito. Isso fez com que o papel do pesquisador fosse da maior import?ncia, ao estabelecer v?nculos com os sujeitos, possibilitando o di?logo (tentando n?o fazer uso de mediador), com objetivo de conhecer a hist?ria de vida de pessoas acostumadas a serem interpretadas e n?o ouvidas e como ela se constr?i. Conjecturou-se que a bocha adaptada, diferente do que o se acreditava, n?o ? a salva??o de uma vida estagnada, mas ela ?, primeiramente, uma ponte para a socializa??o e o lazer (nos encontros antes e depois dos jogos, na hora de se alimentar, nas viagens), e, em segundo lugar, a profiss?o do atleta, trazendo sua outra identidade (de competidor, guerreiro, s?rio, compenetrado). A pesquisa narrativa possibilitou mostrar os bastidores deste trabalho e permitiu articular m?todos de coleta de dados que melhoraram o di?logo entre pesquisador e sujeito pesquisado, mostrando um atleta maduro, inteligente, n?o t?o independente como acredita-se ser ideal, mas t?o aut?nomo quanto ? poss?vel.

This thesis presents a sociological critique of the concept of legacy as it surrounded the London 2012 Paralympic Games. A sociological approach was adopted to challenge much of the spontaneous sociology that surrounds the ascendancy of legacy within the Olympic and Paralympic space. Legacy, disability and the Paralympic Games are the predominant structures of the research problem. The literature review attempts to present a sociology of the sociological approaches in these fields. Underpinning the research design is Bourdieu et al. s (1991) epistemological hierarchy which consists of and proceeds from the break , the construction of a conceptual framework to the empirical design. This hierarchy contributed to the repositioning of legacy from the pursuit of cause and effect, or rather away from the pursuit of legitimacy and illegitimacy, of London 2012 to a study of the proposed and imposed causes and effects, legitimations and illegitimations of it. Aligned to this repositioning is the primary collection of data through interviews with five different institutional fields: government, media, corporate sponsors, disability sport and disability institutions. The research findings present a positional analysis of the inter- and intra-relations of these respective fields. In the discussion key symbolic struggles and issues are presented for each field with particular attention given to the development of the positive leaning and legitimising best ever Paralympic narrative and to the commercial and political legitimacy of the London 2012 Paralympic Games. It is concluded that legacy is ultimately a symbolic struggle of different visions of respective agents and institutions that are unable to achieve these absolute visions or ends.

Introduction: Before 2015 the hand classification in wheelchair rugby consisted of non-sport specific tests. The hand classification was not in accordance with the classification code introduced by the International Paralympic Committee in 2003. In 2015, the newly revised wheelchair rugby classification manual was released, containing the revised wheelchair rugby hand classification. Hand tests that were not functional sport-specific tests were removed from the bench test in wheelchair rugby classification. Lumbrical, interossei and thumb opposition manual muscle testing were added to the bench test in wheelchair rugby classification. On both national and international levels of classification, classifiers verbalised their uncertainty to their fellow panel members regarding their hand placement on the athlete’s hand and interpretation of the manual muscle testing of the hand that was observed and tested. This justified reliability testing of the new hand classification. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the intra and inter-rater reliability of the manual muscle testing in the new hand classification of wheelchair rugby. Study design: This study followed a quantitative non-experimental, cross-sectional design. Method: The raters who took part in the study were active international wheelchair rugby classifiers from all over the world. The raters received an electronic questionnaire consisting of biographic information and three videos repeated two times. Each video showed an athlete’s hand being classified by a classifier. The raters had to give a manual muscle test grade for each subject (muscle) tested in each video by using tick boxes. The manual muscle test grades that could be given were: 0-1, 2, 3 and 4-5. The first three raters in each international wheelchair rugby classification level who completed the questionnaire were used for the data analysis. Data Analysis: The statistician used the two way model for the ICC in which each subject was rated by the same raters to determine the absolute agreement for each objective. The Medcalc program was used. To indicate the strength of agreement the ranges provided by Landis and Koch (1977) were used: 0.0 – 0.2 slight, 0.21 – 0.4 fair, 0.41 – 0.6 moderate, 0.61 – 0.8 substantial and 0.81 – 1.00 almost perfect. Conclusion: Raters one, two, five, seven, eight and nine’s intraclass correlation coefficient values fell between 0.81-1.00 which is descriptive of almost perfect levels of intra-rater reliability. Raters three, four and six’s intraclass correlation coefficient values fell between 0.61-0.80 which is descriptive of substantial levels of intra-rater reliability. However, none of the raters scored 100% when accuracy was determined. All three levels had intraclass correlation coefficient values which is descriptive of almost perfect levels of intra-rater reliability within each level. Level 2, 3 and 4 classifiers had intraclass correlation coefficient values between 0.81- 1.00 which is descriptive of almost perfect levels of inter-rater reliability when the manual muscle testing grades for the first and repeated videos were compared. Across all nine raters there was a high intraclass correlation coefficient value which was descriptive of almost perfect inter-rater reliability. The accuracy in each level and across all nine raters was low. Finger extensors, thumb abductor and thumb flexor showed intraclass correlation coefficient values between 0.41-0.6 which is descriptive of moderate levels of intrarater reliability. The only subjects (muscles) that were graded accurately when compared to a memorandum were subjects with a manual muscle test grade 0-1 and 4-5. Most of the accurate manual muscle test grades were for athlete two in the video footage. Athlete two was classified as having a 2.0 hand. / Dissertation (MOccThe)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Occupational Therapy / MOccThe / Unrestricted

The increased participation in elite wheelchair sport has provided the need to investigate the physiological requirements of wheelchair sporting competition and daily wheelchair propulsion. However, from a nutritional perspective, guidelines that have been established from the able-bodied population tend to be used by the practitioners working in disability sport and it is not known whether this information is directly transferable to the wheelchair athlete. Wheelchair sport is complex and athletes differ with respect to their sports classification based on factors relating to disability and functional capacity. Therefore, if nutritional guidance is required to optimise performance then information regarding energy expenditure (EE) in the wheelchair sports population becomes important for specific feedback. The aim of this thesis was to investigate EE in wheelchair athletes. The results from Chapter 3 found resting energy expenditure (REE) in tetraplegic athletes to be lower than that calculated using predictive equations derived from an ablebodied cohort. However, paraplegic athletes showed comparable values to those which were predicted, suggesting these equations may be of use in paraplegic athletes. Chapter 4 extended this work and found similarities in the REE of the two aforementioned cohorts. This could have been due to the similarities that were found in their total-body fat free mass (FFM). The results from Chapter 5 showed EE reduced after both a short 36 minute exposure of wheelchair propulsion and after 3 weeks of wheelchair propulsion practice in novice wheelchair users. Temporal parameters improved after the practice period, suggesting there is an association between EE and propulsion technique. Chapter 6 extended these findings with results confirming that experienced wheelchair users expended significantly less energy during wheelchair propulsion than novice individuals who had up to 3 weeks practice. It is clear that EE of daily wheelchair ambulation should not be a generic value and different levels of experience must be considered so that the nutritional needs can be tailored accordingly. Chapters 7 and 8 examined the physiological demands of elite competitive wheelchair basketball players in relation to the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) classification categories and identified differences in the physiological demands and physiological fitness of wheelchair basketball and tennis players. These results found that IWBF Class 3 - 4.5 (high point) players expended more energy per hour during competition than those with a lower classification (IWBF Class 1 - 2.5). However, when actual playing time was considered the low classification group showed a similar EE to the higher classification group. Furthermore, wheelchair basketball players had a higher EE per hour than wheelchair tennis players during elite competition. However, the wheelchair tennis players spent a significantly longer duration on court resulting in similar EE during a typical competition within each sport. This suggests nutritional advice should be tailored both to the duration of competitive play (where EE may be similar between sports (basketball vs. tennis)); and to training (where athletes with a higher functional capacity may have higher EE). This thesis revealed several important physiological considerations to appreciate when investigating the EE of wheelchair sportsmen and women. Findings would suggest that type of disability, wheelchair propulsion experience and sport classification are all important considerations for the accurate assessment of EE in this cohort of athletes.

TITLE: Achievements of our athletes at the Paralympic Games AUTHOR: Bc. Anna Brůžková DEPARTMENT: Department of Psysical Education SUPERVISOR: PhDr. PaedDr. Ladislav Kašpar, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The thesis is focused on the achievements of our athletes at the Paralympic Games. The thesis is splited to the several section, which is devoted to problems related to basic concepts, history of sports activities of disabled people and historical view of the Paralympic Games. I also focused on the description of the individual sports that are on the summer and winter Paralympic Games. One of the important section is the classification for disability and classification for sports. In the section the achievements of our athletes we find out which games are the most successful for Czech Republic, which sport is the best for us, which disability and gender dominates gain medals and in the end, who is our most successful Paralympian. KEYWORDS: disability, Paralympic Games, history, achievements, athletes

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o desempenho do salto em distância de atletas com deficiência visual em razão do tipo de comando de transição, da localização do atleta-guia e da localização em que o saltador se encontrava no momento do comando de transição. Participaram do estudo oito atletas, homens e mulheres adultos, saltadores de nível internacional, com deficiência visual \"classe 11\", e seus respectivos atletas-guia. Os atletas executaram saltos considerando a interação de duas condições: (1) o atleta-guia se comunicava de quatro locais distintos (à frente, atrás, ao lado direito e do lado esquerdo da tábua de impulsão); (2) o atleta-guia fornecia comandos de transição da corrida para a impulsão via voz ou palma. A distância do salto foi considerada como principal variável dependente. Os resultados mostraram que: (1) os comandos por palma e voz, as localizações do atleta-guia (à frente, atrás, do lado direito e do lado esquerdo da tábua de impulsão), e a localização em que o saltador se encontrava no momento do comando de transição afetaram semelhantemente o desempenho do salto em distância de atletas com deficiência visual; (2) os comandos fornecidos quando o saltador encontrava-se mais distante da tábua de impulsão foram aqueles com ele estava em menor velocidade; (3) nos últimos cinco metros os atletas aumentaram a amplitude das passadas e a velocidade em comparação com os dez metros anteriores; (4) as preferências dos saltadores e atletas-guia pelo tipo de comando de transição e local de posicionamento tiveram os mesmos efeitos / The aim of this study was to investigate the long jump performance by athletes with the visual impairment based on the type of transition command, jumper location, and athlete-guide. Participants were 8 athletes, men and women, international level jumpers, class 11 visual impairment, and their respective athletes-guide. The athletes performed jumps considering the interaction of two conditions: (1) athlete-guide communicated from four distinct locations (front, back, right side and left side of the board); (2) athlete-guide provided commands for transitioning from the running to impulsion phase by voice or palms. The distance of the jump was considered as the main dependent variable. The results showed that: (1) palm and voice commands, locations of the guide-athlete (front, back, right side and left side of the board), and the location where the jumper was at the time of the transition command similarly affected the performance of distance jumping of visually impaired athletes; (2) commands provided when the jumper was further from the impulsion board were those with his/her was at a slower speed; (3) in the last five meters athletes increased the steps amplitude and running speed in comparison with the previous ten meters; (4) preferences of jumpers and athletes-guide by the type of transition command and positioning location had the same effects

No description available.