Pour que les projets de modernisation puissent se réaliser, le nouveau Shah avait littéralement besoin de changer profondément la mentalité des Iraniens qui s’était formée pendant des siècles par les principes religieux et la tradition régionale. Sans un changement de mentalité préalable, la création d’une nouvelle identité nationale aurait eu du mal à s’imposer et sans la création de cette nouvelle identité, l’ensemble des principes du nationalisme n’aurait pas pu être assimilé. Ainsi le gouvernement Pahlavi était conscient de l’importance et de la nécessité du nationalisme pour assurer la réussite de ces projets. En effet pour atteindre ses objectifs, la nouvelle dynastie Pahlavi avait besoin d’une base solide et surtout des éléments unificateurs et communs acceptés par toute la population iranienne. Reza Shah a mené deux politiques en parallèles pour mettre en place le nationalisme. Tout d’abord le gouvernement essaya de constituer une base s’appuyant sur des éléments unificateurs tels que l’histoire, le passé glorieux préislamique, le patriotisme et l’indépendance du pays. C’est ainsi qu’avec la mise en place de nouvelles institutions culturelles et éducatives, le gouvernement Pahlavi a tenté de créer une nouvelle identité nationale. En effet le chemin menant à cette nouvelle identité passait par l’archéologie. Et contrairement aux autres pays de la région qui étaient également à la recherche du nationalisme, le rôle de l’archéologie en Iran ne s’est pas limité à effectuer des fouilles archéologiques, mais également à faire naître des idées permettant de mettre en place le nationalisme et une nouvelle identité sociale basés sur un passé millénaire. / In order to implement modern projects, Reza Shah had need literally to change the mentality of Iranians who had trained for centuries by religious principles and the tradition. Without a prior change of mentality, the creation of the new national identity would have been difficult to prevail. And without the creation of this new identity, all the principles of nationalism could not be assimilated. Thus the Pahlavi government was aware of the importance and necessity of nationalism to ensure the success of these projects. Indeed, to achieve its objectives, the Pahlavi dynasty needed a solid and mostly common and unifying elements accepted by the entire Iranian population. Reza Shah has conducted two parallel policies to build nationalism. First the government tried to establish a fundation based on unifying elements such as history, the glorious pre-Islamic past, patriotism and independence. Thus, with the introduction of new cultural and educational institutions, the Pahlavi government has tried to create a new national identity. Indeed the path to this new identity was through archeology. And unlike other countries in the region who were also in search of nationalism, the role of archeology in Iran was not limited to conduct archaeological excavations, but also to develop ideas on how to implement the nationalism and a new social identity based on the millennium history of Iran.

La biodiversité des forêts tropicales humides (FTH) est inégalement répartie dans les trois principales régions des tropiques : les Néotropiques, l’Asie du sud-est et l’Afrique tropical. Même si les forêts africaines contiennent une diversité en espèces végétales et un endémisme importants, leur richesse spécifique reste faible par rapport aux autres massifs forestiers tropicaux. Cette disparité serait liée à l’impact négatif d’événements d’extinction durant le Cénozoïque plus intenses dans les forêts africaines. A l’échelle du bassin du Congo, les niveaux de diversité important et l’endémisme des forêts africaines seraient liés à l’hypothèse d’existence de forêts refuges du passé. Cette hypothèse suggère une contraction des forêts en ‘refuges’ durant les événements climatiques du Dernier Maximum Glacier (DMG, entre 24’000 et 12’000 Ans).L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’étudier l’évolution des forêts africaines en réponse aux changements climatiques sur des pas de temps anciens (millions d’années) et plus récent (milliers d’années). Pour cela nous étudions deux groupes de palmiers Africains : les rotins de la sous-tribu des Ancistrophyllinae et le genre de sous-bois des FTH d’Afrique Centrale Podococcus composé de deux espèces P. barteri et P. acaulis. Le premier groupe nous renseigne sur les événements d’extinctions anciens durant le Cénozoïque, alors que le second permet d’étudier la réponse des FTH face aux changements climatiques du Pléistocène. L’approche utilisée dans cette thèse consiste à 1) reconstruire l’histoire évolutive des rotins, et 2) inférer la dynamique évolutive des deux espèces de Podococcus dans le temps. Cinq objectifs spécifiques structurant deux grandes parties de la thèse ont été retenus. Première partie : (i) reconstruire les relations phylogénétiques chez les Ancistrophyllinae à l’aide de marqueurs chloroplastiques et nucléaires, (ii) estimer les âges de divergences puis tester l’impact des événements d’extinction chez les Ancistrophyllinae. Seconde partie : (iii) construire les modèles de niches écologiques et inférer les zones de stabilité écologique des deux espèces de Podococcus depuis le DMG, (iv) reconstruire les relations phylogéographiques chez Podococcus à partir de plastomes entier obtenus avec du Séquençage Nouvelle Génération ‘NGS’ et (v) évaluer la concordance entre la diversité génétique et la stabilité écologique des populations de Podococcus.Les résultats suggèrent que les espèces d’Ancistrophyllinae se sont probablement diversifiées de manière constante mais avec un taux d’extinction assez élevé ponctué par un ou plusieurs événements d'extinction sévères au cours du Cénozoïque. Les Ancistrophyllinae ont divergé durant l’Eocène et la plupart des espèces sont apparues après 10 Ma durant la fin du Miocène et du début du Pliocène. Chez le genre Podococcus, une corrélation significative entre la diversité génétique unique et la stabilité écologique a été démontré appuyant l’hypothèse des forêts refuges. Les populations écologiquement stables et diversifiées sont principalement localisées dans les zones montagneuses comme les Monts de Cristal et les Monts Doudou au Gabon, mais aussi dans les forêts littorales atlantiques au Gabon et au Cameroun. Par contre la plupart des populations datent d’avant le DMG ce qui traduit une réponse des espèces sur plusieurs cycles glaciers. Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que les changements climatiques anciens et plus récents ont fortement influencé l’évolution et la dynamique des espèces forestières d’Afrique Centrale. De plus, nos résultats ont permis d’identifiés les forêts côtières comme prioritaires pour la conservation de la diversité en Afrique Centrale. / Tropical rain forests (TRF) biodiversity is not equally distributed between the three main tropical regions: Neotropics, South East Asia and tropical Africa. Even though African rain forests display high levels of diversity and endemism, this diversity is low compared to that of the other tropical regions. One of the main hypotheses advanced to explain this lower species diversity is that the African flora has undergone higher extinction rates during the Cenozoic. Across the Congo basin, high levels of species diversity and endemism is thought to be linked to the hypothesis of forest refugia. This hypothesis suggests a contraction of rain forests in 'refugia' during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, between 24’000 and 12’000 Years).The aim of this thesis is to study the evolution of African rain forests in response to climate change on ancient (million years) and more recent (thousands of years) time scales. For this we study two groups of African palms: the rattans of the sub-tribe Ancistrophyllinae and the understory genus of Central African TRF Podococcus with two species P. barteri and P. acaulis. The first group provides information about ancient extinctions events during the Cenozoic, while the second is used to study the response of TRF during Pleistocene climate change in Central Africa. The approach used in this thesis is to 1) reconstruct the evolutionary history of African rattans, and 2) to infer the evolutionary dynamics of the two species of Podococcus through time. The five specific objectives structuring two main parts of the thesis are: First part: (i) reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Ancistrophyllinae using plastid and nuclear markers, (ii) estimate divergence times and test the impact of extinction events on Ancistrophyllinae. Second part: (iii) build ecological niche models and infer the areas of habitat stability of the two species of Podococcus from the LGM, (iv) reconstruct phylogeographic relationships of populations of Podococcus from whole plastomes obtained using Next Generation Sequencing and (v) assess the correlation between genetic diversity and ecological niche stability of all populations of Podococcus.Results suggest that Ancistrophyllinae has possibly undergone a constant diversification with a relatively high extinction rate punctuated by one or more severe extinction events during the Cenozoic. Ancistrophyllinae diverged during the Eocene with most species originating to the Late Miocene after 10 Ma. In the genus Podococcus, a significant correlation between the unique genetic diversity and habitat stability was demonstrated supporting the hypothesis of forests refugia in Central Africa. Ecologically stable and diverse populations are mainly located in mountainous areas such as Monts de Cristal and Monts Doudou in Gabon, but also in the Atlantic coastal forests in Gabon and Cameroon. In contrast, most of the populations predate the LGM reflecting that species respond over several glacial cycles. Results of this thesis highlight that ancient and recent climate changes have strongly influenced the evolution and dynamics of Central African forests. In addition, our results allowed the identification of African Atlantic coastal forests as an important conservation priority.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Amalia Morais Pereira.pdf: 881503 bytes, checksum: 6db4fa3d5b0e2bb98fd68b103650b297 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of the present study was to investigate the emission of a self-report after the passage of time depending on the events that occur during that period. Specifically, we intended to investigate the effects of the topographies and the number of intermediary responses on the self-report accuracy. Eleven undergraduate students were subjects on two different experiments. Both consisted on a Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS) task, the self report target behavior, followed by one or three Matching to Sample (MTS) or Anagram tasks, which were the intermediary tasks, being the first one the topography similar and the second one the distinguishable topography. The computer task ended with two self-reports: 1) Which one have you chosen? In which the participant should indicate the comparison stimuli he had chosen on the DMTS trial and 2) Did you get it right? In which the subject could say YES , I DON T KNOW and NO . The results analysis showed that: 1) for the subjects who had made mistakes on the DMTS tasks there was an imprecision tendency after the DMTS mistakes; 2) those imprecisions were False-alarm for 7 at 11 participants and for all participants there also were Omissions; 3) in general, the most imprecise self-reports were those preceded by the MTS tasks; 4) more imprecision was found on the selfreports preceded by three intermediaries tasks for both MTS and Anagram and 5) considering hits and mistakes on DMTS task, with the exception of one participant, the most inaccurate self-reports was on the topographical self-report condition. The results suggest that the occurrence of other behaviors between a given behavior and its selfreport might produce inaccurate self-reports depending on the complexity of the stimulus control from that verbal response / O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a emissão de um auto-relatos após a passagem de um intervalo de tempo, a depender dos eventos que ocorrem durante tal período. Mais especificamente, pretendeu-se averiguar o efeito da topografia e do número de respostas intermediárias na precisão do auto-relato. Onze estudantes universitários participaram de dois estudos: ambos consistiam na realização das seguintes tarefas com o auxílio de um software: 1) uma Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS) tarefa-alvo do relato; 2) uma ou três tarefas de Matching to Sample (MTS) tarefa intermediária topograficamente semelhante ou uma ou três de Anagrama tarefa intermediária topograficamente distinta e 3) duas tarefas de relato sendo: 1) Qual você escolheu? , em que o participante deveria indicar o estímulo comparação selecionado na tarefa de DMTS e 2) Você acertou? , tendo como respostas possíveis SIM , NÃO SEI e NÃO . A análise dos resultados indicou que 1) para os participantes que cometeram erros na tarefa de DMTS houve uma tendência de imprecisões depois de erro em DMTS; 2) tais imprecisões foram do tipo Alarme-falso para 7 dos 11 participantes e para todos os participantes também foram registradas Omissões; 3) em geral houve mais erros nos relatos depois da tarefa intermediária de MTS; 4) houve mais imprecisões nos relatos depois de três tarefas intermediárias, tanto para MTS como para Anagrama e 5) considerando os acertos e erros em DMTS, com exceção de um participante, houve mais imprecisões nos auto-relatos topográficos. Os resultados sugerem que a ocorrência de outros comportamentos entre um comportamento emitido e os auto-relatos sobre tal comportamento produz uma diminuição da correspondência das respostas verbais a depender da complexidade de controle de estímulos atuando sobre cada resposta verbal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joel Fernando Borella.pdf: 5518493 bytes, checksum: b7a9bdb7976b71390c3ef4e1b0a8f059 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This master degree work conclusion is linked with the Núcleo de Psicologia Política e Movimentos Sociais (NUPMOS) inside the post graduated in Social Psychlogy studies from Pontíficia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). In a society which a narrative that shows scarce, being changed for communication ways each more virtual, work the memory is one of the needs process to avoid the shared of social relationships and the silent process and the forgetfulness of the history lived by the subjects. Following this way, this research has as objective, besides to deepening on studies about old people time and their historical contributions, to use 6 music that were success on 60´s years to evoke memories and narratives of life ways of old people in Focal Groups, to, this way, could know the Brazilian society considering who has lived it. It was organized 4 Focal Groups: 2 in Araras/SP and 2 in São Paulo/SP. The groups were shared between men and women from 60 up to 75 years old. On total, participated of this study 21 old people, 9 in the groups from Araras/SP and 12 in the groups from São Paulo/SP. The Focal Groups had during time of 1 hour and 30 minutes and were recorded with audiovisual format to make easier the post transcriptions. After these transcriptions, were used the Minayo´s speech categories (1999) and, by this way, could develop analysis that increases the memory power on the work with old people, knowing the Brazilian society by them lives. Remember, so, if became a work tool that possibilities broke with forgetfulness initiated in this society and rebuild the old people past by their narratives of life way / Esta dissertação de mestrado vincula-se ao Núcleo de Psicologia Política e movimentos sociais (NUPMOS) do Programa de Estudos Pós-graduados em Psicologia Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). Em uma sociedade na qual a narrativa se apresenta escassa, sendo substituída por redes de comunicação cada vez mais virtuais, trabalhar a memória é um dos processos necessários para evitarmos a esfacelação das relações sociais e o processo de silenciamento e esquecimento da história vivida pelos sujeitos. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo, além de aprofundamentos nos estudos sobre as velhices e suas construções históricas, utilizar seis músicas que mais fizeram sucesso na década de 60, para evocar memórias e narrativas de trajetórias de vida em velhos em Grupos Focais, para, assim, poder conhecer a sociedade brasileira por meio de quem as viveu. Foram organizados quatro Grupos Focais: dois em Araras/SP e dois em São Paulo/SP. Os grupos foram divididos entre homens e mulheres de 60 até 75 anos. Ao todo, participaram desse estudo 21 velhos, 9 nos grupos de Araras/SP e 12 nos grupos de São Paulo. Os grupos focais tiveram duração de 1 hora e 30 minutos e foram gravados em formato audiovisual para facilitar as posteriores transcrições. Após essas transcrições, utilizou-se a metodologia de categorias do discurso de Minayo (1999) e, por meio delas, podem-se desenvolver análises que altivam o poder da memória no trabalho com os velhos, conhecendo a sociedade brasileira pelas suas vivências. Lembrar, então, se tornou um instrumento de trabalho que possibilita romper com os mecanismos de esquecimentos instaurados nessa sociedade e reconstruir os passados dos velhos por suas narrativas de trajetórias de vida

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O presente trabalho propõe a análise das telenovelas Escrava Isaura (Rede Globo, 1976) e Xica da Silva (Manchete, 1996) sob a perspectiva dos usos públicos do passado. Enquanto Escrava Isaura foi escrita por Gilberto Braga em um contexto ditatorial, adaptando o romance abolicionista de Bernardo Guimarães sobre uma escrava branca, Xica da Silva foi a apropriação livre de Walcyr Carrasco das diversas memórias sobre a personagem histórica Francisca da Silva e seu romance com o contratador de diamantes no Arraial do Tejuco do século XVIII. Nos vinte anos que separam estas duas telenovelas, a historiografia brasileira sobre a escravidão foi palco de transformações ao mesmo tempo em que a telenovela brasileira se desenvolveu como uma indústria com papel de crescente destaque na construção da identidade nacional, com a telenovela “de época” administrando de forma performática as relações entre passado, presente e futuro. O trabalho coloca estas questões em diálogo com as telenovelas, refletindo sobre a representação do passado escravista em cada uma; as tensões sócio-políticas refletidas nestas representações; e as formas através das quais Escrava Isaura e Xica da Silva articulam passado, presente e futuro. A partir destas análises a dissertação busca perceber de que formas as escolhas de cada telenovela administram o passado da escravidão e como elas dialogam com os contextos sociais, políticos e culturais em que elas foram escritas, produzidas e exibidas. / The purpose of this work is to present an analysis of the Brazilian soap-operas Escrava Isaura (Rede Globo, 1976) and Xica da Silva (Manchete, 1996) from the perspective of public uses of the past. Escrava Isaura was written by Gilberto Braga in a dictatorial context, adapting Bernardo Guimarães’s abolitionist novel about a white slave, while Xica da Silva was a free adaptation by Walcyr Carrasco of several memoirs about the historical character Francisca da Silva and her romance with a diamond mine owner and mining Governor of Arraial do Tejuco in the 18th century. For the twenty years between these two soap-operas, Brazilian historiography on slavery experienced many transformations while the Brazilian soap-opera developed as an industry with a increasing importance in the construction of national identity and the “Brazilian historical soap-opera” managed in a performative way the relations between past, present and future. This work poses these questions in dialogue with the soap-operas, reflecting upon the representation of the Brazilian slavery past in each one; the socio-political tensions reflected in these representations; and the ways Escrava Isaura and Xica da Silva balance and portray past, present, and future. This dissertation seeks to understand how the choices in each soap-opera convey the Brazilian slavery past and how they dialogue with the social, political and cultural contexts in which they were written, produced and broadcast.

This thesis uses the observations of Nancy J. Peterson on historical wounds as a springboard to discuss Octavia Butler’s novel Kindred and its use of both white and black characters to reexamine the origins of the historical wounds and why they are so difficult to deal with even today. Other scholarly works will be used to further investigate the importance of each character in the story and what they mean to the wound itself. Specifically, Dana is analyzed alongside the other main characters: Rufus, Alice, and Kevin. Though Dana’s relationships with these characters, Kindred’s version of the past can be examined in order to determine why the past is so difficult to overcome and what the novel does to come to an understanding or reconciliation with it. This, in turn, allows for the present to be compared to Butler’s representation of the past as a way of reexamining history.

Each panelist has chosen an artifact (or type, genre, etc.) from the recent past and interrogated its role as an influence on contemporary popular culture, working to show the linkage between then and now. This type of work is underappreciated and we would like to attempt to show how informing ourselves on popular culture past can make us better critics in the present. Our hope is to inspire others to take up that cause as well. In that spirit, we would like to encourage people to come prepared to discuss ideas and share their own work in a workshop type environment.

Past tense verb production in children with specific language impairment and language-matched children with typical language was compared using language samples and a standardized probe (Rice/Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment). Analyses revealed accuracy and error type differences between elicitation types and groups. Results have important clinical practice implications.

Regular (e.g., jumped) and irregular (e.g., fell) past tense verb acquisition in children with typical language development (TL) occurs between ages 3-5. In children with specific language impairment (SLI), acquisition of these forms is extended and errors in spontaneous conversation may even continue into adulthood. However, there is a lack of consensus as to whether probed or spontaneous language samples give a more accurate representation of a child’s linguistic skills. The first aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in regular and irregular past tense verb production accuracy between two Elicitation Methods: probed vs. spontaneous language sampling. The second aim was to determine if accuracy and error patterns differed between children with SLI and children with TL. The participants included 11 children with SLI (mean age: 5 years) and 20 children with TL (mean age: 3 years 6 months). Each participant received a battery of tests to determine language status. This battery included two elicitation methods for regular and irregular past tense: a probe and a spontaneous language sample. The Rice/Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment probed past tense verb production using picture prompts and a standardized verbal routine. Additionally, a language sample was recorded in which participants told three thematically related stories provided spontaneous productions. The first two stories were read by the examiner first and the child was asked to retell it. The first story was presented in the present tense. The second story was presented in the past tense. The third story was made up by the child based on the pictures and the tense was free to vary. These stories provided the language sample that was then transcribed and coded for a statistical analysis of verb production. Within and between groups ANOVAs revealed statistically significant differences between the probe and spontaneous language samples, with the probe yielding higher accuracy for regular and irregular past tense verb production in both groups. There was no significant Group effect or Group by Elicitation Method interaction. Analysis of the types of errors produced revealed a statistically significant Group by Elicitation Method interaction. Post hoc analysis found for regular past tense verbs, children with SLI produced more stem-form errors than children with TL. For irregular past tense forms, children with SLI produced more stem form errors, while children with TL produce more overregularization errors. The observed pattern of errors is consistent with inclusionary criteria for SLI, the literature, and theoretical foundations. The results add to the literature about the accuracy of probe and spontaneous language sample elicitation methods.