Nesta pesquisa, estuda-se o uso do particípio na construção de tempo composto e voz passiva no português do sul do Brasil. Os objetivos específicos são (1) verificar qual a forma mais produtiva/recorrente do particípio em formações verbais; (2) tentar verificar a influência de fatores lingüísticos e extralingüísticos na opção do falante pelo uso da forma regular ou da forma irregular de particípio e; (3) realizar uma análise comparativa entre a norma ditada pela Gramática Tradicional e o uso do particípio nas formações verbais em situações reais de fala. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa é a análise quantitativa de dados. O corpus é constituído de dados de duas naturezas: dados de 24 informantes com até 9 anos de escolaridade, provenientes de entrevistas do Projeto VARSUL, por caracterizarem o uso do particípio na fala espontânea; e dados de 22 informantes com ensino superior completo ou em andamento, provenientes de testes de produtividade, porque desejávamos levantar usos específicos do particípio irregular, como tinha chego, por exemplo, o que dificilmente seria alcançado nas entrevistas do VARSUL. Para a análise dos dados, fizemos um uso adaptado dos programas que compõem o Pacote VARBRUL. Considerando que nossa pesquisa não trata de um fenômeno variável, mas, sobretudo, investiga a regularidade de um fenômeno tipicamente alternante, optamos por aproveitar somente as informações referentes à freqüência (porcentagem) de aplicação do objeto em estudo. Os resultados preliminares mostraram que os tipos de verbos e as formações presentes nos dados do Banco VARSUL favoreceram o uso predominante do particípio regular, ainda que o irregular tenha aparecido em contextos específicos. Já nos resultados preliminares dos Testes, com os verbos e as formações verbais utilizadas, o uso do particípio se mostrou predominantemente alternante, isto é, os falantes alternaram as formas regulares e irregulares de particípio em formações com voz passiva e tempo composto, porém, algumas vezes, o uso do particípio manifestou-se como variável. / In this research, the use of participle in the building of the compound tense and the passive voice of southern Brazil Portuguese language is studied. The specific objectives are (1) verify what the most productive/recurring participle form in verbal formations is; (2) try verifying the influence of linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts when the speaker has to choose whether using the participle regular or irregular form; (3) conduct a comparative analysis between the rule prescribed by the Traditional Grammar and the use of participle in verbal forms of corpora. The methodology used in the research is data quantitative analysis. The corpus is made up of data from two different sources: data from 24 subjects with up to 9 years of study in school, deriving from interviews of the VARSUL Project, for characterizing the use of participle in the spontaneous speech; and data from 22 subjects, who were either graduate or undergraduate students, deriving from productivity tests, as we wanted to identify specific uses of irregular participle, as tinha chego (had arrived), for example, which would be hardly obtained from the interviews in VARSUL. For the data analysis, we made an adapted use of the programs that compose the VARBRUL Package. Considering that our research is not related to a variable phenomenon, but, above all, to investigate the regularity of a mainly alternate phenomenon, we decided to make use of only the information referring to the application frequency (percentage) of the subject in study. The preliminary results showed that the types of verbs and the formations present in the data in the VARSUL database favored the predominant use of the regular participle, although the irregular form was evident in specific contexts. Yet, in the preliminary results of the tests, with the verbs and the verbal formation used, the use of participle showed to be mainly alternate, i.e., the speakers alternated the use of regular and irregular forms of participle in formations with the passive voice and with the compound tense, however, the use of participle showed to be variable, at times.

This study is an analysis of the translation of a French text regarding the use of pesticides in agriculture. The French text has been translated into Swedish by the author of this paper. There have been some problems in producing an idiomatic translation in some cases. Some of the noun phrases, infinitival phrases and participle phrases were especially complicated to translate. The main purpose of this study is to analyse how these problems were solved in a communicative translation. The analytic framework is mainly based on the works of Eriksson (1997), Ingo (2007), Fredriksson (2011) and Säll (2004).       The French language has a tendency of using infinite phrases, participle phrases and long noun phrases. When translating into Swedish one needs to bear in mind that the finite verb, in the present and past tense, is far more used than the infinite and participle forms. Actions are for example often expressed with finite verbs in the Swedish language. When completing a main clause, you often use a subordinate clause in Swedish. In a French text it is more common to see an infinite phrase as a complement of a main clause.   Noun phrases with many words are often avoided in the Swedish language. As a result, Swedish texts can be shorter compared to French texts. The French language is also said to be more abstract than the Swedish language, because there is not so much semantic value in many of the French words compared to Swedish words. The result is that there can be more words in a French text than in the translated Swedish text. In some cases, you can omit words that are not necessary for the context.

[pt] A dissertação Classes de palavras — da Grécia Antiga ao Google: um estudo motivado pela conversão de tagsets consiste em um estudo linguístico sobre classes gramaticais. A pesquisa tem como motivação uma tarefa específica da Linguística Computacional: a anotação de classes gramaticais (POS, do inglês part of speech ). Especificamente, a dissertação relata desafios e opções linguísticas decorrentes da tarefa de alinhamento entre dois tagsets: o tagset utilizado na anotação do corpus Mac-Morpho, um corpus brasileiro de 1.1 milhão de palavras, e o tagset proposto por uma equipe dos laboratórios Google e que vem sendo utilizado no âmbito do projeto Universal Dependencies (UD). A dissertação tem como metodologia a investigação por meio da anotação de grandes corpora e tematiza sobretudo o alinhamento entre as formas participiais. Como resultado, além do estudo e da documentação das opções linguísticas, a presente pesquisa também propiciou um cenário que viabiliza o estudo do impacto de diferentes tagsets em sistemas de Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN) e possibilitou a criação e a disponibilização de mais um recurso para a área de processamento de linguagem natural do português: o corpus Mac-Morpho anotado com o tagset e a filosofia de anotação do projeto UD, viabilizando assim estudos futuros sobre o impacto de diferentes tagsets no processamento automático de uma língua. / [en] The present dissertation, Part of speech — from Ancient Greece to Google: a study motivated by tagset conversion, is a linguistic study regarding gramatical word classes. This research is motivated by a specific task from Computational Linguistics: the annotation of part of speech (POS). Specifically, this dissertation reports the challenges and linguistic options arising from the task of aligning two tagsets: the first used in the annotation of the Mac-Morpho corpus — a Brazilian corpus with 1.1 million words — and the second proposed by Google research lab, which has been used in the context of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project. The present work adopts the annotation of large corpora as methodology and focuses mainly on the alignment of the past participle forms. As a result, in addition to the study and the documentation of the linguistic choices, this research provides a scenario which enables the study of the impact different tagsets have on Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems and presents another Portuguese NLP resource: the Mac-Morpho corpus annotated with project UD s tagset and consistent with its annotation philosophy, thus enabling future studies regarding the impact of different tagsets in the automatic processing of a language.

This Master's thesis deals with the gerund and -ing participial clauses in written and spoken academic texts. The theoretical part defines the academic discourse and non-finite verb forms. Gerund and -ing participial constructions are further described regarding their forms and syntactic functions. The sources used for the research part are two corpora of contemporary academic British English: BASE and BAWE. BASE corpus contains transcripts of academic lectures. BAWE corpus is a collection of university-level students' writings. Both corpora contain texts from four different genres and moreover students' assignments are divided into four levels of study. For the purpose of the research part of our thesis, only the genre "Arts and Humanities" and the highest level of study will be taken into account. The practical part analyses the frequency of gerund and -ing participial clauses, frequency of verbs occurring in these constructions and collocations of these verbs. A detailed analysis aims at studying 100 sentences from written texts and 100 sentences from academic lectures. This sample is examined regarding the internal structure of each non-finite clause and its syntactic function. The final section summarizes the results or our research.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse and describe the Czech translation counterparts of English present- and perfect-participial clauses which function as postmodifiers and adverbials. Although there is a formal counterpart of the English participle - the transgressive - this form is considered very marked and archaic in Czech. Therefore, based on an analysis of 210 sentences excerpted from three American works of contemporary fiction, the thesis describes the recurrent patterns used in the translation of the forms in question. The analysis confirmed the findings of previous studies that while English prefers nominal and verbo- nominal means of expressions, Czech relies rather on verbal expression. The majority of the translation counterparts are divergent correspondences, above all finite clauses connected paratactically to the counterpart of the matrix clause. Although the translation of a participle by a finite verb form is more explicit, the coordinative relation makes it possible to retain the semantic indeterminacy of the relation between the clauses which is specific for participial constructions. Key words: participle, participial clause, transgressive, postmodifier, adverbial, translation counterparts

This dissertation analyses seven modern Bible translations in French with respect to their renderings of Koine Greek participles. The sample consists of the Passion Story from the four Gospels (Matt 26-28, Mark 14-16, Luke 22-24 and John 18-21), and is comprised of 603 Hellenistic participles in all. The participle forms are studied in six categories according to their syntactic function. The comparison focuses on differences in translation strategy, i.e. formal equivalence, omission and different kinds of transpositions, with special attention given to the choice of verb form. There is a discussion of the adequacy of contemporary, explicative theories of systemic differences between the passé simple/passé composé and the imparfait. A large number of examples are analysed in detail. The results of the survey show that the most prominent differences in translation strategies concern the predicative participle. Furthermore, this was the category that occurred most frequently in the sample. The Catholic scientific and literary translation La Bible de Jérusalem (1998) is the most literal of the seven versions. A high level of formal equivalence is also registered in the other scientific translation, La Traduction Œcuménique de la Bible (1988), even though application of this strategy outweighs the use of finite verbs, that is to say, the most common transposition. La Bible en français courant (1996) is the least literal: generally, it transposes the participle of the source text with a finite verb. This transposition is also very frequent in the literary La Bible de la Pléiade (1971). Most of the omissions are recorded in the recent literary La Bible, Nouvelle traduction (2001), which is shown to be the most divergent translation. Omissions are also frequent in the pastoral La Bible des moines de Maredsous (1968) and the liturgical La Traduction liturgique de la Bible (1977). When translated in conjunction with an element comprising a verb in one of the non-indicative moods (infinitive, imperative, participle and subjunctive), both the present and the aorist predicative participles are, to a large extent, rendered by a simple form, expressing non-accomplishment. However, the Bible de Jérusalem stands out with its greater use of compound present participles than any other version. When the predicative participle of the source text is transposed with a verb in the indicative mood, the passé simple is generally used to render the aorist; for the present participle, the imparfait is more frequent than the passé simple. Nevertheless, here too the passé simple accounts for a significant portion of the equivalents, especially in the two translations where transpositions formed by finite verbs are particularly important. There exist a few cases where some translators chose to use the passé simple/passé compose, while others chose the imparfait. The various details, tables and linguistic analyses in this dissertation provide a solid basis for accurately characterizing the various modern attempts made at reproduce this ancient text – a text so often translated, paraphrased, interpreted and deeply integrated in our cultural heritage.

La présente recherche traite des constructions participiales en –ing de l’anglais contemporain. Elle s’appuie sur un corpus de plus de 1700 occurrences de participiales issues de romans et d’articles de journaux, ainsi que sur le British National Corpus et le Corpus of Contemporary American English. Les participiales ont pour caractéristique majeure ne pas expliciter les liens syntaxiques et sémantiques qui les unissent à la proposition dont elles dépendent. Pour expliquer les fondements linguistiques de cette propriété, la recherche établit une typologie détaillée des participiales, étudie les relations qu’elles entretiennent avec leur sujet, ainsi que la nature de l’incidence et de la prédication qui les caractérisent, et détaille les interprétations sémantiques qu’elles peuvent recevoir. Elle montre que la valeur sémantique basique des participiales est la circonstance concomitante, soit un simple lien établi entre deux procès qui forment une unité dans l’esprit de l’énonciateur. Ce sont les traits spécifiques du co- et du contexte qui peuvent modifier cette valeur basique pour déboucher sur l’interprétation finale, adverbiale ou adjectivale, de la participiale. La recherche propose, dans le cadre de la psychosystématique de Gustave Guillaume, des hypothèses susceptibles d’expliquer le comportement syntaxique et sémantique des participiales ; elle montre qu’il est directement lié au sens du participe présent, dont il est postulé que l’incidence est interne et qu’il code la simultanéité et l’imperfectif dans tous ses emplois. / This research deals with –ing participle clauses in contemporary English. It is based on a corpus totalling over 1,700 participle clauses collected from novels and newspaper articles, and it also relies on data from electronic corpora – the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The main characteristic of –ing participle clauses is that they lack an explicit syntactic and semantic link to their superordinate clause: to shed light on the linguistic phenomena accounting for this specificity, the research establishes a detailed typology of –ing clauses, studies their relationship to their subjects, investigates the specific nature of their incidence and predication, and provides a detailed analysis of their semantic indeterminacy. It shows that their basic semantic value is one of attendant circumstance – a mere link between two events or states that form a unit in the speaker’s mind. The characteristics of the co- and context may alter this basic value to give the clause its final (adjectival or adverbial) meaning. The research puts forward hypotheses to account for the syntactic and semantic characteristics of –ing participle clauses within the framework of Gustave Guillaume’s psychosystematic theory: it shows the syntactic and semantic behaviour of –ing clauses can be directly traced back to the meaning of the –ing participle, which, it is hypothesised, has an internal incidence and expresses simultaneity and imperfectivity in all of its uses.

In introduction of work, I presented the state of the art of measuring insertion loss of the EMI filter and the description of individual methods of measuring is also included. After that I dealt with global optimization methods and some of them I theoretically described. Mainly PSO method was studied carefully, and the principle of optimization in details are presented in the thesis, because this method was used for optimization of the filters parameters in the thesis. Next part of work deals with theoretical and mathematical expression of insertion loss of the EMI filters. Due to the mathematical expression of the insertion loss, the values of parasitic elements of given filter have been optimized in different measuring systems. This optimization was applied on synthetic data. By this step the functionality of optimization was proved and also the fitness function has been tuned and optimised. The last part of thesis works with optimization on measured data of given filters. I found out inaccuracy in mathematical expression of given model of EMI filter, therefore it was necessary to come up with the new filter model. The accuracy increases by using the new filter model. In next step the new model was enlarged by new spurious components.

I bibelhebreiska texter av olika genrer används det aktiva participet i både nominala och verbala funktioner. I flera språk används det aktiva participet ofta i en progressiv handling i imperfektiv aspekt som till exempel ’springande’. Den temporala innebörden kan vara både nutid, framtid och dåtid. Syftet med denna undersökning var att beskriva det aktiva participet och dess funktion samt frekvens i textanalys av två bibelhebreiska prosatexter. Finns det en diakronisk ut- veckling mellan en tidig och en senare bibelhebreisk narrativ text.? Frågeställningarna var om frekvensen ökar i den senare bibelhebreiska texten samt om användningen av aktivt particip i predikativ funktion ökar jämfört med övriga funktioner. Vilka TAM-värden såsom tempus och aspekt används i texterna? Vilka verblexem är mest förekommande? Undersökningens metod var en deskriptiv analys av en tidig text i Josua kapitel 1–5 samt en senare bibelhebreisk text i 2 Krönikeboken kapitel 17–20. Resultatet visade en ökad förekomst av aktiva particip i predikativ funktion jämfört med aktiva particip i nomen eller attributiv/relativ funktion i den senare texten i 2 Krönikebo- ken jämfört med Josua. Detta har bibelhebreiska forskare tidigare uppmärksammat. Tem- pus är framför allt framtid eller nutid i Josua 1–5 medan dåtid står för drygt hälften av ak- tiva particip i 2 Krön. 17–20. De vanligaste verblexemen i predikativ funktion i de valda texterna är ’ge’, ’stå’ och ’gå över’, ’komma’, ’sitta’ samt ’profetera’ beroende på textens innehåll. Analysen visade även förekomst av intressanta tempusmarkörer och grammatiska konstruktioner såsom hinnēh ’se här!’och historiskt presens. Aspekten för de aktiva partici- pen är framför allt imperfektiv pågående och progressiv, vilket är det aktiva participets hu- vuddrag. Men även perfektiv aspekt förekommer. Slutsatsen är att aktiva particip i predikativ funktion ökar i texten i 2 Krönikeboken jäm- fört med Josua. Är det en diakronisk utveckling av aktiva particip i det bibelhebreiska språket över tid eller beror ökningen på skillnader i olika språkstilar? / In texts of Biblical Hebrew from diverse genres the active participle is used in both nomi- nal and verbal functions. In several languages the active participle is often used in a pro- gressive event in the aspect of imperfective as ‘running’. The temporal meaning can be both present, future and past. The aim of this thesis was to describe the active participle and its function and fre- quency in textual analysis of two texts of prose in Biblical Hebrew. Is there a diachronic development between an early and a later Hebrew narrative text? The questions were whether the frequency increases in the later biblical Hebrew text and whether the use of ac- tive participle in predicative function increases compared to other functions. What TAM values such as tense and aspect are used in the texts? Which verblexems are most com- mon? The method of the research was a descriptive analysis of an early text in the book of Joshua, chapters 1-5 as well as a later biblical Hebrew text in 2 Chronicles chapters 17-20. The result showed an increased occurrence of active participles in predicative function compared to active participles in noun or attributive/relative function in the later text of 2 Chronicles compared to Joshua. Biblical Hebrew scholars have earlier noticed this. Tense is primarily future or present in Joshua 1–5, while past tense accounts for just over half of active participles in 2 Chronicles. 17–20. The most common verb lexemes in predicative function in the selected texts are ‘give’, ‘stand’ and ‘go over’ as well as ‘prophesy’. These are depending on the content of the text. The analysis also showed the presence of interesting tense markers and grammatical con- structions such as hinnēh 'see here!' and historical present. The aspect of the active partici- ple is above all imperfective continuous and progressive, which is the main feature of the active participle. But also, perfective aspect occurs. The conclusion is that active participles in predicative function increase in the text of 2 Chronicles compared to Joshua. Is it a diachronic development of active participles in the biblical Hebrew language over time or is the increase due to differences in different language styles?

Title: Non­finite Verb Forms as Semipredicates in Russian, Czech and German. A Typological View. Author: Jana Kocková Supervisor: doc. Dr. phil. Markus Giger Abstract: This research paper presents a comprehensive picture of non­finite verb forms in Russian, Czech and German supported by a corpus analysis based on the parallel corpus InterCorp CNC. Equivalents of each of the non­finite verb forms were analysed manually in each of the monitored languages. The data obtained served for typological classification focused on non­finite verb forms as secondary predicates. Different frequencies of the individual forms and mutual competition of various means in language also indirectly result from the analysis. In Czech we may observe generally a strong tendency to express the semiprediaction by means of a finite verb form in a sentence structure. As regards non­ finite verb forms, the actively used forms are participle and verbal nouns, i.e. forms which relate to the existing part­of­speech paradigms. Due to being inflectional they express explicitly syntactic relations. Czech uses the possibility to express the secondary predication by means that are not contrary to morphological regularities of the inflectional type. Russian uses actively all the non­finite verb forms. A high...