Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:17:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gabriel_paiva.pdf: 1077426 bytes, checksum: 25852ef172c5e68c06965a364bdc4af6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-04 / This research examined the relationship of the National Union of Students (UNE) with the Lula government and the role of political parties in the entity during the period extending from 2003 to 2010. Based on authors such as Saldanha, Martins Filho, Bringel, we start from the assumption that the student movements for change are being mistaken to assign students a participation of a general nature and unchanging. After Lula s victory in the elections of 2002, UNE left the field of opposition to a collaborative relationship. Through the categories independence and democracy, our purpose was to understand the relationship of UNE with the government in preparation, proposing amendments and support to government projects. We used for this research, documents of the Congress of UNE, mainly theses defended by trends in youth political parties in the movement, programs and manifestation, of political parties that act in the entity; UNE documents that referred to the proposed policies on higher education; media news sources, reports the journal Movement, as well as documents and pamphlets of student movements. The testimonials and documents demonstrated the position of UNE, representing theoretical perspectives and policies that do not always appear explicitly, but when mediated by a conceptual framework, can help in understanding the positions taken by the entity. It was possible to understand from the testimonials and documents the role of UNE policy, implementation of government projects. Even before this fact the entity remained being fought by student trends, organized by political parties. Thus, we analyze the dispute between the parties within Congress UNE the direction of the entity. The final remarks demonstrate the process of cooptation by the State of UNE, seeking to demonstrate that their actions prove to be consistent with the policy taken by the Lula government. However, we point out the occurrence of a reorganization process of the students who challenged and broke with UNE. / Neste trabalho analisamos a relação da União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE) com o Governo Lula e a atuação dos partidos políticos na entidade, no período que se estende de 2003 a 2010. Fundamentado em autores como Saldanha (2008), Martins Filho (1987), Bringel (2009), partimos da hipótese que os movimentos estudantis passam por mudanças, sendo equivocado atribuir à participação dos estudantes um caráter genérico e imutável. Após a vitória de Lula, no ano de 2002, a UNE deixou o campo de oposição, para uma relação de colaboração. Por meio das categorias independência e democracia, nosso objetivo foi compreender a relação da UNE com o governo na elaboração, proposição de emendas e apoio aos projetos governamentais. Utilizamos para a realização desta pesquisa documentos dos congressos da UNE, principalmente as teses defendidas pelas tendências de juventude dos partidos políticos no movimento; programas e manifestos dos partidos políticos que atuam na entidade; documentos da UNE que se referem a proposta de políticas à educação superior; fontes jornalísticas da imprensa; reportagens da revista Movimento; como também de documentos e panfletos dos movimentos estudantis. A análise dos depoimentos e dos documentos demonstraram a posição da UNE, representando perspectivas teóricas e políticas que nem sempre aparecem explicitamente, mas quando mediadas por um quadro conceitual, podem contribuir na compreensão das posições assumidas pela entidade. Assim, foi possível compreender, a partir dos discursos e documentos, a função política da UNE na aplicação dos projetos governamentais. Mesmo diante deste quadro a entidade permaneceu sendo disputada pelas tendências estudantis, organizadas por partidos políticos. Desta forma, realizamos a análise da disputa entre os partidos no interior dos congressos da UNE pelos rumos da entidade. Nas considerações finais demonstramos o processo de cooptação da UNE pelo Estado, procurando evidenciar que seus atos mostram-se condizentes com a política assumida pelo Governo Lula. Todavia, apontamos a ocorrência de um processo de reorganização dos estudantes, que questionaram e romperam com a UNE.

Esta tese explora as relações entre federalismo e partidos legislativos no sistema político brasileiro. Demonstra que os maiores partidos nacionais apresentam expressiva concentração regional de suas bancadas na Câmara dos Deputados, isto é, a maior parte de seus deputados federais provém de poucos estados. Em geral, de três a sete seções estaduais são suficientes para compor a maioria simples das maiores bancadas partidárias na Câmara dos Deputados. Conjuntamente, esses partidos somam entre 75% e 91% (em média 81%) do plenário da Câmara dos Deputados. PPB, PTB, PMDB, PSDB e PT são legendas cujos parlamentares estão altamente concentrados em poucos distritos das regiões estados do Sul e Sudeste, enquanto a representação do PFL se concentra no Sudeste. Como conseqüência, uma minoria (entre 25 e 30%) dos deputados é capaz de mobilizar, através da formação de maiorias no interior dos seus respectivos partidos, a maioria qualificada (60%) no plenário da Câmara dos Deputados. Esta maioria é suficiente para aprovar qualquer legislação. A concentração partidária em poucas seções estaduais se traduz na escolha dos líderes partidários, sendo que dois em cada três deles é oriundo das seções partidárias estaduais de alta concentração. A escolha da presidência da Mesa Diretora da Casa segue lógica similar, reforçando a relação entre composição regional dos grandes partidos nacionais e controle de postos-chave no sistema de representação política. Do mesmo modo, seções estaduais têm vantajosas condições de barganha, por intermédio de seus partidos, para indicar cargos ministeriais junto ao Executivo. Do governo Collor ao governo Lula, três em cada quatro ministros dos grandes partidos nacionais estudados tinha sua origem nos estados de alta concentração. Esta distribuição desproporcional dos cargos no interior dos partidos permite aos membros de poucas seções controlarem os principais cargos do processo decisório tanto no Legislativo quanto no Executivo. Estes resultados observados subvertem os resultados esperados por regras institucionais que visaram produzir um desenho federativo, que alavancasse a capacidade de vocalização dos estados do Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. A sobre-representação destes estados na Câmara dos Deputados (malapportionment), a conversão de territórios em Unidades Federadas (reforçando sua presença no Legislativo), a extensa gama de poderes do Senado brasileiro; a exigência de partidos nacionais, medidas originadas em 1946 e/ou reiteradas pelas constituições federais posteriores, parecem não ter sido suficientes para alterar os padrões de distribuição de poder entre os entes federados. O controle de postos-chave do processo decisório ainda parece garantir um papel protagônico às seções partidárias estaduais que, supostamente, estariam sub-representadas no sistema politico brasileiro. / This thesis explores the relationship between federalism and legislative parties in the Brazilian political system. It shows how the biggest national parties demonstrate expressive regional concentration of its delegation in the Chamber of Deputies, which means that the most part of the federal representants come from a few states. In general, from three to seven state sections are enough to compose the biggest parties delegations simple majority in the Chamber of Deputies. Putting them together, those parties add between 75% and 91% (average 81%) of the Chamber of Deputies. PPB, PTB, PMDB, PSDB e PT are parties whose representants are highly concentrated in a few districts from South and Southeast regions, while PFL`s representation is concentrated in Northeast. As a consequence, a minority (between 25% and 30%) of the representants is capable to mobilize, through majoritys formation inside their own parties, qualified majority (60%) of the plenary assembly in the Chamber of Deputies. This majority is enough to approve any legislation. Partisan concentration in a few state sections is translated in the choice of partys leaders, since two in three of them came from partys sections in states with high concentration. The President of the Chamber of Deputies choice follows similar logic what reinforces the relationship between regional composition of big national parties and key-jobs control in the political representation system. In the same way state sections have advantages conditions of bargaining, through their parties, to indicate ministerial jobs in the Executive. From Collor (1990-1992) to Lula`s (2003-2007) government three in every four ministers who belonged to big national parties are originated from high concentration states. This disproportional distribution of jobs inside the parties allows their members from few state sections have the control of the main jobs in the decision-making process in the Legislative and Executive. Those (real) results subvert (expected) institutional rules` results that draw a federative picture that evidenced the capacity of north, northeast and middle-west states. Super representation that states from these regions have in the Chamber of Deputies (malapportionment), the conversion of territories in federal unities (which reinforce these regions presence in the Federal Legislative), Brazilian Senates extended group of powers, national parties exigency, procedures originated in 1946 and/or reinforced by later constitutions, they seem to being insufficient to change distribution of powers pattern between federative states. Key-jobs control in the decision-making process still seems to guarantee a protagonist place to state party sections who are supposed sub represented in the Brazilian political system.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central qualificar o suposto declínio da política paulista em relação à política nacional, depois de 1930 e principalmente na democracia de 1945-64, para então investigar quais as possíveis causas que levaram a esse resultado. Propõese que o significado desse ocaso político dos paulistas não é tão evidente quanto a literatura política costuma julgar e, por isso, deve ser especificado: apesar de Vargas ascender em meio a um projeto de re-equilíbrio das forças regionais, contra o predomínio de São Paulo, o varguismo e o posterior desenvolvimentismo ensejaram mudanças sócio-econômicas que beneficiaram diversos interesses paulistas, cujos representantes nunca deixaram de influir nos negócios nacionais. Mesmo assim, é possível identificar como problema central o fato de nem os quadros políticos paulistas conseguirem nacionalizar-se, nem os partidos nacionais ali se consolidarem. As causas disso, sugere-se como hipótese, estariam ligadas à: 1- em momento pouco claro sobre ganhos econômicos do modelo varguista, mas certo sobre a ameaça política representada por Vargas, paulistas no Estado Novo geralmente se contrapõem ou afastam do varguismo, dificultando estruturar partidos a partir da máquina estatal como ocorria alhures; 2- São Paulo já beneficiado pelo industrialismo, sua política contudo é marcada pela dependência da trajetória: produz nomes fortes pouco identificados com o desenvolvimentismo, contra a demanda eleitoral do país; 3- o PTB em São Paulo sofre a intervenção dos varguistas temerosos com o crescimento do partido no estado e sofre com a concorrência de movimentos sociais independentes do varguismo Especilamente o PCB prejudica penetração do PTB em São Paulo e, ilegalizado, morre única força não fragmentada nacionalizável no estado. / This research aims to specify what was indeed the supposed loss of the paulista politics importance in the Brazilian politics after 1930 and, mainly, in the democratic period of 1945-64. And just then, this work will aim to investigate which possible causes explain that phenomenon. I propose that the meaning of that political decline of the paulistas is not so evident as the political literature usually presumes and, therefore, it should be detailed: although Vargas arose trough a project of re-equilibration of regional forces against São Paulo predominance, the varguismo and the posterior desenvolvimentismo brought social-economic changes that benefited varied paulista interests - whose representatives never ended completely their influence towards national affairs. Even so, it is possible to identify the central question as being the fact that nor did the paulista politicians nationalized themselves, nor did the national parties consolidated in Sao Paulo. The reasons suggested by this research as a group of hypothesis concern three different sub-explanations: 1) in a historical period when economic gains due to the varguismo were not clear, and while the political menace represented by Vargas, the paulistas usually opposed the varguismo during the Estado Novo or at least kept some distance from it. Hence, it ended to be more difficult for the paulistas to form parties or party state sections from the bureaucratic machine as it happened in the rest o the country; 2) when state of São Paulo was already benefited by the industrialism, its politics, however, were marked by the path dependency: usually just politicians not identified with the developmentalism or the varguismo arose in the state so against the electoral demand of the country; 3) PTB in São Paulo suffered the intervention of varguistas that were afraid of the possible growing of their own party in that state and also faced the political competition of social movements that were prior to the varguismo. Specially the PCB injured the PTB spreading in São Paulo and, when it was considered illegal, the only last force in the state that could be nationalized also disappeared.

El trabajo muestra la evolución de la trama política general, española mediante el análisis en una zona concreta de la Región de Murcia en el período 1891-1910. La primera parte indaga en la estructura de la propiedad presentando a los grupos sociales. La segunda parte atiende expresamente a la política, mostrando la relación entre la dinámica de los poderes locales y del estado a través de la organización de las elecciones. La tesis demuestra que en el período estudiado no se produce ni una sola elección libre y democrática. Finalmente expone información sobre las revueltas sociales que se produjeron y la contundente represión en una aparente contradicción entre actitudes de paternalismo y de violencia, las dos caras definitorias del sistema caciquil. / The study is centred upon the small boroughs which formed three separately named districts, in the period 1891-1910, and which formed societies of a rural charachter, in the midst of the general transformation towards capitalistic norms. These district were characterised by the unequal distribution of property, - concentrated in few hands: - those of the descendants of the established oligarchy, and those of a reduced number of merchants and landowners, these latter two grown richer by the forming of matrimonial ties with the former. Only between a quarter and a half of the individuals who comprised these rural-societes had access to the ownership ofland. The rest was made up of tenant- farmers, casual-workers, and the poor. All undergoing a new breed of property, that property associated with work, - a 'structural-proverty'; into which this study has attempted to penetrate. The division has been found to have been underlined, due to the inexistence of associations capable of representing collective interests, - the first of such movements oniy appeared during this same periodo it was within this context that universal-suffrage for men first appeared, which, in the three districts studied was so denaturalised as not to have produced a single democratic election whose voting resulted in its electors being representad by any freely- appointed parliamentarian. This being so, it has been necessary to investigase the totality of electoral resuits and returns of the three main groups, Conservative, Liberal, and Republican. In order to be able to exert such control over the popular vote, it was essential for the grand-propietors to create social-restrictions, managed by the local, party-bosses, who embodied the oligarchic sectors of the societies and who, via paternalistic measures, administered a goverment of authoritarian, repressive, charachter whose essence was the domination of local-counciis, and channels of communication with the word outside.

No description available.

La tesis refiere ya en su título, "Modelos y prácticas de la ciudadanía en Uruguay. (1890-1930) La matriz "uruguayo-batllista", una firme prioridad temática y un principio de interpretación histórica. Como se advierte a lo largo de todas las Secciones de la tesis, el foco temático orientado al estudio del tema de la ciudadanía es proyectado, en forma totalmente conciente y deliberada, de una manera amplia y flexible. De ello da cuenta en forma extensa la Sección I, dedicada a la fundamentación de los aspectos más teórico-metodológicos y a la anticipación de algunas hipótesis generales y modalidades de abordaje. En lo que refiere al principio de interpretación que ya se asienta en el propio título de la tesis, la referencia a una "matriz uruguayo-batllista" se vincula al señalamiento del triunfo ideológico de todo un concepto de ciudadanía, que se asociaría muy fuertemente con la idea de nación prevaleciente entre los uruguayos de la época y que desde allí alcanzaría una influencia perdurable sobre el futuro de la historia del país. Sin pecar de "batllicentrismo", tentación recurrente en la historiografía uruguaya, en la tesis se advierte el rol principal que en esa construcción de ciudadanía le correspondió al primer batllismo, aunque dentro de un complejo contexto de contestaciones, conflictos, transferencias y negociaciones de muy diversa índole, sin lo cual ese protagonismo registrado no puede entenderse debidamente. Tres son los andariveles analíticos a través de los cuales se trabaja, con la interpelación de múltiples preguntas y el cotejo de una documentación plural de amplio espectro. Ellas son por su orden de presentación: i) la dimensión político-institucional de la ciudadanía; ii) las relaciones entre religión y política; iii) los pleitos por la moral. Como se ha señalado en el proyecto originario de la tesis, el marco cronológico de la investigación abarca el período 1890-1930, con especial énfasis en ese momento decisivo que va entre el 900, las celebraciones del Centenario y la quiebra institucional promovida por el Presidente de Terra en marzo de 1933. En la Sección V, luego de dos capítulos orientados a incorporar algunas visiones sugerentes y coloridas sobre aquel Uruguay de comienzos del siglo XX, a modo de telón de fondo argumentativo, se pasa finalmente a realizar una recapitulación general, que recoge las principales hipótesis, interpretaciones y reflexiones a las que se llega en la investigación, con unos tramos finales dedicados al análisis de ciertos rasgos específicos del primer batllismo que fundarían su influencia persistente en la historia uruguaya posterior. Finalmente, la Sección VI, recoge los anexos correspondientes a la Bibliografía general utilizada y a la reseña breve de las fuentes y documentación relevadas en el marco de la investigación. Como allí se advierte, por razones de espacio, en ambos anexos no se registra la totalidad de la bibliografía y de la documentación utilizadas, las que aparecen referidas con todo detalle en las citas correspondientes. / The title of the thesis, Models and practices of the Uruguayan citizenship (1890-1930). The Uruguayan-Battlist matrix, refers to a clearly stated thematic priority and a historical interpretation principle. As it arises from the different Sections into which the thesis is divided, the thematic focus is directed towards the citizenship as a subject study in a conscious and deliberate way which allows a wide and flexible approach. This can be clearly seen in Section I, which deals with the theoretical and methodological aspects and with the anticipation of some general hypotheses and types of approach. The interpretation principle, already stated in the title, refers to a "Uruguayan-Batllist matrix" and is related to the prevalence of an ideological concept of citizenship, strongly associated to the idea of nation existent among the Uruguayan population of the time and which would afterwards have a long lasting influence upon the future history of the country. The thesis is not "batllicentred", a recurrent temptation in the Uruguayan historiography, and it makes evident how the first Battlism led a main role in the building of the said citizenship, although the whole process occurred within a complex context of argument, dispute, conflict, transference and negotiation, without which that leading role cannot be completely understood. The thesis is organized around three analytical lines of work which allow multiple questions and the comparison with a varied set of documentation. These lines are (by order of appearance): i) the political-institutional dimension of the citizenship; ii) the relations between religion and politics; iii) the dispute over the moral. As it was stated in the thesis original project, the chronological frame for the research covers the period 1890-1930, with special emphasis on the decisive period that goes from 1900, the Centennial celebrations, and the institutional breakdown promoted by President Terra in March, 1933. Section V comes after two chapters devoted to some colourful visions of Uruguay at the beginning of the 20th. Century, and it comprises a general recapitulation of the main hypotheses and interpretations reached by the research, as well as some final paragraphs devoted to the analysis of certain specific features of the first Battlism which would be the basis for its prevailing influence upon the Uruguayan history. Finally, Section VI comprises the general bibliography and a brief account of the sources and documentation considered for the purpose of the present research. As it is obvious, due to lack of space, the said appendices do not register the complete bibliography and documentation, which appear in detail in the corresponding quotations.

No se posee.

This thesis is focused on the nationalization of party systems in Western Europe and combines four different approaches. Despite the literature claiming that political decentralization reduces party system nationalization, the first paper shows that this effect depends on the level of personalism that the electoral system allows. The second article shows a new effect of the nationalization of party systems. This variable is shown to be a crucial element to explain turnout differences across districts within a country. The third article of this thesis is centered on the impact of the electoral system on party system nationalization through a crucial-experimental approach based on electoral reforms in Western Europe. Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on describing and analyzing the nationalization of political parties in Spain, paying particular attention to differences among national and subnational parties. / Esta tesis doctoral está centrada en la nacionalización de los sistemas de partidos en Europa Occidental desde cuatro perspectivas diferentes. Una hipótesis clásica de la literatura es que la descentralización política reduce la nacionalización. En el primer artículo se muestra que el efecto de esta variable depende de que haya un grado suficiente de personalismo en el sistema electoral. En el segundo artículo se demuestra un nuevo efecto de la nacionalización de los sistemas de partidos; esta variable determina las diferencias en la participación electoral entre distritos dentro de un mismo país. El tercer artículo se aproxima al fenómeno mediante experimentos cruciales centrados en las reformas del sistema electoral en Europa Occidental a fin de estimar su efecto sobre la nacionalización. Finalmente, el último artículo analiza la nacionalización de los partidos en España y sus principales determinantes, distinguiendo particularmente entre partidos de ámbito nacional y subnacional.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-196).

Thesis (Licenciado)--Universidad Católica de Chile. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 367-376).