The Iron Curtain was seen as the divider between East and West in Cold War Europe. The term is closely connected to the Cold War and expressions such as ‘behind the Iron Curtain’ or ‘after the fall of the Iron Curtain’ are common within historical discussions in the second half of the twentieth century. Even if the term was used regularly as a metaphor there was also a material side with a series of highly militarised borders running throughout Europe. The metaphor and the material borders developed together and individually, sometimes intertwined and sometimes separate. In my research I have carried out two fieldwork studies at sites that can be considered part of the former Iron Curtain. The first study area is located between Italy and Slovenia (formerly Yugoslavia) in which the division between the two towns of Nova Gorica on the Slovenian side and Gorizia on the Italian side was investigated. The second study area is located on the border between Austria and Czech Republic (formerly Czechoslovakia) within two national parks. A smaller study was also carried out in Berlin as the Berlin Wall is considered of major importance in the context of the Iron Curtain. This research has resulted in large quantities of sources and information and a constant need to re-evaluate the methods used within an archaeology of a more recent past. This thesis falls within what is usually referred to as contemporary archaeology, a fairly young sub-discipline of archaeology. Few large research projects have so far been published, and methods have been described as still somewhat experimental. Through my fieldwork it has been possible to acknowledge and highlight the problems and opportunities within contemporary archaeology. It has become clear how the materials stretch both through time and place demonstrating the complex process of how the material that archaeologists investigate can be created. The material of the Iron Curtain, is also well worth studying in its own right.

An important strand of research has investigated the question of how children acquire a morphological system using offline data from spontaneous or elicited child language. Most of these studies have found dissociations in how children apply regular and irregular inflection (Marcus et al. 1992, Weyerts & Clahsen 1994, Rothweiler & Clahsen 1993). These studies have considerably deepened our understanding of how linguistic knowledge is acquired and organised in the human mind. Their methodological procedures, however, do not involve measurements of how children process morphologically complex forms in real time. To date, little is known about how children process inflected word forms. The aim of this study is to investigate children’s processing of inflected words in a series of on-line reaction time experiments. We used a cross-modal priming experiment to test for decompositional effects on the central level. We used a speeded production task and a lexical decision task to test for frequency effects on access level in production and recognition. Children’s behaviour was compared to adults’ behaviour towards three participle types (-t participles, e.g. getanzt ‘danced’ vs. -n participles with stem change, e.g. gebrochen ‘broken’ vs.-n participles without stem change, e.g. geschlafen ‘slept’). For the central level, results indicate that -t participles but not -n participles have decomposed representations. For the access level, results indicate that -t participles are represented according to their morphemes and additionally as full forms, at least from the age of nine years onwards (Pinker 1999 and Clahsen et al. 2004). Further evidence suggested that -n participles are represented as full-form entries on access level and that -n participles without stem change may encode morphological structure (cf. Clahsen et al. 2003). Out data also suggests that processing strategies for -t participles are differently applied in recognition and production. These results provide evidence that children (within the age range tested) employ the same mechanisms for processing participles as adults. The child lexicon grows as children form additional full-form representations for -t participles on access level and elaborate their full-form lexical representations of -n participles on central level. These results are consistent with processing as explained in dual-system theories. / Ein wichtiger Forschungsbereich hat anhand von offline Daten erforscht wie Kinder das morphologische System erwerben. Die meisten dieser Studien haben berichtet, dass Kinder die regelmäßige und die unregelmäßige Flexion unterschiedlich anwenden (Marcus et al. 1992, Weyerts & Clahsen 1994, Rothweiler & Clahsen 1993). Diese Studien haben dazu beigetragen den Erwerb und Organisation von linguistischem Wissen besser zu verstehen. Die offline Methoden messen morphologische Verarbeitung allerdings nicht in Echtzeit. Bis heute ist wenig darüber bekannt wie Kinder flektierte Wortformen in Echtzeit verarbeiten. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat diese Frage in 6- bis 11jährigen monolingualen Kindern (in zwei Altersgruppen) und in einer Erwachsenen-Kontrollgruppe anhand von -t Partizipien (z.B. gemacht), -n Partizipien ohne Stammveränderung (z.B. geschlafen) und -n Partizipien mit Stammveränderung (z.B. gebrochen) untersucht. Dekomposition von Partizipien und deren ganzheitliche Speicherung in assoziativen Netzwerken wurden auf zwei Repräsentationsebenen (zentrale Ebene, Zugriffebene) und, auf der Zugriffsebene, in zwei Modalitäten (Produktion, Verstehen) experimentell getestet. Ein cross-modal priming experiment untersuchte die zentrale Repräsentation von Partizipien. Volle morphologische Primingeffekte sprechen für eine dekomponierte Repräsentation, partielle Primingeffekte für ganzheitliche aber verbundene Repräsentationen. In einem speeded production experiment wurde die auditive Zugriffsrepräsentation und in einem lexical decision experiment die visuelle Zugriffsrepräsentation von Partizipien untersucht. (Ganzwort-) Frequenzeffekte wurden als Beleg für Ganzwortrepräsentationen gewertet. Bezüglich der zentralen Ebene zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass -t Partizipien aber nicht -n Partizipien dekomponiert repräsentiert sind. Bezüglich der Zugriffsebene zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass -t Partizipien entsprechend ihrer Morpheme repräsentiert sind und zusätzlich Ganzwortrepräsentationen haben können, zumindest im Altersbereich von Neun- bis Elfjährigen (Pinker 1999 and Clahsen et al. 2004). Weitere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass -n Partizipien auf der Zugriffsebene Ganzwortrepräsentationen haben, und dass -n Partizipien ohne Stammveränderung die morphologische Struktur enkodieren können (cf. Clahsen et al. 2003). Die Daten weisen auch darauf hin, dass die Verarbeitungsstrategien für -t Partizipien, zumindest in Neun- bis Elfjährigen, unterschiedlich angewandt werden. Die Ergebnisse werden als Evidenz dafür interpretiert, dass Kinder (in dem getesteten Altersbereich) dieselben Verarbeitungsmechanismen für Partizipien nutzen wie Erwachsene. Das kindliche Lexikon wächst, wenn Kinder zusätzliche Ganzwortrepräsentationen für -t Partizipien auf der Zugriffsebene bilden und ihre Ganzwortrepräsentationen für -n Partizipien auf der zentralen Ebene ausdifferenzieren. Diese Ergebnisse sind konsistent mit den Annahmen dualer Verarbeitungstheorien.

The purpose of this paper is to compare curriculum documents for K-12 education from the state of North Carolina from two time periods, 1920s and 2003. The historical development of the mathematics curriculum in North Carolina provides a snapshot of the shifts in mathematics teaching and learning. North Carolina, a state in the southeast of the United States, has had a statewide standard course over a period spanning more than eighty years. A document analysis of printed curriculum standards from allows a description of the mathematics concepts and tasks that were expected of students in those years. The analysis revealed stark contrasts in the focus of mathematics from a very computational emphasis to one of problem solving. The analysis also highlighted the understanding of algebraic concepts and ideas as an essential outcome of current mathematics programs.

Title: Laboratory study of field ion emission from dust grains Author: Martin Jeřáb Department: Department of Surface and Plasma Science Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Jana Šafránková, DrSc., KFPP Abstract: Dust particles are common objects in space environment. As a dust particles, we call objects with typical sizes of several atoms up to approximately 100 µm. However, a total mass of dust particles is only about 1% of total mass of our galaxy, the presence of dust particles significantly affects environment. The most interesting is dynamics of dust particles and attached dust charging processes. The presented thesis consists of two main parts. The first part deals with the experimental study of field ion emission. Our measurements have been performed using gold and carbon spherical dust grains. It has been found that during the charging of dust particle using ion gun are the primary ions implanted under the surface of the dust particle from where they are release in the form of neutral gas. This releasing of implanted ions affects field ion emission for several hours. The second part of the thesis describes a development of new experimental apparatus determined to the study of photoemission dust charging and con- sequently to the "true" field ion emission study. Keywords: dust, dusty plasmas, charging properties, field...

[pt] Apoiado nas teorias do imaginário psíquico e social- histórico de Castoriadis e da eficácia simbólica de Lévi- Strauss, o presente trabalho pretende entender quais pressupostos motivam o uso da terapia de vida passada. Foram estudados os principais autores do campo, bem como foram realizadas e analisadas entrevistas com terapeutas e clientes desta modalidade. Observou-se que a prática da terapia de vida passada tem se proliferado e se ramificado em diversas variações técnicas. Intimamente ligadas a esta terapia estão uma série de crenças de cunho espiritualista que dificultam sua aceitação nos meios científicos e acadêmicos. Todavia, a técnica tem se popularizado muito entre terapeutas e clientes que, cada vez mais, procuram por esta terapia. / [en] Based on the Castoriadis theories about psycho-social- historical imagination and on the symbolic efficacy of Lévi-Strauss, this study aims to understand the motivation that lies behind the use of past live therapy. A research was conducted on the main authors in this field and a number of interviews were performed with patients, as well as with past live therapists. An analysis of their discourse revealed that this kind of therapy has been growing and ramifying in the most different technical variations. We noticed that this past live therapy is closely permeated by a series of spiritualists` beliefs and these beliefs makes its acceptance very hard among scientists and academics. On the other hand, the technique has become popular among therapists and patients, who have been more and more looking for this type of therapy.

O presente trabalho pretende dissertar sobre a construção narrativa dos conceitos de estrutura e sujeito no livro A miséria da teoria do historiador inglês Edward Palmer Thompson (1924 – 1993). Com a crise do marxismo em 1956 intelectuais de esquerda começam a repensar o marxismo como teoria e como prática política. Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 o filosofo francês Louis Althusser (1918 – 1990) adquire um grande prestigio na historiografia marxista inglesa através dos integrantes da segunda new left. O livro aqui analisado é uma resposta à infiltração do marxismo althusseriano na Inglaterra. Os conceitos de estrutura e sujeito são avaliados a partir de três pontos constitutivos. Primeiro, o mercado linguístico da época de Thompson; segundo, a gramática do livro o que possibilita compreender as regras semânticas e pragmáticas do texto; por último, uma análise dos nomes próprios e conceitos que compõe o texto, a partir da problemática dos usos do passado contido nas palavras. Desta forma pode-se compreender que a constituição narrativa dos conceitos configura-se como uma forma de um reenquadramento do passado na escritura historiadora para recompor a temporalidade fissurada com a crise marxista de 1956. / This work intends to elaborate on the narrative construction of the concepts of structure and subject in the book The Poverty of Theory of the English historian Edward Palmer Thompson (1924-1993). With the crisis of Marxism in 1956, left-wing intellectuals started to rethink Marxism as theory and as political practice. In the 1960s and 1970s the French philosopher Louis Althusser (1918-1990) acquired a great prestige in the English Marxist historiography through the members of the second new left. The book here analyzed is a response to the infiltration of Althusserian Marxism in England. The concepts of structure and subject are evaluated from three points of incorporation. First, the language market of the Thompson times; second, the book grammar which enables to understand the semantic and pragmatic rules of the text, and finally, an analysis of proper names and concepts that compose the text, from the problematic uses of past contained in words. Thus one can understand that the narrative constitution of concepts appears as a way of reframing the past in the historian writing to reconstruct the temporality cracked with Marxian crisis of 1956.

Este trabalho tem como propósito examinar o efeito da representação gráfica do tempo como meio para facilitar a construção de um esquema mental capaz de acomodar os usos do Present Perfect e de seu contraste com o Simple Past em um módulo de língua inglesa mediado por computador. O Present Perfect constitui-se, reconhecidamente, em um problema para professores e alunos de língua inglesa. Dowty (1979) observa que, “com exceção do progressivo, nenhum outro tempo da língua inglesa recebeu mais atenção dos lingüistas do que o Present Perfect e mesmo assim não há um consenso geral no que se refere à sua estrutura semântica.” Dois estudos foram realizados (2003 e 2005) nos quais os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em uma de duas condições experimentais: (1) Somente texto e (2) Texto+Gráficos. No segundo estudo foram incorporados gráficos interativos, seguindo a recomendação de Peeck (1993) e o princípio de interatividade de Mayer (2002). Os dados coletados através de um pré-teste, pósteste imediato e pós-teste deslocado, foram analisados através de análises de variância (ANOVAs) de um fator e análises de variância para medidas repetidas. Os resultados das ANOVAs, aliados às respostas de um questionário aplicado logo após o pós-teste imediato sugerem que os tratamentos tiveram pouca influência na compreensão e retenção de informações a curto prazo; o princípio de fatiamento de Sweller (1988), utilizando o modelo temporal de Declerck (1986) e o modelo aspectual de Godoi (1992), aliado com o princípio de multimídia da teoria de aprendizado por multimídia de Mayer (2002), mostraram-se eficazes na compreensão e retenção a longo prazo dos usos e contrastes entre o Present Perfect e o Simple Past; e a inclusão de gráficos interativos no estudo de 2005, serviu para diminuir a confusão causada pelos gráficos estáticos, ocorrida no estudo de 2003. / The present study examined the effect of graphical representation of time in facilitating both interpretation and construction of schemata capable of accounting for the uses of the Present Perfect and its contrast with the Simple Past in an English intermediate course mediated by computer. The English Present Perfect is a wellknown troublemaker for EFL/ESL teachers and learners. Dowty (1979) observes that, “aside from the progressive, no English tense has received more attention from linguists and yet eluded a convincing analysis so completely as the Present Perfect.” Two studies were carried out (2003 and 2005) in which the students were randomly distributed between two treatments: (1) Text only and (2) Text+Graphics. In the second study, interactive graphics were added, following Peeck’s (1993) advice to improve active learning and Mayer’s (2002) interactivity principle to give students more control over the material. The data collected in the pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test were analyzed through analyses of variance (ANOVAs) of one factor and repeated measures ANOVAs. The results of the ANOVAs, together with the answers of the questionnaire applied right after the immediate post-test, suggest that the treatments had low influence over the comprehension and retention of information for the immediate post-test; Sweller’s (1988) chunking principle, utilizing Declerck’s (1986) temporal model and Godoi’s (1992) aspectual model, allied with Mayer’s (2002) principle of multimedia, were effective to promote long lasting comprehension and retention of the uses of the Present Perfect and its contrast with the Simple Past; the inclusion of interactive graphics in the second study (2005), was effective to diminish the confusion caused by the static graphics utilized in the first study (2003).

The goal of this work is the study of the alternation between two verb tenses Futuro do Pretérito ( Future of Past Tense) and Pretérito Imperfeito of the Indicativo (Imperfect Tense) in main clauses of hypothetical contexts in the speech of alagoanos (people who live in Alagoas, in the northeast of Brazil). We adopt as the theoretical and methodological framework the theory of Linguistic Variation (LABOV, 1972). The alternation between these two verb tenses becomes possible because of the fact that these tenses share the property to refer to unfinished/unbounded events/actions. What puzzles us is the reason(s) that makes a speaker choose one or another verb tense. We start from the hypothesis that the Imperfect Tense supersedes the Future of Past Tense in main clauses of hypothetical contexts of spoken language. In this dissertation we intend to verify what linguistic and non-linguistic variables are statistically significant in terms of VARBRUL for the dependent variable. For this purpose, we selected as external factors age, gender and educational level; and as internal factors we selected the formal parallelism and the order of the clause. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a variação entre o futuro do pretérito (FP) e o pretérito imperfeito do indicativo (PII) na oração principal em contextos hipotéticos na fala de alagoanos. Seguimos como pressuposto teórico/metodológico o da Teoria da Variação Linguística, representado por William Labov (1972), uma vez que a variação é algo inerente à língua, já que ela é indissociável da comunidade que a fala e não existe comunidade linguística homogênea (BELINE, 2003). A alternância entre os tempos verbais (FP) e (PII) se torna possível pelo fato de esses verbos compartilharem a possibilidade de manifestar traços de aspecto inconcluso. O que nos intriga é (são) o (s) motivo (s) que leva (m) o falante a optar por uma forma ou outra. Partimos da hipótese de que o (PII) suplanta o (FP) na oração principal em contextos hipotéticos, na língua falada. Nesta dissertação buscamos, portanto, verificar quais variáveis linguísticas e não linguísticas são estatisticamente significativas na rodagem do VARBRUL para a variável dependente. Para tanto, selecionamos como fatores externos: a idade, o sexo e a escolaridade; e como fatores internos: o paralelismo formal e a ordem da sentença.

This study explored and evaluated the prevalence of supplementary tuition in the teaching and learning of Mathematics/Mathematical Literacy in some high-performing schools of the East London district in the Eastern Cape. The study followed a descriptive survey design to address the research problem. Data were gathered using questionnaires for grade 11 learners and high school Mathematics/Mathematical Literacy teachers. The learners were the first group to be taught the Mathematics/Mathematical Literacy learning programme of the new National Curriculum Statement (NCS). The results showed that a fair number of learners (about 48%) were not satisfied with their performance in Mathematics/Mathematical Literacy and a large number of the learners (about 90%) considered a good pass in Mathematics/Mathematical Literacy as important, particularly for their future careers. A substantial proportion of learners (42%) expressed concern about the amount of school time allocated to Mathematics/Mathematical Literacy, and thought that this factor hampered the successful completion of the syllabus. Teachers who happened to be adequately qualified and experienced enough, struggled to complete the Grade 11 Mathematics syllabus in time and were concerned about misconceptions carried from lower classes. Teachers also expressed some concern about learners' lack of commitment to Mathematics/Mathematical Literacy. Learners seemingly took supplementary tuition as a way of overcoming their learning challenges. Of the three forms of supplementary tuition (i.e. private tuition, vacation classes and revising model/former examination papers) commonly available in the district, revising examination papers was preferred (about 83%) followed by private tuition at 81% and lastly vacation school. Learners spent 1.67 hours per week on average on supplementary tuition. More Mathematics learners (about 34%) than Mathematical Literacy learners (about 6%) make use of supplementary tuition. Based on these findings, it was concluded that supplementary tuition is not unique to schools that perform poorly, and even at high performing schools, factors exist which influence learners to take supplementary tuition. / MATH, SCIENCE and TECH EDU / MSC (MATHS,SCIENCE OR T/EDU)

O presente trabalho propõe a análise das telenovelas Escrava Isaura (Rede Globo, 1976) e Xica da Silva (Manchete, 1996) sob a perspectiva dos usos públicos do passado. Enquanto Escrava Isaura foi escrita por Gilberto Braga em um contexto ditatorial, adaptando o romance abolicionista de Bernardo Guimarães sobre uma escrava branca, Xica da Silva foi a apropriação livre de Walcyr Carrasco das diversas memórias sobre a personagem histórica Francisca da Silva e seu romance com o contratador de diamantes no Arraial do Tejuco do século XVIII. Nos vinte anos que separam estas duas telenovelas, a historiografia brasileira sobre a escravidão foi palco de transformações ao mesmo tempo em que a telenovela brasileira se desenvolveu como uma indústria com papel de crescente destaque na construção da identidade nacional, com a telenovela “de época” administrando de forma performática as relações entre passado, presente e futuro. O trabalho coloca estas questões em diálogo com as telenovelas, refletindo sobre a representação do passado escravista em cada uma; as tensões sócio-políticas refletidas nestas representações; e as formas através das quais Escrava Isaura e Xica da Silva articulam passado, presente e futuro. A partir destas análises a dissertação busca perceber de que formas as escolhas de cada telenovela administram o passado da escravidão e como elas dialogam com os contextos sociais, políticos e culturais em que elas foram escritas, produzidas e exibidas. / The purpose of this work is to present an analysis of the Brazilian soap-operas Escrava Isaura (Rede Globo, 1976) and Xica da Silva (Manchete, 1996) from the perspective of public uses of the past. Escrava Isaura was written by Gilberto Braga in a dictatorial context, adapting Bernardo Guimarães’s abolitionist novel about a white slave, while Xica da Silva was a free adaptation by Walcyr Carrasco of several memoirs about the historical character Francisca da Silva and her romance with a diamond mine owner and mining Governor of Arraial do Tejuco in the 18th century. For the twenty years between these two soap-operas, Brazilian historiography on slavery experienced many transformations while the Brazilian soap-opera developed as an industry with a increasing importance in the construction of national identity and the “Brazilian historical soap-opera” managed in a performative way the relations between past, present and future. This work poses these questions in dialogue with the soap-operas, reflecting upon the representation of the Brazilian slavery past in each one; the socio-political tensions reflected in these representations; and the ways Escrava Isaura and Xica da Silva balance and portray past, present, and future. This dissertation seeks to understand how the choices in each soap-opera convey the Brazilian slavery past and how they dialogue with the social, political and cultural contexts in which they were written, produced and broadcast.