本研究以國中生基本學力測驗成績為例，採問卷調查法，以89學年度台北市四所國中之三年級學生共286人為樣本，探討學習資產對學業成績的影響。研究所稱之學習資產係指社會資產與文化資產二者之合稱，前者意指經由人際互動創造出來的教育期望、參與及人際關係等學習資源；後者則包含參與各種不同文化活動、接受文化刺激等。不同的學生具有不同的學習資產，因此對學業成績的影響各不相同，研究的目的即在探討不同種類之學習資產對學業成績的影響效果，以及不同種類學習資產相互間之關係。 主要研究發現如下數點：1.文化資產與學業成績有關，具備不同文化資產的學生彼此間學業成績有所差異，文化資產較豐富之學生成績較佳，文化劣勢之學生學業成績較為不佳；2.社會資產與學業成績有關，社會資產較豐富之學生學業成績較佳，社會資產不足學生之成績較為不佳，學生具備不同社會資產彼此間學業成績有所差異；3.學習資產多寡隨家長學歷不同有明顯差異，家長高學歷之學生，學習資產較為豐富，家長低學歷之學生學習資產較為不足，並進而影響學業成績；4.社會資產和文化資產有密切的相關，文化資產對學業成績的影響，受到社會資產的影響，文化資產需透過社會資產產生作用，二者密不可分。 分析結果發現，最明顯影響學業成績的文化資產變項為是否補習，其他文化資產變項如課外閱讀或是參與高層文化活動等則效果較不明顯。朋友成績、家長參與親師活動、學習態度及教育期望等四個社會資產變項對學業成績有顯著影響；家中手足人數及家長對子女學校生活及關心成績的影響效果較不顯著。在控制家長教育因素之後，學習資產對學業成績的影響仍然顯著。結果顯示，家長透過提供學習資產而影響子女的學業成績。綜言之，本研究發現豐富的學習資產能創造出較佳學習環境，而透過較佳的學習環境，有助於提升學生之學業成績。 根據研究結果，建議家長與子女經常進行進行關於學業方面之互動及溝通，多參與親師活動，提供充足的文化刺激，同時提高教育期望等，有助於提升學生學業成績。同時，師生間的互動及期望、教師經常與家長保持連繫及互動對學生學業成績也有正面幫助。 / Academic achievement is often used as an explanatory factor of students' future SES, though academic achievement is affected by other variables. This article attempts to investigate important factors associated with academic achievement. Using a sample of 286 junior high school students in Taipei city, we investigate the role of social and cultural capital on academic achievement. The study confirms a consistent finding of earlier research in capital theory-----academic achievement is significantly affected by social and cultural capital. Results suggest the importance of social and cultural capital in the educational process, and the involvement of parents in this regard, should be an important policy promotion. KEYWORDS: social capital, cultural capital, learning capital, academic achievement

The moving activity is an important part of human life, especially nowadays with the life style. The point of the work is to get knowledges of motivation to moving activities of younger children according to children and their parents. Based on this surveys to compare motivation to moving activities of pupils in the 1st and 4th classroom in town's and village's schools in region. I want to get imagination of children doing sport regularly and irregularly and find out what motivate them to move. What motivation do the parents use to support their children in moving activity. Find out if there is a different motivation of parents to pupil in the 1st a 4th classroom in the town and in the village. Keywords Moving, motivation, parent's attitude to moving of child, child's attitude to moving, comparing of motivation, influence of motivation, elementary school age.

L’histoire de la responsabilité des parents du fait de leur enfant entre le XVIe et le XIXe siècle est l’histoire de l’acceptation progressive de cette institution originale durant l’Ancien Régime, sa reconnaissance officielle par le Code civil en 1804, puis sa remise en cause dans les trente dernières années du XIXe siècle. La difficulté à admettre la responsabilité des parents du fait de leur enfant réside essentiellement dans la tradition pénale qui est à l’origine du droit de la responsabilité civile. La responsabilité pénale des enfants ainsi que celle de leurs parents pour un fait commis par eux sont vigoureusement combattues au moment où commence le sujet de cette étude alors pourtant que certaines coutumes admettent déjà la responsabilité civile des parents. Au cours de l’Epoque Moderne, la formulation d’un principe général de responsabilité pour faute, l’acceptation plus large du lien de causalité entre la faute de l’auteur et son dommage et la morale de l’éducation qui souligne le lien entre l’éducation des enfants et leur comportement social, sont autant de facteurs qui poussent à admettre le principe de responsabilité des parents pour faute personnelle. Le principe est confirmé par le Code civil qui en dispose dans son article 1384 alinéa 4. Soutien et sanction d’une puissance paternelle forte, application particulière du principe quasi-délictuel selon lequel chacun est responsable du dommage causé par son imprudence ou sa négligence, la responsabilité civile des parents pour faute personnelle connaît alors son apogée. La remise en cause d’une puissance paternelle forte d’une part et de la responsabilité pour faute d’autre part a conduit à une remise en cause de la responsabilité des parents à la fin du XIXe siècle. / The history of parents’s responsibility between the XVIth and the XIXth century is the history of the progressive acceptance of this institution during the three centuries before the French Revolution, its official recognition by the civil Code in 1804 and its denial at the end of XIXth century. The difficult admission of the responsability of the parents for their children is due to the penal law which is the origin of the civil liability. At the time when our study begins the penal law refuses to charge the children below a certain age and to charge the parents for something done by their children. Despite of that some local custums admit the civil liability of the parents for their children. During the three centuries before the French Revolution this responsability is progressivly accepted due to the better formulation of a general principle charging everybody to pay the consequences of their failures, to the wider allowance of the link between the fault commited and the loss resulting form this fault and at last to the moral of education enhancing the link between the parent’s education and the children behaviour. The responsability of the parents for their children is definitly recognized by the civil Code in 1804. At this stage this principle is the warantie and punishment of the strong paternal power. It is also its specific application of the law charging everybody to pay the consequences of his fault, even the fault in what he has simply neglected or failed to do. The first part of the XIXth Century is the summit of this institution. Both the rejection of a strong paternal power and of the objective fault has caused the rejection of our institution at the end of the XIXth Century.

Aim: The aim of this project was to find the level of oral health literacy of parents of preschool age children regarding their child’s oral health. The primary objective was to improve the oral health status of preschoolers and to prevent early childhood caries. Methods: 117 participants (parents of preschoolers) completed a self-administered oral health literacy questionnaire. Data obtained from the study was analysed using a statistical package (SPSS). Firstly, descriptive analysis was undertaken generating tables and graphs of sociodemographic variables. Later, associations between oral health literacy and sociodemographic variables were identified and also relation between parents’ oral health literacy and their attitude towards water fluoridation in Christchurch was identified using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Psychometric analysis was generated to test validity and reliability of the oral health literacy questionnaire. Results: In the total sample, 38% of participants had poor oral health literacy regarding their child’s oral health. The results also indicated that there were associations present between parents’ oral health literacy and socio-demographic variables such as ethnicity, education and family income. Nearly half of the parents opted for water fluoridation in Christchurch. A strong association between parents’ oral health literacy and their attitude towards water fluoridation was identified. In the total sample, 40% of parents were not aware of need for first dental visit before the school age. Reliability was good for the developed oral health literacy instrument. Conclusions: This study of parents’ oral health literacy in Christchurch, New Zealand identified association of oral health literacy and socio-demographic variables which gives future guidance to improving oral health status of New Zealand children. The relation 6 between parents’ oral health literacy and their attitude towards water fluoridation was shown in this study. This result might be used in future water fluoridation surveys. Future studies are needed to examine health care provider’s perspective in improving parents’ oral health literacy and to tailor more effective public health interventions to improve parents’ oral health literacy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the misconduct of learners in secondary schools in the Ntoane village. It served to determine the • extent to which teenage fall pregnant; • the intensity in which teachers tackle gender violence in schools; • the manner in which the parents’ culture and values are enforced by the teachers. Recommendations are made on how to overcome these barriers and to improve the level of misconduct. A literature study was carried out to gain an understanding of misconduct, and covered the following issues: • What is misconduct? • The causes of misconduct. • An overview of learner misconduct. • The origins of learner misconduct. • Manifestations of learner misconduct in the classroom. • The factors which cause learner misconduct. A qualitative research method was used in this research. The targeted population groups are teenagers in grades 9 and 10 in the Ntoane village. v Interviews were conducted at two schools in the Ntoane village where educators, the school governing bodies and members of the representative council of learners were interviewed. The findings were discussed at length to determine the research objectives. Conclusions were drawn after analysing these findings, and recommendations were formulated. / Education Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in English and Afrikaans / This study analyses the adolescent's peer pressure and the handling thereofby the adolescent, the parents, teachers and educational psychologist. The literature confirms that peer pressure is a multidimensional phenomenon. Certain factors such as the parent's behavioural- and cognitive functioning, the adolescent's social competence and susceptibility to peer pressure influence his compliance to peer pressure. Processes such as identification, internalization, modelling and coercion are involved in this compliance. The implementation of a mentor system and suggested program at school and the teaching of social-, decisionmaking, problemsolving- and selfassertiveness skills will help the adolescent to use peer pressure positively. The educational psychologist can support the adolescent and parents through individual, family and group therapy. / Hierdie studie handel oor die ontleding van portuurgroepdruk by die adolessent en die hantering daarvan deur die adolessent self, die ouers, onderwysers en opvoedkundige sielkundige. Die literatuur bevestig dat portuurgroepdruk 'n komplekse fenomeen met verskeie dimensies is. Verskeie faktore soos die ouers se gedrags- en kognitiewe funksionering, die adolessent se sosiale bekwaamheid en sy vatbaarheid vir portuurgroepdruk bei:nvloed sy toegewing aan portuurgroepdruk. Prosesse soos identifikasie, internalisasie, modellering en dwang is by die toegewing aan portuurgroepdruk betrokke. 'n Voorgestelde program vir die skool, die implementering van 'n portuurmentorprogram en die onderrig van sosiale-, besluitnemings-, probleemoplossings- en selfgeldingsvaardighede kan die adolessent help om portuurgroepdruk te gebruik. Die opvoedkundige sielkundige kan die ouer en adolessent deur individuele-, gesins- en groepterapie bystaan. / Educational Studies / M. Education (Guidance)

This investigation attempts to analyse the applicability of child protection policy and legislation to black families and children in South Africa. The literature study focuses on the nature, scope and implications of child protection and child protection legislation, perspectives on children's and parents' rights, and more specifically on child-care policy and legislation in South Africa. A limited exploratory empirical investigation within the confines of the Child and Family Care Society was undertaken. The researcher had, by way of a case analysis, studied factors influencing the application of child-care legislation ~l:'ld described how legislation is being applied in practice. The application of philosophies and principles inherent in child-care policies, and the evolvement of certain patterns and trends have also been analysed. Specific deficiencies have been identified and recommendations regarding more effective social work practice are highlighted. / Social Work / M.A. (Mental Health)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the misconduct of learners in secondary schools in the Ntoane village. It served to determine the • extent to which teenage fall pregnant; • the intensity in which teachers tackle gender violence in schools; • the manner in which the parents’ culture and values are enforced by the teachers. Recommendations are made on how to overcome these barriers and to improve the level of misconduct. A literature study was carried out to gain an understanding of misconduct, and covered the following issues: • What is misconduct? • The causes of misconduct. • An overview of learner misconduct. • The origins of learner misconduct. • Manifestations of learner misconduct in the classroom. • The factors which cause learner misconduct. A qualitative research method was used in this research. The targeted population groups are teenagers in grades 9 and 10 in the Ntoane village. v Interviews were conducted at two schools in the Ntoane village where educators, the school governing bodies and members of the representative council of learners were interviewed. The findings were discussed at length to determine the research objectives. Conclusions were drawn after analysing these findings, and recommendations were formulated. / Education Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in English and Afrikaans / This study analyses the adolescent's peer pressure and the handling thereofby the adolescent, the parents, teachers and educational psychologist. The literature confirms that peer pressure is a multidimensional phenomenon. Certain factors such as the parent's behavioural- and cognitive functioning, the adolescent's social competence and susceptibility to peer pressure influence his compliance to peer pressure. Processes such as identification, internalization, modelling and coercion are involved in this compliance. The implementation of a mentor system and suggested program at school and the teaching of social-, decisionmaking, problemsolving- and selfassertiveness skills will help the adolescent to use peer pressure positively. The educational psychologist can support the adolescent and parents through individual, family and group therapy. / Hierdie studie handel oor die ontleding van portuurgroepdruk by die adolessent en die hantering daarvan deur die adolessent self, die ouers, onderwysers en opvoedkundige sielkundige. Die literatuur bevestig dat portuurgroepdruk 'n komplekse fenomeen met verskeie dimensies is. Verskeie faktore soos die ouers se gedrags- en kognitiewe funksionering, die adolessent se sosiale bekwaamheid en sy vatbaarheid vir portuurgroepdruk bei:nvloed sy toegewing aan portuurgroepdruk. Prosesse soos identifikasie, internalisasie, modellering en dwang is by die toegewing aan portuurgroepdruk betrokke. 'n Voorgestelde program vir die skool, die implementering van 'n portuurmentorprogram en die onderrig van sosiale-, besluitnemings-, probleemoplossings- en selfgeldingsvaardighede kan die adolessent help om portuurgroepdruk te gebruik. Die opvoedkundige sielkundige kan die ouer en adolessent deur individuele-, gesins- en groepterapie bystaan. / Educational Studies / M. Education (Guidance)

This investigation attempts to analyse the applicability of child protection policy and legislation to black families and children in South Africa. The literature study focuses on the nature, scope and implications of child protection and child protection legislation, perspectives on children's and parents' rights, and more specifically on child-care policy and legislation in South Africa. A limited exploratory empirical investigation within the confines of the Child and Family Care Society was undertaken. The researcher had, by way of a case analysis, studied factors influencing the application of child-care legislation ~l:'ld described how legislation is being applied in practice. The application of philosophies and principles inherent in child-care policies, and the evolvement of certain patterns and trends have also been analysed. Specific deficiencies have been identified and recommendations regarding more effective social work practice are highlighted. / Social Work / M.A. (Mental Health)