Orientador: Karina Anhezini de Araujo / Resumo: A presente tese narra a história de um passado. Ela conta a história de um problemático passado para o saber histórico moderno: o passado dos estudos históricos. O recorte por ela abrangido é, por conseguinte, mais específico, pois trata-se aqui de dotar de historicidade o passado dos estudos históricos na França, entre o início do século XIX e o início do século XX. A partir do objetivo de descrever como esse passado se tornou um problema para o saber histórico e de que modo(s) ele foi problematizado, este trabalho reflete a respeito das seguintes questões: com quais marcos e marcas esse problema foi construído, discutido, (re)disposto e (trans)formado? Quais outras questões se relacionaram, agregaram-se e dispersaram-se quando se discutia o passado dos estudos históricos na França? Como e quais períodos, marcos e recortes foram propostos, instituídos e vetados para ele? Para estudar essas questões, este trabalho se baseou em um corpus formado por um conjunto de escritos que discutiam e narravam o passado dos estudos históricos na França daquele período. A partir deste estudo, tornou-se possível, por meio de uma démarche regressiva, compreender como, na virada do século XIX para o XX, houve a emergência de um problema – e de um modo de problematizar o passado dos estudos históricos – chamado de l’histoire de l’histoire (história da história). Se naquele momento, e até mesmo antes, podem ser encontrados muitos escritos preocupados em construir marcos e divisões para o passado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis tells the history of a past. It tells the history of a troubled past to modern historical knowledge: the past of historical studies. The period it covers is, therefore, more specific, as it is a matter of historicizing the past of historical studies in France between the early 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. From the objective of describing how this past has become a problem for historical knowledge and in which way(s) it has been problematized, this work reflects on the following questions: with which milestones and marks has this problem been constructed, discussed, (re)ordered and (trans)formed? What other questions were related, aggregated and dispersed when discussing the past of historical studies in France? How and what periods, milestones and sections were proposed, instituted and vetoed for it? To study these questions, this work was based on a corpus formed by a set of writings that have discussed and narrated the past of historical studies in France of that period. Based on this study, it became possible, through a regressive démarche, to understand how, at the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century, there was the emergence of a problem - and a way of problematizing the past of historical studies - called l'histoire de l'histoire (history of history). If at that time, and even before that we found many writings concerned about building milestones and divisions for the past of the historical studies (mainly for the nineteenth ce... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Résumé: Cette thèse raconte l’histoire d’un passé. Elle narre l’histoire d’un passé problématique pour le savoir historique moderne : le passé des études historiques. La période qu’elle embrasse est donc plus spécifique, car il s’agit d’historiciser le passé des études historiques en France entre le début du XIXe siècle et le début du XXe siècle. À partir d’objectif de décrire comment ce passé est devenu un problème pour le savoir historique et comment il a été problématisé, ce travail réfléchit sur les questions suivantes : avec quels jalons et marques ce problème a été construit, discuté, (re)disposé et (trans)formé ? Quelles autres questions se sont rapportées, agrégées et dispersées lorsqu’on discutait le passé des études historiques en France ? Comment et quels périodes, jalons et coupures ont été proposés, institués et interdits ? Pour étudier ces questions, ce travail est basé sur un corpus constitué d’un ensemble des écrits qui discutaient et racontaient le passé des études historiques au XIXe siècle en France. À partir de cette étude, il est devenu possible, par une démarche régressive, de comprendre comment, à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début XXe siècle, il y avait l’émergence d’un problème - et d’une forme de problématiser le passé des études historiques - appelé l’histoire de l’histoire. Si à cette époque, et même avant, il y avait beaucoup d’écrits qui se préoccupent de construire de jalons et de divisions pour le passé des études historiques (surtout pour le XIXe siècl... (Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Doutor

To date, there has been little research into the role of microbial community structure in the functioning of the soil ecosystem and on the links between microbial biomass size, microbial activity and key soil processes that drive nutrient availability. The maintenance of structural and functional diversity of the soil microbial community is essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production systems. Soils of the same type with similar fertility that had been under long-term organic and conventional crop management in Canterbury, New Zealand, were selected to investigate relationships between microbial community composition, function and potential environmental impacts. The effects of different fertilisation strategies on soil biology and nitrogen (N) dynamics were investigated under field (farm site comparison), semi-controlled (lysimeter study) and controlled (incubation experiments) conditions by determining soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and N, enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, arginine deaminase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis), microbial community structure (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification of 16S and 18S rDNA fragments using selected primer sets) and N dynamics (mineralisation and leaching). The farm site comparison revealed distinct differences between the soils in microbial community structure, microbial biomass C (conventional > organic) and arginine deaminase activity (organic > conventional). In the lysimeter study, the soils were subjected to the same crop rotation (barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mays L.), rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (Moench)) plus a lupin green manure (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and two fertiliser regimes (following common organic and conventional practice). Soil biological properties, microbial community structure and mineral N leaching losses were determined over 2½ years. Differences in mineral leaching losses were not significant between treatments (total organic management: 24.2 kg N per ha; conventional management: 28.6 kg N per ha). Crop rotation and plant type had a larger influence on the microbial biomass, activity and community structure than fertilisation. Initial differences between soils decreased over time for most biological soil properties, while they persisted for the enzyme activities (e.g. dehydrogenase activity: 4.0 and 2.9 µg per g and h for organic and conventional management history, respectively). A lack of consistent positive links between enzyme activities and microbial biomass size indicated that similarly sized and structured microbial communities can express varying rates of activity. In two successive incubation experiments, the soils were amended with different rates of a lupin green manure (4 or 8t dry matter per ha), and different forms of N at 100 kg per ha (urea and lupin) and incubated for 3 months. Samples were taken periodically, and in addition to soil biological properties and community structure, gross N mineralisation was determined. The form of N had a strong effect on microbial soil properties. Organic amendment resulted in a 2 to 5-fold increase in microbial biomass and enzyme activities, while microbial community structure was influenced by the addition or lack of C or N substrate. Correlation analyses suggested treatment-related differences in nutrient availability, microbial structural diversity (species richness or evenness) and physiological properties of the microbial community. The findings of this thesis showed that using green manures and crop rotations improved soil biology in both production systems, that no relationships existed between microbial structure, enzyme activities and N mineralisation, and that enzyme activities and microbial community structure are more closely associated with inherent soil and environmental factors, which makes them less useful as early indicators of changes in soil quality.

<p>This is a story about Lao Pako. Lao Pako is located on a small hill on the southern bank of the river Nam Ngum in central Laos. Four seasons of archaeological fieldwork have yielded considerable amounts of pottery, metallurgical remains, glass beads, stone artefacts, spindle whorls as well as other material and structural information that have created a foundation for interpretation. The archaeological interpretation presents Lao Pako as a place where people came to perform rituals c. 1500 years ago. In these rituals, sophisticated combinations of pottery depositions, infant burials and iron production produced a narrative about what it means to be in the world. Things in and on the ground created, and continue to create, non-verbal sentences about life and death, fertility, decay and worldly reproduction. </p><p>The archaeological interpretation is, however, not the only valid story about Lao Pako. This is a place where spirits are; it is also a tourist resort and a national treasure. These other stories all work to create Lao Pako as a place of interest and are used in this thesis to define the archaeological story, and to visualize the aims and agendas inherent in the production of archaeological knowledge. </p><p>Using the conceptual apparatus of postcolonial and other critical theory, the thesis aims to critically deconstruct the archaeology performed by the author and others. It entails an explicit critique of the deterministic temporal unilinearity that is inherent in the archaeological narrative of the evolution of humankind, as well as against essentialist notions of culture and the dissociation of the past as exotic otherness. Thus, the stories about Lao Pako demonstrate the need to critically revise the role of archaeology in a postcolonial world, and create archaeological stories by which we are touched, moved and disturbed, without resorting to imperialist notions of time and progress.</p>

Three different topics of turbulence research that cover modeling, theory and model computation categories are selected and studied in depth. In the first topic, "velocity gradient dynamics in turbulence" (modeling), the Lagrangian linear diffusion model that accounts for the viscous-effect is proposed to make the existing restricted-Euler velocity gradient dynamics model quantitatively useful. Results show good agreement with DNS data. In the second topic, "pressure-strain correlation in homogeneous anisotropic turbulence subject to rapid strain-dominated distortion" (theory), extensive rapid distortion calculation is performed for various anisotropic initial turbulence conditions in strain-dominated mean flows. The behavior of the rapid pressure-strain correlation is investigated and constraining criteria for the rapid pressure-strain correlation models are developed. In the last topic, "unsteady computation of turbulent flow past a square cylinder using partially-averaged Navier-Stokes method" (model computation), the basic philosophy of the PANS method is reviewed and a practical problem of flow past a square cylinder is computed for various levels of physical resolution. It is revealed that the PANS method can capture many important unsteady flow features at an affordable computational effort.

This is a story about Lao Pako. Lao Pako is located on a small hill on the southern bank of the river Nam Ngum in central Laos. Four seasons of archaeological fieldwork have yielded considerable amounts of pottery, metallurgical remains, glass beads, stone artefacts, spindle whorls as well as other material and structural information that have created a foundation for interpretation. The archaeological interpretation presents Lao Pako as a place where people came to perform rituals c. 1500 years ago. In these rituals, sophisticated combinations of pottery depositions, infant burials and iron production produced a narrative about what it means to be in the world. Things in and on the ground created, and continue to create, non-verbal sentences about life and death, fertility, decay and worldly reproduction. The archaeological interpretation is, however, not the only valid story about Lao Pako. This is a place where spirits are; it is also a tourist resort and a national treasure. These other stories all work to create Lao Pako as a place of interest and are used in this thesis to define the archaeological story, and to visualize the aims and agendas inherent in the production of archaeological knowledge. Using the conceptual apparatus of postcolonial and other critical theory, the thesis aims to critically deconstruct the archaeology performed by the author and others. It entails an explicit critique of the deterministic temporal unilinearity that is inherent in the archaeological narrative of the evolution of humankind, as well as against essentialist notions of culture and the dissociation of the past as exotic otherness. Thus, the stories about Lao Pako demonstrate the need to critically revise the role of archaeology in a postcolonial world, and create archaeological stories by which we are touched, moved and disturbed, without resorting to imperialist notions of time and progress.

The Swedish deciduous forest has been actively replaced by coniferous forest during the last two hundred years. In Färna Ekopark, Västmanland, this trend is being reversed by restorations of deciduous forests through the removal of coniferous trees in mixed forests. This field study investigates how successful these restorations have been for plant diversity and how they were affected by past grazing and the proportion of similar mixed and deciduous forest habitats in thesurrounding landscape. Plant species richness was investigated in 370 1m2-plots distributed over 37 sample areas and the surrounding landscape analyzed in a GIS. Results show that a few years after restoration there was higher plant species richness and lower homogenization, at the site scale, compared to the controls. When the restored sites were divided into two subgroups dependant on age, the 5-6 year old restoration displayed higher plot richness than the 2-4 year old restorations, but were also more homogeneous. Past grazing showed a generally positive effect on plant diversity, and these areas also responded with a larger increase of plant species richness and less homogenous plant populations after restorations compared to areas that had not been formerly grazed. The proportion of similar deciduous and mixed forest habitats (more than 40 % deciduous trees) inthe surrounding landscape showed no effect on the plant diversity of deciduous forests in general, though it did display a weak influence over the plot richness of restored deciduous forests without a history of grazing. When restoring deciduous forests to increase plant diversity it would therefore appear wise to focuson the formerly grazed deciduous forests. To take advantage of the beneficial effects to plot richness restored deciduous forests should have a high degree of deciduous and mixed forests within one kilometer. / Den svenska lövskogen har aktivt ersatts med barrskog under de senaste tvåhundra åren. I Färna Ekopark, Västmanland, försöker man vända denna trend genom att ta bort barrträd i blandskog ochpå så sätt restaurera lövskog. Denna fältstudie undersöker om restaureringarna har gett ökad växtdiversitet och hur restaureringarna har påverkats av tidigare bete samt andelen av liknande bland- och lövskogshabitat i det omgivande landskapet. Växtartantalet undersöktes med 370 1m2-rutor utspridda över 37 områden och det omgivande landskapet analyserades i ett GIS. Resultaten visar att några år efter restaurering hade områdena högre växtdiversitet och artsammansättningen var mindre likformig i jämförelse med kontrollerna. När de restaurerade områdena delades upp i två grupper, i avseende på ålder, uppvisade de 5-6 år gamla restaureringarna högre växtdiversitet i rutorna än de 2-4 år gamla restaureringarna, men artsammansättningen var även mer likformig. Tidigare bete visade en generellt positiv inverkar på växtdiversiteten och dessa områden fick en ännu större uppgång i artrikedom och ännu lägre likformighet i artsammansättningarna efter restaureringarna än de områden som inte hade betats tidigare. Andelen av liknande bland- och lövskogshabitat (mer än 40 % lövträd) i det omgivande landskapet uppvisade ingen effekt på växtdiversiteten hos lövskog generellt, men det fanns en svag påverkan på växtdiversiteten på rutnivå hos restaurerade lövskogar utan tidigare bete. När man restaurerar lövskog för att öka växtdiversiteten verkar det därför bra att fokusera på tidigare betade lövskogar. Om man vill ta tillvara på den positiva påverkan på växtpopulationerna som omgivande landskap kan ha bör restaurerade lövskogar ha en stor andel bland- och lövskog en kilometer runt omkring sig.

Perfect simulation  and the EM algorithm are the main topics in this thesis. In paper I, we present coupling from the past (CFTP) algorithms that generate perfectly distributed samples from the multi-type Widom--Rowlin-son (W--R) model and some generalizations of it. The classical W--R model is a point process in the plane or the  space consisting of points of several different types. Points of different types are not allowed to be closer than some specified distance, whereas points of the same type can be arbitrary close. A stick-model and soft-core generalizations are also considered. Further, we  generate samples without edge effects, and give a bound on sufficiently small intensities (of the points) for the algorithm to terminate. In paper II, we consider the  forestry problem on how to estimate  seedling dispersal distributions and effective plant fecundities from spatially data of adult trees  and seedlings, when the origin of the seedlings are unknown.   Traditional models for fecundities build on allometric assumptions, where the fecundity is related to some  characteristic of the adult tree (e.g.\ diameter). However, the allometric assumptions are generally too restrictive and lead to nonrealistic estimates. Therefore we present a new model, the unrestricted fecundity (UF) model, which uses no allometric assumptions. We propose an EM algorithm to estimate the unknown parameters.   Evaluations on real and simulated data indicates better performance for the UF model. In paper III, we propose  EM algorithms to  estimate the passage time distribution on a graph.Data is obtained by observing a flow only at the nodes -- what happens on the edges is unknown. Therefore the sample of passage times, i.e. the times it takes for the flow to stream between two neighbors, consists of right censored and uncensored observations where it sometimes is unknown which is which.       For discrete passage time distributions, we show that the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate is strongly consistent under certain  weak conditions. We also show that our propsed EM algorithm  converges to the ML estimate if the sample size is sufficiently large and the starting value is sufficiently close to the true parameter. In a special case we show that it always converges.  In the continuous case, we propose an EM algorithm for fitting  phase-type distributions to data.

Three different topics of turbulence research that cover modeling, theory and model computation categories are selected and studied in depth. In the first topic, "velocity gradient dynamics in turbulence" (modeling), the Lagrangian linear diffusion model that accounts for the viscous-effect is proposed to make the existing restricted-Euler velocity gradient dynamics model quantitatively useful. Results show good agreement with DNS data. In the second topic, "pressure-strain correlation in homogeneous anisotropic turbulence subject to rapid strain-dominated distortion" (theory), extensive rapid distortion calculation is performed for various anisotropic initial turbulence conditions in strain-dominated mean flows. The behavior of the rapid pressure-strain correlation is investigated and constraining criteria for the rapid pressure-strain correlation models are developed. In the last topic, "unsteady computation of turbulent flow past a square cylinder using partially-averaged Navier-Stokes method" (model computation), the basic philosophy of the PANS method is reviewed and a practical problem of flow past a square cylinder is computed for various levels of physical resolution. It is revealed that the PANS method can capture many important unsteady flow features at an affordable computational effort.

Le mouvement chansonnier est-il en continuité ou en rupture avec la tradition orale ? S’agit-il d’une forme de néo-folklore ou d’une chanson moderne ? Les liens qui s’établissent entre ces deux ensembles sont paradoxaux, de même que leurs rapports aux discours et aux idéologies. Ce mémoire explore ce phénomène par la mise en commun de trois approches : une analyse statistique de la présence d’éléments de tradition orale dans le corpus chansonnier général, une étude de cas détaillée sur La Manikoutai de Gilles Vigneault et une analyse socioculturelle générale des processus de diffusion. Dans ce cadre, le mouvement chansonnier, trop souvent interprété comme un épiphénomène de la Révolution tranquille et du mouvement nationaliste, reprend son caractère propre à titre de dynamique de diffusion parallèle. Une relation complexe s’établit alors entre un phénomène jeunesse qui pousse à rompe avec les générations précédentes et une dynamique de distinction qui pousse à imaginer des racines anciennes au mouvement chansonnier. Un processus qui fait à la fois paraître le discours chansonnier comme fortement orienté vers le passé, mais en même temps, produit une certaine coupure, qui engendre un passé imaginaire et lointain. Enfin, avec le passage du temps, le mouvement chansonnier devient lui-même partie prenante du passé et se joint à la tradition orale pour former un double mythe de la chanson québécoise; un mythe qui relie symboliquement deux ensembles pourtant distincts. / Is the chansonnier movement of the 1960s in Quebec in continuity or discontinuity with the oral tradition ? Is it a form of neo-folklore or is it a modern type of song ? The links between songs by chansonniers and oral tradition are complex, as are the relations to discourse and ideology. The thesis explores these links by using three approaches: a statistical analysis of the presence of oral tradition elements in the general chansonnier corpus, a detailed analysis of Gilles Vigneault’s song La Manikoutai, and a sociocultural analysis of diffusion processes. In this context, the chansonnier movement, too often interpreted as an epiphenomenon of the Quiet Revolution and of the nationalist movement, can be seen in itself, in its own dynamic and as a parallel development. The chansonnier movement is linked in a complex way to the a young generation that wants to cut itself from older generations and to a dynamic of distinction which leads to a search for ancient roots to this type of modern song. It is because of this that the chansonnier discourse is seen as strongly oriented toward an ancient past, but at the same time as a break from the immediate past. Finally, with the passage of time, the chansonnier movement becomes an element of the past itself, and, together with oral tradition, leads to a double myth of Quebec music, a myth that links two distinct sets of phenomena. / Il est à noter que le texte de La Manikoutai a été reproduit dans ce mémoire (voir l’annexe 4, p. xv-xvii), avec l’aimable autorisation de Francyne Furtado des Nouvelles Éditions de l’Arc.

Perfect slice sampling is a method to turn Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samplers into exact generators for independent random variates. The originally proposed method is rather slow and thus several improvements have been suggested. However, two of them are erroneous. In this article we give a short introduction to perfect slice sampling, point out incorrect methods, and give a new improved version of the original algorithm. (author's abstract) / Series: Preprint Series / Department of Applied Statistics and Data Processing