動機與目的：傳統的統計迴歸模式假設觀測值的不確定性來自於隨機現象，而模糊迴歸則考慮不確定性來自於多重隸屬現象。不同的模型建構所得到的估計值也不一致。如何衡量模型的優劣程度，至今仍沒有一套嚴謹的標準。 研究方法：本研究以區間模糊數建構模糊迴歸模式，如此一來對樣本的解釋方式將更為貼近現實，並提出一套區間模糊數距離測度，以衡量估計值與實際值之間的差距。實證分析中（懸浮微粒PM_10濃度預測、台灣加權股價指數預測），我們藉由此距離測度衡量二維模糊迴歸與傳統二項最小平方法對於樣本的配適性。 創新與推廣：提出區間模糊數距離衡量估計值與原樣本之差異程度。在符合傳統統計迴歸精神之下，當距離最小就是差異最小的估計，最能符合所抽取的樣本，也是最佳估計。 重要發現：利用本區間模糊數距離測度，我們發現二維模糊迴歸方法比起傳統二項最小平方法更有效率且廣義殘差（generalized residual）將更小。 結論：過去以來，我們對於模糊迴歸架構一直都沒有完整的衡量標準。文中我們定義區間模糊數區間距離與平均距離，並推導賦距空間等性質。結合實例分析及應用，建構一合適模糊迴歸模式，以利統計決策分析參考。 / Objective: This study concerns how to develop effective fuzzy regression models. In the literature, little is addressed on how to evaluate the effectiveness of fuzzy regression models developed with different regression methods. We consider this issue in this work and present a framework for such evaluation. Method: We consider fuzzy regression models developed with different regression approaches. A method to evaluate the developed models is proposed. We then show that the proposed method possesses desirable mathematical properties and it is applied to compare the two-dimensional regression method and the traditional least square based regression method in our case studies: predicating the concentration of and the volatility of the weighted price index of the Taiwanese stock exchange. Innovation: We propose a new metric to define a distance between two fuzzy numbers. This metric can be used to evaluate the performance of different fuzzy regression models. When a prediction from one model is closest to the sample data measured in terms of the proposed metric, it can be recognized as the optimal predication. Results: Based on the proposed metric, it can be obtained that the two-dimensional fuzzy regression method is better than the traditional least square based regression method. Especially, its resulting generalized residual is smaller. Conclusion: In the literature, no unified framework has been previously proposed in evaluating the effectiveness of developed fuzzy regression models. In this work, we present a metric to achieve this goal. It facilitates the work to determine whether a fuzzy regression model suitably fits obtained samples and whether the model has potential to provide sufficient accuracy for follow-up analysis in a considered problem.

Douze contaminants émergents (composés pharmaceutiques, pesticides et hormones) ont été quantifiés et extraits de l'eau de rivières et d’échantillons d'eaux usées municipales. La séparation des solides en suspension est effectuée par filtration des échantillons d'eau. L'effet de filtration sur les concentrations de contaminants dissous a été évaluée afin de minimiser les pertes de composés cibles. Les échantillons ont été lyophilisés et ont été extraits en deux cycles par ultrasons combinés avec une étape de nettoyage sur cartouche d’extraction de type C18. La quantification a été réalisée en utilisant la spectrométrie de masse. Les recouvrements de la méthode pour tous les composés ont varié de 68 à 112% dans toutes les matrices étudiées, sauf pour le sulfaméthoxazole et le diclofénac où des recouvrements plus modestes ont été obtenus (38 à 85%). Les limites de détection pour les 12 analytes dans les sédiments et particules en suspension (SPM) de la rivière variaient de 0,7 à 9,4 ng g-1 et de 21 à 92 ng g-1, pour les échantillons SPM de station d'épuration. Tous les contaminants émergents cibles ont été détectés à des concentrations variant de 3 à 5440 ng g-1 dans les matrices étudiées, les concentrations les plus élevées ont été observées dans les échantillons SPM de stations d'épuration. Une partie importante de certains de ces contaminants est clairement associée aux sédiments de rivière ou aux particules en suspension. L’optimisation des processus de traitement de l'eau et le devenir environnemental doit absolument tenir compte de la fraction de contaminants qui liée à des particules si on espère avoir un bilan de masse raisonnable. / We developed a protocol to quantify 12 emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and hormones) and pesticides extracted from suspended particulate matter (SPM) of river water and municipal wastewaters samples. The separation of suspended solids was carried through filtration of water samples. We tested a series of 6 different filter types. The effect of filtration on the concentrations of dissolved contaminants was evaluated in order to minimize losses of target compounds. The river bottom sediments samples were lyophilized and both SPM and sediment samples were subjected to ultrasonic extraction combined with C18 cartridge clean-up. Quantifications were realized using mass spectrometry. The overall method recoveries of all compounds ranged from 38 to 112 % in all studied matrices, poor recoveries were achieved for sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac (recoveries for all other compounds in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) samples were 68 to 111%). The detection limits in sediments and SPM from river samples for the 12 analytes varied from 0.7 to 9.4 ng g-1 and from 21 to 92 ng g-1 for WWTP SPM samples. All target emerging contaminants were detected with concentrations ranging from 3 to 5440 ng g-1 in the studied matrices, with the highest concentrations observed in WWTP SPM samples. A significant portion of some of those contaminants is clearly associated with bottom sediments or suspended particulates. Optimization of water treatment processes and environmental fate must absolutely consider the fraction of contaminants which is particulate-bound if one hopes to have a reasonable mass balance.

Douze contaminants émergents (composés pharmaceutiques, pesticides et hormones) ont été quantifiés et extraits de l'eau de rivières et d’échantillons d'eaux usées municipales. La séparation des solides en suspension est effectuée par filtration des échantillons d'eau. L'effet de filtration sur les concentrations de contaminants dissous a été évaluée afin de minimiser les pertes de composés cibles. Les échantillons ont été lyophilisés et ont été extraits en deux cycles par ultrasons combinés avec une étape de nettoyage sur cartouche d’extraction de type C18. La quantification a été réalisée en utilisant la spectrométrie de masse. Les recouvrements de la méthode pour tous les composés ont varié de 68 à 112% dans toutes les matrices étudiées, sauf pour le sulfaméthoxazole et le diclofénac où des recouvrements plus modestes ont été obtenus (38 à 85%). Les limites de détection pour les 12 analytes dans les sédiments et particules en suspension (SPM) de la rivière variaient de 0,7 à 9,4 ng g-1 et de 21 à 92 ng g-1, pour les échantillons SPM de station d'épuration. Tous les contaminants émergents cibles ont été détectés à des concentrations variant de 3 à 5440 ng g-1 dans les matrices étudiées, les concentrations les plus élevées ont été observées dans les échantillons SPM de stations d'épuration. Une partie importante de certains de ces contaminants est clairement associée aux sédiments de rivière ou aux particules en suspension. L’optimisation des processus de traitement de l'eau et le devenir environnemental doit absolument tenir compte de la fraction de contaminants qui liée à des particules si on espère avoir un bilan de masse raisonnable. / We developed a protocol to quantify 12 emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and hormones) and pesticides extracted from suspended particulate matter (SPM) of river water and municipal wastewaters samples. The separation of suspended solids was carried through filtration of water samples. We tested a series of 6 different filter types. The effect of filtration on the concentrations of dissolved contaminants was evaluated in order to minimize losses of target compounds. The river bottom sediments samples were lyophilized and both SPM and sediment samples were subjected to ultrasonic extraction combined with C18 cartridge clean-up. Quantifications were realized using mass spectrometry. The overall method recoveries of all compounds ranged from 38 to 112 % in all studied matrices, poor recoveries were achieved for sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac (recoveries for all other compounds in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) samples were 68 to 111%). The detection limits in sediments and SPM from river samples for the 12 analytes varied from 0.7 to 9.4 ng g-1 and from 21 to 92 ng g-1 for WWTP SPM samples. All target emerging contaminants were detected with concentrations ranging from 3 to 5440 ng g-1 in the studied matrices, with the highest concentrations observed in WWTP SPM samples. A significant portion of some of those contaminants is clearly associated with bottom sediments or suspended particulates. Optimization of water treatment processes and environmental fate must absolutely consider the fraction of contaminants which is particulate-bound if one hopes to have a reasonable mass balance.

Particulate matter in the ambient air of down-town New Orleans, LA, is not currently recorded by any government, state, or private organization. This research quantified particulate matter (PM) and its metal concentration in ambient air of the New Orleans Historic District. Both, PM10 (PM less than 10 micron in size) and PM2.5 (PM less than 2.5 micron in size) were quantified by gravimetric analysis using an Andersen Dichotomous Sampler (Series 240). Posterior to gravimetric analysis, the filters were analyzed with a fluorescent test method using an Innov-X Portable XRF Analyzer (Model A-6500). This study demonstrated that the ambient air of the New Orleans Historic District is in compliance with the National Ambient Ai Quality Standards regarding contamination of particulate matter and Lead.

Drywall, a popular building material made of gypsum based plaster sandwiched between two thick sheets of paper is used for building interior walls, is speedier alternative to traditional plaster, decreasing time and labor for construction. Importance of drywall increased with the demand for drywall after nine hurricanes hit Florida in 2004-05 and widespread damage caused in the Gulf Coast after Katrina in 2005. This study has two parts. First part presents an analysis of metals like strontium for the identification of Chinese drywall, and a comparison of strontium concentrations of American drywall and Chinese drywall using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) analysis with the Innov-X XRF analyzer. The second part presents an analysis of metal exposure during cutting and installation of drywall using 8stage Cascade impactor. The work space concentration of, different metals is analyzed using XRF analysis and particulate matter within various size ranges, were calculated and their effects are studied.

De manière générale, l'inhalation de particules entraîne des réactions inflammatoires et des réactions d'oxydo-réduction responsables de la dégradation des matrices biologiques qui exercent, de plus, un fort impact cardio-vasculaire. La combustion du bois est une source majeure de composés organiques semi-volatils, parmi lesquels les méthoxyphénols (MPs), tels que le coniféryl aldéhyde (CA), le syringaldéhyde (SR), ou l'acétosyringone (AS). Les MPs sont néanmoins peu étudiés dans la littérature alors que la toxicité d'autres composés également issus de la combustion de la biomasse, tels que le monoxyde de carbone, les suies et les hydrocarbures polyaromatiques est intensivement étudiée. Ce travail a montré par GC/MS que le vieillissement en atmosphère simulée (ozone, rayonnements lumineux) dégrade le CA en produits secondaires moins cytotoxiques, évalués sur des fibroblastes en culture, mais préserve le taux atmosphérique de SR et AS, de toxicité avérée. Un dispositif original de production de MPs particulaires (Ø~50nm, N~7E4particules/cm3, m~5µg/m3) en atmosphère contrôlée a été validé et permet la 1ièreétude in vivo des MPs. L'exposition chez le rat (1-3mois) montre une modification des défenses antioxydantes et des changements cardiaques principalement avec AS, puis CA et un peu moins pour SR. Des processus adaptatifs sont démontrés après 5mois d'exposition.Par ailleurs, il a été montré in vitro sur des adénocacinomes pulmonaires A549 en culture, que le CA induit une destructuration du tapis cellulaire et l'apoptose (caspase 3) mais pas d'effet pro-inflammatoire (IL8, Cox-2). En conclusion, ce travail contribue à étudier l'impact des MPs in vitro et in vivo. / In general, inhalation of particles is at the origin of inflammatory and oxidative reactions who are responsible of the degradation of biological cellular constituents, and could have a strong cardiovascular impact. The wood combustion is a major source of semivolatile organic compounds such as the methoxyphenols (MPs) including coniferyl aldehyde (CA), syringaldehyde (SR), or acetosyringone (AS). The MPs are however few studies into literature while toxicity of other compounds also from biomass combustion, as carbon monoxide, soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon are intensively studies.This work has shown by GC/MS that aging in simulated atmosphere (ozone + light rays) degraded CA in secondary products less cytotoxic, studies on fribroblastes culture but keep the atmospherical level of SR and AS which have a toxicity proved.A device of MPs particle production original by atomization, with a check system (height, composition, weight) and exposition flow continuous (Ø~50 nm, N~7E4 particles/cm3, m~5 µg/m3) adapted to little animals, was developed and validated, allowed the first study in vivo with these molecules. Between 1 and 3 month of exposition to rat Wistar, show modified antioxidant defences and cardiac modification (ischaemia/reperfusion) principally with AS, then CA and less SR. The adaptatives processes (remodeling) are demonstrated after 5 month of exposition.Furthermore, it is showed in vitro on lung adenocacinum cell lines (A549), CA induced a monolayer destructuration and apoptosis (caspase 3) but no effect proinflammatory (IL8, Cox-2 and iNOS).To conclude, this work contributes to study the impact of MPs in vitro and in vivo.

Introdução: A poluição atmosférica é proveniente de complexas interações que envolvem emissões de poluentes atmosféricos e que sabidamente causam consequências negativas para a saúde humana. De acordo com alguns estudos, a exposição à poluição, durante a gestação, pode causar baixo peso ao nascimento e prematuridade. Contudo, não há ainda consenso sobre os períodos de maior susceptibilidade para a exposição à poluição, e quais seriam os seus efeitos nos desfechos do gestação e na determinação do sexo do recém-nascido (RN). Objetivos: Com a finalidade de investigar o impacto da poluição na gestação e, consequentemente, no RN, os objetivos deste projeto são avaliar a influência da exposição à poluição, antes da concepção, na determinação do sexo do RN, e, durante a gestação, nos desfechos do parto e na curva de crescimento da circunferência cefálica (CC) entre o terceiro trimestre e o parto. Métodos: Um estudo prospectivo com 371 gestantes, intitulado ProcriAR, foi realizado na cidade de São Paulo. Os poluentes dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2) e ozônio (O3) foram medidos durante cada trimestre da gestação por meio da utilização de amostradores passivos individuais (APIs). Simultaneamente, foi realizada a análise dos poluentes NO2 e material particulado com tamanho menor que 10 Micro m (MP10) medidos pela estação fixa de ar de Taboão da Serra da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), localizada na zona oeste de São Paulo e a mais próxima da residência das gestantes do projeto. Os desfechos avaliados foram: idade gestacional, peso, comprimento e medida da CC do RN; sexo do RN e crescimento do polo cefálico entre o terceiro trimestre e o parto. Quando a variável desfecho era contínua, foi realizada análise linear multivariada, controle de idade gestacional, sexo do RN, idade materna no momento da concepção, índice de massa corporal (IMC), paridade, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, cor, nível de escolaridade completado, estado civil, índice de pulsatilidade (IP) da artéria umbilical no terceiro trimestre, e via de parto para a variável CC. Resultados: Não foram observadas associações entre a exposição ao NO2 e O3, avaliados em cada trimestre da gestação, e a idade gestacional, o peso, o comprimento, a CC ao nascer e o crescimento do polo cefálico fetal entre o terceiro trimestre e o parto. A exposição ao NO2 e MP10 no ano prévio à concepção influenciou na chance de ser do sexo feminino, ou seja, para cada aumento de 1 unidade do poluente do NO2, constatou-se um aumento de 10% na chance de ser do sexo feminino (Razão de chances (RC) = 1,100; intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% = 1,040, 1,164; p = 0,001). Em relação ao MP10, para cada aumento de 1 unidade desse poluente, observou-se um aumento de 18 % na chance de ser do sexo feminino (RC = 1,176; IC de 95% = 1,054, 1,311; p = 0,004). Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que, no ambiente de São Paulo, a exposição à poluição no ano prévio à concepção esteve associada à determinação do sexo do RN / Background: Ambient pollution may lead to adverse obstetric outcomes, such as premature birth and low birth weight. Objectives: To determine the influence of maternal air pollution exposure on sex ratio, on birth outcomes and on the growth curve of cephalic pole between the third trimester and the birth. Methods: ProcriAR, a prospective cohort study of 371 pregnant women, was conducted in the city of São Paulo. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) were measured during each trimester using passive personal monitors. At the same time, NO2 and particulate matter lower than 10 Micro m (PM10) were measured by a fixed station. We evaluated the gestational age, birth weight, birth lenght, head circumference, newborn sex and the growth curve of cephalic pole between the third trimester and the birth. When the outcome variable was continuous, multivariate analysis was performed, controlling for gestational age, newborn sex, maternal age at conception, body mass index, parity, smoking, alcohol consumption, race, highest education level completed, marital status, umbilical artery pulsatility values at third trimester and type of delivery for the outcome head circumference. We used multiple logistic regression models to evaluate the association of being female based on a quantitative increase in pollutant concentration, controlling for maternal age at conception, parity and smoking. Results: Elevated exposure to pollutants NO2 and PM10 were associated with increased odds of being female. Each unit increase of NO2 exposure increased the odds of being female by 10% (odds ratio (OR) = 1,100, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1,040, 1,164; p = 0,001) and each unit increase of PM10 increased by 18% (OR = 1,176, 95% CI 1,054, 1,311, p = 0,004). Conclusion: In São Paulo, maternal exposure to pollutants prior to conception was significantly associated with the odds of being female

A gestão da qualidade do ar é um desafio global, considerando que em muitos países, como no Brasil, a concentração da população em regiões metropolitanas é relevante, assim como sua exposição à poluentes atmosféricos. No estado de São Paulo, ao longo dos anos, as regulações que integraram a gestão da qualidade do ar têm incorporado novos instrumentos, exigências. Porém, identifica-se a ausência de procedimentos oficiais para auxiliar a concepção de políticas públicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de analisar metodologias existentes nos Estados Unidos da América e União Europeia, que possam auxiliar o planejamento de políticas públicas de qualidade do ar, em especial, para material particulado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e também de análises de viabilidade técnica e econômica de implantação de novas tecnologias, técnicas e práticas, do inglês Best Available Techniques (BAT)/ Best Environmental Practices (BEP). Por meio de pesquisa exploratória, utilizando-se de revisão bibliográfica e documental, este trabalho verificou a ausência sistemática de elementos como: análises de custo-efetividade de políticas públicas, consideração de modelagens integradas para concepção de políticas públicas, envolvimento de partes interessadas no planejamento de medidas. Quanto aos elementos para realizar análise de viabilidade técnica de implementação de BAT/BEP, foi possível identificar aspectos de avaliação de efeitos cruzados ambientais e econômicos, bancos de dados americanos e europeus contendo BAT/BEP e seus custos, que, com a devida adaptação, poderiam ser também uma referência. Trata-se de elementos importantes para subsidiar tomadas de decisão e buscar medidas, para que possam, de fato, levar à melhoria da qualidade do ar, para material particulado (MP10). / Air quality management is a global challenge, considering that in many countries, such as Brazil, the concentration of population in metropolitan regions is relevant and also their exposure to air pollutants. In the state of São Paulo, over the years, regulations that have integrated air quality management have incorporated new instruments, requirements. However, it is identified the absence of official procedures to assist the design of public policies. The objective of this work was to analyze existing methodologies in the United States and the European Union, which can assist in the planning of air quality public policies, especially for particulate matter in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), as well as technical and economic feasibility analyzes for implementation of new technologies, techniques and practices from Best Available Techniques (BAT) / Best Environmental Practices (BEP). Through an exploratory research, using a bibliographical and documentary review, this work verified the systematic absence of elements such as: cost-effectiveness analysis of public policies, consideration of integrated modeling for public policy design, stakeholder involvement in planning of measures. As for the elements to perform technical feasibility analysis of BAT / BEP implementation, it was possible to identify aspects of environmental and economic cross-effects evaluation, American and European databases containing BAT / BEP and their costs, which, with due adaptation, could also be a reference. Those are important elements to support decision-making and seek measures, so that they can, in fact, lead to improved air quality for particulate matter (PM10).

The content of analytical part of this thesis is the study of airborne dust samples collected in places with its higher concentration: by the Prague Ring (D0 motorway) and near the Ostrava's iron-mills. In both places, automobile transportation or industrial production are the primary sources of particulate matter emissions in the air. Received samples of PM1, PM2, PM10 a TSP filters were obtained by a standard air pollution monitoring procedure. This study examines the relationship between the magnetic parameters of the samples, their level of concentration of metals frequently present in emissions from these sources, the total mass of the dust fraction in the samples and the meteorological parameters (for Ostrava samples). The magnetic properties of the filters were investigated by magnetometric analyzes using a vibration sampling magnetometer. The concentrations of the metals were monitored by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, the weight of parts of dust filtres was measured on laboratory scales.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido objetivando a determinação e a avaliação dos perfis temporais da concentração de alguns elementos químicos potencialmente tóxicos presentes no material particulado em suspensão (MPS) no interior de uma pequena indústria de fundição de metais bronze, ferro e alumínio que, em concentrações elevadas, podem acarretar sérios riscos à saúde do trabalhador. Para isso foi utilizado um amostrador temporal de MPS, que coleta amostras de aerossóis em intervalo de tempo pré-programados, separando-os por tamanho: (a) fração fina ou respirável (partículas com diâmetro aerodinâmico menor que 2,5 m, MP2,5) e (b) fração grossa ou inalável (entre 2,5 a 10 m, MP10-2,5), durante todo o período do processo de fundição (da fusão à moldagem). As amostras coletadas, na forma de faixas (strips) sobre um filtro (fração fina) e sobre um impactador (fração grossa), foram analisadas pela técnica de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXRF), utilizando na excitação um tubo de raios X com alvo de Mo e e na detecção dos raios X característicos um detector semicondutor de Si(Li) acoplado a um analisador de pulsos multicanal, interpretando-se posteriormente os espectros de raios X obtidos pelo aplicativo AXIL. Para algumas amostras também foi feita uma análise com microscópio eletrônico de varredura (SEM/EDS) para se conhecer a morfologia dos particulados. Deste modo foi possível determinar a concentração de elementos químicos potencialmente tóxicos presentes em um ambiente de uma pequena indústria de fundição de metais, mostrando que o momento mais crítico dessa atividade foi o da moldagem e também determinar a forma do MPS. Na fundição do bronze e ferro, as concentrações dos elementos Cr, Mn, Ni e Pb, principalmente na fração fina no momento de moldagem, mostraram-se muito superior aos limites recomendados pelas agências brasileira e norte-americana. Apesar de não haver limites recomendados para o elemento Zn, foi verificada uma alta concentração principalmente na concentração na fração fina, o mesmo sucedendo para o Cu. Com respeito a fundição de alumínio, foi observado altas concentrações principalmente de Zn e Cu, somente na fração fina, não ocorrendo na fração grossa. Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os trabalhadores estão sujeitos a condições insalubres de trabalho nesse tipo de ambiente, aconselhando-se o uso permanente de equipamentos adequados de proteção visando de preferência a fração fina, assim como um monitoramento constante desses elementos químicos durante todas as etapas do processo de fundição, principalmente na de moldagem / The aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical concentration of some potentially toxic inorganic chemical elements and the time profiles in fine (PM2.5, particles up to 2.5 m) and coarse (PM2.5-10, particles from 2.5 to 10 m) suspended particulate matter (SPM) inside a small foundry plant - bronze, iron and aluminium -, in which at high concentrations turns a healthy concern. For these purpose, a rotating streaker airparticulate sampler for sampling during all day foundry activity was utilized. Fine SPM was collected on a filter and coarse SPM in turn by an impactor. The collected samples were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique employing a Mo target tube in the excitation, and the detection was carried out through Si(Li) semiconductor detector coupled to multichannel analyser, deconvolutting the X-ray spectra with AXIL software help. It was also carried out particulated morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer coupled (SEM/EDS). In this manner, the inorganic chemicals content were determined in the small foundry allowing concluding that the moulding step is the critical one taking into account the amount of pollutant released. During bronze and iron melting, the Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb contents in SPM were higher than allowed values by Brazilian and United States legislations. It was also verified a high Zn and Cu content, mainly in the fine suspended particulate matter, although these elements are not contemplated by national nor international laws. Thus, due to this unhealthy environmental working conditions inside the small foundry plant,a proper individual protection equipment is mandatory mainly for fine suspended particulate matter, and a constant air pollutant monitoring in foundry plants is demanded, mainly during the moulding step