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Parataxe et subordination, ces deux termes, parfois antithétiques, sont problématiques du fait même de leur extrême polysémie. C’est de cette ambiguïté que naît l’objet d’étude, les constructions asyndétiques, au statut incertain entre intégration et indépendance. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de réinterroger ce phénomène ancien et déjà bien connu en ancien français, en le mettant en regard des remises en question et avancées des recherches actuelles sur le sujet. Pour cela, il nous faut tout d'abord poser une définition de ce qu'est la subordination. Nous montrons ensuite que les constructions asyndétiques sont bien des cas de subordination. Cette thèse établit enfin que ce phénomène constitue, en ancien français du moins, une variante libre en syntaxe. Sa répartition et sa présence dans les textes a cependant très tôt diminué, mais l’existence de phénomènes parallèles en français moderne, tout comme d’autres indices, nous permettent de faire l’hypothèse que cette évolution tient d’une alternance oral / écrit. Cette thèse montre ainsi que les problèmes, comme les enjeux, ne diffèrent finalement pas, quel que soit l’état de langue et que la parataxe constitue bien une construction dans le système de la langue. / Parataxis and subordination, two sometimes antithetical terms, are problematic due to their high degree of polysemy. It is from this ambiguity that arises the subject of this study, asyndetic constructions, which have an uncertain status between integration and independence. In this dissertation we propose a reexamination of this ancient phenomenon, already well known in Old French, by placing it in the context of questions and advances in current research on the subject. In order to do this we must first give a definition of subordination. We then go on to show that asyndetic constructions are indeed a case of subordination. Finally, this dissertation shows that this phenomenon constitutes, at least in Old French, a free syntactic variation. Its dispersion and presence in texts diminished very early, but the existence of similar phenomena in Modern French, as well as other indicators, allow us to make the hypothesis that this evolution is due to an oral / written alternation. This dissertation thus shows that the issue related to subordination and parataxis do not actually differ, whether in Old French or Modern French, and that parataxis is indeed a construction in the language system.

This thesis examines the politics of poetry in works by the contemporary Swedish poets Jörgen Gassilewski and Lars Raattamaa. This is accomplished within a theoretical framework based on the aesthetic philosophy of Jacques Rancière and his understanding of politics, aesthetics, and artistic forms and practices. The thesis aims to elucidate the politics of poetry in Gassilewski and Raattamaa beyond the political categories of engagement and activism, and argues that poetry is political in and of itself, as a way of reconfiguring common forms of sense experience. Proceeding from the philosophy of Rancière and his understanding of montage and of historical discourse the thesis shows how the kaleidoscopic poetry of Gassilewski in skapelsens sedelärande samtal (2002) and Raattamaa’s poetry structured around names from the history of communism in Kommunismen (2014) propose political possibilities by intervening in the configurations of the forms of the sensible. The thesis also shows how a poetics of sprawl is explicitly elaborated on the basis of the concept of urban sprawl in the writings of Raattamaa which can be encountered in different ways in the work of both poets more broadly.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo localizar, quantificar, descrever e explicar sincronicamente a variação entre presença e ausência da conjunção ut nas orações substantivas (completivas) com subjuntivo dos verbos facio e uolo, no latim de Plauto e Terêncio (latim arcaico). A partir dos resultados, buscou-se estudar essa estrutura diacronicamente, tanto retroagindo no tempo, ao se verificar hipóteses do surgimento da estrutura (período pré-histórico da língua latina), quanto avançando, ao se comparar os resultados do latim arcaico com os dados do latim de Cícero, especialmente suas cartas (latim clássico). Para tanto, o texto se inicia com uma introdução descrevendo sucintamente a estrutura em estudo. Segue-se com hipóteses de qual seria a situação em protoindo-europeu e no latim pré-histórico. Apresenta-se a etimologia da conjunção ut e a miríade de usos que ela teve em latim, dentre os quais a introdução de orações completivas de subjuntivo. Discute-se a ambiguidade do termo parataxe na bibliografia, decidindo-se por chamar a estrutura em estudo de justaposição. A metodologia e o recorte da pesquisa são descritos: todas as orações de subjuntivo que completam facio e uolo encontradas nas 21 peças de Plauto, nas seis de Terêncio e alguns textos de Cícero, numa abordagem tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa, auxiliada por técnicas estatísticas. Uma série de critérios para verificar se há uma regra subjacente ao uso da conjunção foi aplicada, dos quais o mais relevante foi a morfologia do verbo principal. O verbo facio apresenta 36% de subjuntivos justapostos, número que aumenta a 55%, se considerarmos somente formas imperativas de facio. O verbo uolo apresenta 68% dos exemplares com justaposição, número que aumenta a 82%, se considerarmos somente o tipo sequitur coniunctiuus. Assim, entende-se que, quando o verbo principal tem uma forma deôntica (ordem, desejo, concessão), como um imperativo ou o próprio verbo uolo, há preferência pela justaposição, o que pode ser explicado pela origem paratática da estrutura. Além disso, já em latim arcaico a complementação com subjuntivo apresenta restrições que são intensificadas no latim de Cícero, no qual a justaposição está restrita a contextos formulares e pragmaticamente definidos. Isso mostra que, entre o latim arcaico e o latim clássico, ocorreu um processo de fossilização da justaposição de subjuntivo com os verbos facio e uolo. / This dissertation aims to locate, count, describe and explain synchronically the presence and absence of the conjunction ut in substantive (completive) subjunctive clauses of the verbs facio and uolo in Plautus and Terence (Archaic Latin). Starting from the results, the structure was studied diachronically, not only back in time to check some hypothesis of the origins of the structure (pre-historic period of the Latin Language), but also forth in time, comparing the results with data from Cicero, specially his letters (Classical Latin). The text begins with an introduction about the structure studied. There follows some hypothesis concerning the state of affairs in Proto-Indo-European and pre-historic Latin. The etymology of ut is presented and the various uses it had in Latin, among which the introduction of subjunctive complement clauses. The ambiguity of the term parataxis in the bibliography is discussed, upon which we decided to cal juxtaposition the structure under scrutiny. The methodology and corpus of research are described: all subjunctive clauses that complete facio and uolo found in the 21 plays of Plautus, six of Terence and some texts of Cicero. The approach is quantitative and qualitative and is supported by statistical techniques. Many criteria were applied to check if there was an underlying rule to the use of the conjunction. Morphology of main verb was the most relevant. The verb facio presents 36% of the tokens with juxtaposed subjunctives. The figure rises to 55%, if we only consider imperatives of facio. The verb uolo presents 68% of tokens with juxtaposition. The figure rises to 82%, if we only consider the sequitur coniunctiuus type. Then, when the main verb has a deontic form (command, wish, concession), like an imperative or the verb uolo itself, juxtaposition is preferred. This can be explained by the paratactic origin of the structure. Besides, already in Archaic Latin the subjunctive complements show some restrictions that are intensified in Ciceros Latin, in which juxtaposition is restricted to formulaic and pragmatically defined contexts. This shows that with the verbs facio and uolo a fossilization process of the juxtaposition of a subjunctive occurred between Archaic and Classical Latin.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo localizar, quantificar, descrever e explicar sincronicamente a variação entre presença e ausência da conjunção ut nas orações substantivas (completivas) com subjuntivo dos verbos facio e uolo, no latim de Plauto e Terêncio (latim arcaico). A partir dos resultados, buscou-se estudar essa estrutura diacronicamente, tanto retroagindo no tempo, ao se verificar hipóteses do surgimento da estrutura (período pré-histórico da língua latina), quanto avançando, ao se comparar os resultados do latim arcaico com os dados do latim de Cícero, especialmente suas cartas (latim clássico). Para tanto, o texto se inicia com uma introdução descrevendo sucintamente a estrutura em estudo. Segue-se com hipóteses de qual seria a situação em protoindo-europeu e no latim pré-histórico. Apresenta-se a etimologia da conjunção ut e a miríade de usos que ela teve em latim, dentre os quais a introdução de orações completivas de subjuntivo. Discute-se a ambiguidade do termo parataxe na bibliografia, decidindo-se por chamar a estrutura em estudo de justaposição. A metodologia e o recorte da pesquisa são descritos: todas as orações de subjuntivo que completam facio e uolo encontradas nas 21 peças de Plauto, nas seis de Terêncio e alguns textos de Cícero, numa abordagem tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa, auxiliada por técnicas estatísticas. Uma série de critérios para verificar se há uma regra subjacente ao uso da conjunção foi aplicada, dos quais o mais relevante foi a morfologia do verbo principal. O verbo facio apresenta 36% de subjuntivos justapostos, número que aumenta a 55%, se considerarmos somente formas imperativas de facio. O verbo uolo apresenta 68% dos exemplares com justaposição, número que aumenta a 82%, se considerarmos somente o tipo sequitur coniunctiuus. Assim, entende-se que, quando o verbo principal tem uma forma deôntica (ordem, desejo, concessão), como um imperativo ou o próprio verbo uolo, há preferência pela justaposição, o que pode ser explicado pela origem paratática da estrutura. Além disso, já em latim arcaico a complementação com subjuntivo apresenta restrições que são intensificadas no latim de Cícero, no qual a justaposição está restrita a contextos formulares e pragmaticamente definidos. Isso mostra que, entre o latim arcaico e o latim clássico, ocorreu um processo de fossilização da justaposição de subjuntivo com os verbos facio e uolo. / This dissertation aims to locate, count, describe and explain synchronically the presence and absence of the conjunction ut in substantive (completive) subjunctive clauses of the verbs facio and uolo in Plautus and Terence (Archaic Latin). Starting from the results, the structure was studied diachronically, not only back in time to check some hypothesis of the origins of the structure (pre-historic period of the Latin Language), but also forth in time, comparing the results with data from Cicero, specially his letters (Classical Latin). The text begins with an introduction about the structure studied. There follows some hypothesis concerning the state of affairs in Proto-Indo-European and pre-historic Latin. The etymology of ut is presented and the various uses it had in Latin, among which the introduction of subjunctive complement clauses. The ambiguity of the term parataxis in the bibliography is discussed, upon which we decided to cal juxtaposition the structure under scrutiny. The methodology and corpus of research are described: all subjunctive clauses that complete facio and uolo found in the 21 plays of Plautus, six of Terence and some texts of Cicero. The approach is quantitative and qualitative and is supported by statistical techniques. Many criteria were applied to check if there was an underlying rule to the use of the conjunction. Morphology of main verb was the most relevant. The verb facio presents 36% of the tokens with juxtaposed subjunctives. The figure rises to 55%, if we only consider imperatives of facio. The verb uolo presents 68% of tokens with juxtaposition. The figure rises to 82%, if we only consider the sequitur coniunctiuus type. Then, when the main verb has a deontic form (command, wish, concession), like an imperative or the verb uolo itself, juxtaposition is preferred. This can be explained by the paratactic origin of the structure. Besides, already in Archaic Latin the subjunctive complements show some restrictions that are intensified in Ciceros Latin, in which juxtaposition is restricted to formulaic and pragmatically defined contexts. This shows that with the verbs facio and uolo a fossilization process of the juxtaposition of a subjunctive occurred between Archaic and Classical Latin.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5083913 bytes, checksum: c44e02d4e9d9c2536502fef36e57f1cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This Doctorate dissertation is focused on the reading of Augusto de Campos poems (1931-). The research process consisted of a systematization of literary critics, theoretical basis analysis, and critical-interpretive reading of this author s poems. Starting from literary critics about Campos, one identified a plasmatic phenomenon in his lyric poems which is marked by denials and refusals, as well as a configuration of the so-called poetry in anticipation. Moreover, the latter is based on creative appropriation of technology. According to the theoretical basis used in this dissertation, one considered cultural dialogism wherein Concrete Poems are emphasized, as well as its amplified conception into concretion in language , which consists of valuation and exploitation of the materiality of language (Haroldo de Campos). As for the critical-interpretive reading of Augusto de Campos poems, one selected eight poems, which are inserted into Campos post-concrete phase (1970-). These poems are part of the following books: Despoesia (De Poetry, 1994) and Não poemas (Non Poems, 2003): 2ª via (Second Way) , Todos os sons (All Sounds) , João/ agrestes , Ão (Tion) , SOS , Caos (Chaos) , Sem saída (Dead-end) , Inútil idade (Use less useless age). The corpus selection was processed by the application of four procedures: concision , non-linear audio-graphic format , analogical syntax , modelling . The methodological analysis was based on Applied Semiotics , which states that the object itself can generate aesthetical and extra aesthetical relations. Such a procedure is related to Cultural Semiotics, of which theoretic argument this research is consisted of, especially in studies by authors, such as: Lotman, Bakhtin, Haroldo de Campos, Antonio Risério, Irene Machado. Among other authors, like: Chklovski, Jakobson, Eisenstein, Mukarovsky, Tinianov, Octavio Paz, Décio Pignatari, Julio Plaza, Paulo Leminski, Omar Khouri, and Lucia Santaella. With respect to Brazilian Literature, one established dialogisms with the poetry by João Cabral de Melo Neto; whereas in the intersemiotic field, this research highlights the music produced by João Gilberto, Anton Webern, and John Cage. Campos poetics is based on the incorporation of extra literary repertoire, on the inter(intra)semiosis practice, on the plasmatic phenomenon of a self-conscious lyric poem, on the hybridization of the artistic signs, and on the verticalization of poetic function. Moreover, such a poetry is meant to inform, combat, and refuse the easy aesthetic. Besides, it is meant not to accept the transformation of form into formula. On being so, Augusto de Campos poetry consists of a moment of renewing of poetic language, based on the foregrounding (Mukarovsky s term to defamiliarization of language), as well as the sign motivation. / Esta tese faz uma leitura da poesia de Augusto de Campos (1931-). O processo de pesquisa configurou-se a partir da estruturação da fortuna crítica, do levantamento das linhas teóricas e da leitura crítico-interpretativa dos poemas. Na análise da fortuna crítica identifica-se a plasmação de um lirismo marcado por negações e recusas, e a configuração de uma poética de antecipação , baseada na apropriação criativa da tecnologia. No levantamento das linhas teóricas utilizou-se o conceito de dialogismo cultural , no qual se destaca a Poesia Concreta e a ampliação do termo para concreção da linguagem , que consiste na valorização e exploração da materialidade da linguagem (Haroldo de Campos). Na leitura crítico-interpretativa, foram selecionados oito poemas, inseridos na fase pós-concreta do autor (1970-), a partir dos livros Despoesia (1994) e Não poemas (2003): 2ª via , Todos os sons , João/ agrestes , Ão , SOS , Caos , Sem saída , Inútil idade . A seleção do corpus foi realizada a partir da aplicação de quatro procedimentos: concisão , não linearidade gráfico-sonora , sintaxe analógica , modelização . A metodologia utilizada para a análise dos poemas baseou-se na Semiótica aplicada , na qual o próprio objeto deriva relações estéticas e extraestéticas. Este procedimento está contido na Semiótica da Cultura, em cuja base teórica apoia-se esta pesquisa, especificamente nos estudos de: Lotman, Bakhtin, Haroldo de Campos, Antonio Risério, Irene Machado, além de outros estudiosos: Chklovski, Jakobson, Eisenstein, Mukarovsky, Tinianov, Octavio Paz, Décio Pignatari, Julio Plaza, Paulo Leminski, Omar Khouri, Lucia Santaella. No âmbito da literatura brasileira assinalou-se o diálogo com a poesia de João Cabral de Melo Neto; no campo da intersemiose foi ressaltada a convergência com a música de João Gilberto, Anton Webern e John Cage. Sua poética apoia-se na incorporação de repertórios extraliterários, na prática inter(intra)semiótica, na plasmação de um lirismo contido, na hibridização do signo artístico, e na verticalização da função poética.Trata-se de poesia informada, e inconformada, que recusa a estética do fácil e não aceita a transformação da forma em fôrma. Neste sentido, a poesia de Augusto de Campos constitui um momento de atualização da linguagem poética, baseada na desautomatização da língua natural e na motivação do signo.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif de mettre en évidence le caractère original des langues française (hypotactique) et chinoise (paratactique) et la raison profonde des différences entre elles. Relevant de la linguistique contrastive, plutôt théorique, cette étude porte sur les comparaisons sous trois aspects. En premier lieu, les comparaisons diachroniques générales du français et du chinois nous permet de mieux comprendre les filiations entre le latin et le français, entre le chinois archaïque et le chinois contemporain. En deuxième lieu, afin de montrer leur caractère original – hypotactique en latin et en français, paratactique en chinois archaïque et contemporain, les comparaisons sont effectuées entre le français et le chinois, ainsi qu’entre leurs origines immédiates – le latin et le chinois archaïque – sous trois aspects syntaxiques : l’ordre des mots, la correspondance entre les classes de mots et les fonctions syntaxiques dans la phrase simple et le rapport entre les propositions structurant la phrase complexe. Finalement, la comparaison des réflexions philosophiques sur le langage entre l’Antiquité grecque et l’Antiquité chinoise et la présentation de la divergence culturelle entre l’individualité et la globalité, en montrant les originalités intellectuelles occidentale et chinoise, nous permet de détecter dans une perspective philosophique et culturelle la raison profonde de leurs caractères originaux divergents. / This thesis aims to highlight the originality of French (hypotactic) and Chinese (paratactic) languages and the reasons of their differences. Falling within contrastive linguistics mostly theoretical, this study focuses on the comparisons with regard to three aspects. Firstly, the general diachronic comparisons of French and Chinese allow us to better understand the affiliations between Latin and French, between archaic Chinese and contemporary Chinese. Secondly, to show their original character – hypotactic in Latin and French, paratactic in contemporary and archaic Chinese, the comparisons are implemented between French and Chinese, and between their origins, Latin and archaic Chinese, on three syntactic aspects: the word order, the correspondence between word classes and syntactic functions in the simple sentence and the ratio of proposals in the complex sentence. Finally, the comparison of philosophical reflections on language between the Greek antiquity and the Chinese antiquity, and the presentation of cultural divergence between individuality and global nature showing the Western and Chinese intellectual originality, allow us to detect from a philosophical and cultural perspective the underlying reason for their different original characters.

L’enjeu de la thèse est de résoudre et d’expliquer les problèmes liés au passage des structures textuelles anglaises polysyndétiques ou « parataxiques » à des structures plus majoritairement hypotaxiques dans les traductions françaises correspondantes. Pour ce faire, nous avons commencé par comparer des corpus de traductions multiples (même texte anglophone traduit à de multiples reprises, par des traducteurs différents) afin de dégager des « tendances générales » potentiellement systématisables. Partant de ces observations, et après avoir redéfini la notion de « polysyndète » dans une perspective tant étymologique / historique que littéraire, stylistique et linguistique, nous avons souhaité mettre nos diverses hypothèses à l’épreuve d’un nouveau corpus de textes sélectionnés en vertu de leur caractère ostensiblement polysyndétique, et vérifier en cela que le nœud du problème est bel et bien l’emploi fonctionnel divergent de la coordination entre les deux langues, dû à un rattachement à deux réalités énonciatives complexes et idiomatiques qui, tout en donnant l’illusion de se correspondre, ne sont pas équivalentes dans un nombre non négligeable de cas. La polysyndète, fréquemment décrite comme une figure de style, doit être plutôt considérée en anglais comme une figure de syntaxe, héritée d’une longue tradition allant de l’Ancien Testament aux premiers textes chrétiens, jusqu’aux pièces de William Shakespeare et aux romans d’Ernest Hemingway. Néanmoins, en moyenne, le français utilise jusqu’à deux fois moins la coordination que l’anglais, où la polysyndète semble représenter 4% des mots totaux dans les textes de nos corpus. En effet, le français « lie » les éléments de ses phrases par d’autres moyens, lesquels sont représentés en majorité par : l’effacement simple de tout coordonnant (combiné ou pas à l’usage de ponctèmes), les périphrases coordinatives, et la subordination (verbale ou adverbiale). Nous avons ainsi mis au jour une série de tendances générales de traduction, dans le cadre d’une théorie explicative ; puis la dernière partie de la thèse a consisté à les « valider » de manière expérimentale, par le biais d’une expérience de nature pionnière. Ce qui nous a conduit à tenter de dresser quelques règles pratiques pour la traduction automatique de la polysyndète. / The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to solve and explain a set of problems related to the translation of ‘polysyndetic’ structures within texts originally written in English into more frequently ‘hypotactic’ structures in French. To do so, I started by comparing multiple text corpora composed of original English texts, and followed by their French translations (produced by several translators), so as to point out a few ‘general tendencies’ which I expected to be potentially systematizable. Starting from these empirical data, and after redefining the notion of ‘polysyndeton’ from an etymological / historical as well as literary, stylistic and linguistic point of view, I then endeavoured to check the validity of my different hypotheses using a series of texts that had been selected for their plainly polysyndetic character. This was to verify that the crux of the problem lay, indeed, in a certain form of enunciative divergence between the two languages in their use of coordination – this very divergence being the reflection of two different psycho-linguistic realities which, although giving the illusion of being symmetrical, fail to be perfect equivalents in a large number of cases. Polysyndeton – a figure that is often described as a ‘figure of speech’, coming all the way down from an age-old tradition starting with The Old Testament, then passed on through the first Christian texts and followed by William Shakespeare’s plays, and eventually by Ernest Hemingway’s novels – should rather be described as a ‘figure of syntax’ in English. Nevertheless, the French language – contrary to the English language in which coordination stands for 4% of total words in a text – uses coordinated structures amounting to only 1. 5 to 2% of its global lexical items. Indeed, the French language “ties up” sentence elements by other means than mere coordination, especially the following: simple neutralisation of the coordinating device (whether or not coupled with the use of a punctuation sign), coordinative periphrases, and subordination (whether verbal or adverbial). I have thus worked towards highlighting a series of general translational tendencies, as part of an explanatory theory of polysyndeton. In the last part of my dissertation, I attempted to validate these rules by way of an original experimental test – which led me to put forward a short list of practical rules for automatized translation.