This thesis examines the historical development and current state of amendment law in the Australian patent system. Initial research on modern amendment cases immediately showed that the confused, inconsistent and complex state of the law is a significant problem. There is a plethora of different analytical tools and legal tests being applied to assess an amendment, yet they were developed in a different area of patent law, that of fair basing. Such tools and tests are ill equipped to provide any real assistance to decision-makers faced with assessing an amendment. In fact, they seem to lead decision-makers away from applying the correct investigation as set out in the amendment provisions of the legislation. The thesis examines the history of amendment law so as to place its discussion of the current problems in context and provide a better understanding of why the problems arose. Four major events are discussed in the thesis. Together, these events have shaped Australian amendment law over the past century: (i) the development and introduction of the “substantially larger than or substantially different from” test into the British and Australian statutory amendment provisions; (ii) the development and introduction of the concept of fair basing into British and Australian patent law; (iii) the development and introduction of the modern British and Australian statutory test for amendments and the tiered amendment scheme; and (iv) the analogies drawn in modern British and Australian cases between fair basing and amendment that ultimately led to fair basing tests being cross-applied in Australia to assess the allowability of amendments. The thesis shows how the very harsh early British treatment of requests for amendment ultimately led to statutory change. It also locates, for the first time, the common law origins of the notion of “fair basing.” The 1949 British legislation implemented a new and different statutory test that was intended to liberalise the whole area of amendment law. It also added the requirement of “fair basing” into the legislation. However, the thesis shows that this last development occurred via well-intentioned legislators with a significant misunderstanding of patent law. The notion of fair basing injected a great deal of uncertainty into an area of law that was previously settled. Theoretically, and in practical application, it caused problems. Then, when decision-makers sought guidance on the new amendment provision, they applied the tests developed in fair basing cases to assess amendments, with the consequent deleterious effects. The Australian experience largely mirrored the British experience until 1977 when the British Act changed. The significance of the thesis is that it clearly demonstrates that the currently accepted dogma – that fair basing is equivalent to the “in substance disclosure” statutory test for amendments, so fair basing tests can be used to assess amendment – is unsound. The thesis isolates the problems inherent in the dogma and the examination of relevant case law confirms the main hypothesis that the current approach should be rejected. It simply operates to the prejudice of inventors, their competitors, the public and the patent system itself. Most importantly, the thesis shows that reform is urgently needed. Some possibilities for reform are suggested.

Thesis (MA (App. Hist.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of History, 2000. / "August 2000" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-118) and index of inventors.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 375-423.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Bibliyografya var.

Thesis (M. S.)--Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Hicks, Diana, Committee Chair ; Rouse, Bill, Committee Co-Chair ; Bodner, Douglas, Committee Member.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08359.pdf: 4178333 bytes, checksum: b147643c309c2e6dd059d1e5b84bd171 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

abstract: Regional differences of inventive activity and economic growth are important in economic geography. These differences are generally explained by the theory of localized knowledge spillovers, which argues that geographical proximity among economic actors fosters invention and innovation. However, knowledge production involves an increasing number of actors connecting to non-local partners. The space of knowledge flows is not tightly bounded in a given territory, but functions as a network-based system where knowledge flows circulate around alignments of actors in different and distant places. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the dynamics of network aspects of knowledge flows in American biotechnology. The first research task assesses both spatial and network-based dependencies of biotechnology co-invention across 150 large U.S. metropolitan areas over four decades (1979, 1989, 1999, and 2009). An integrated methodology including both spatial and social network analyses are explicitly applied and compared. Results show that the network-based proximity better defines the U.S. biotechnology co-invention urban system in recent years. Co-patenting relationships of major biotechnology centers has demonstrated national and regional association since the 1990s. Associations retain features of spatial proximity especially in some Midwestern and Northeastern cities, but these are no longer the strongest features affecting co-inventive links. The second research task examines how biotechnology knowledge flows circulate over space by focusing on the structural properties of intermetropolitan co-invention networks. All analyses in this task are conducted using social network analysis. Evidence shows that the architecture of the U.S. co-invention networks reveals a trend toward more organized structures and less fragmentation over the four years of analysis. Metropolitan areas are increasingly interconnected into a large web of networked environment. Knowledge flows are less likely to be controlled by a small number of intermediaries. San Francisco, New York, Boston, and San Diego monopolize the central positions of the intermetropolitan co-invention network as major American biotechnology concentrations. The overall network-based system comes close to a relational core/periphery structure where core metropolitan areas are strongly connected to one another and to some peripheral areas. Peripheral metropolitan areas are loosely connected or even disconnected with each other. This dissertation provides empirical evidence to support the argument that technological collaboration reveals a network-based system associated with different or even distant geographical places, which is somewhat different from the conventional theory of localized knowledge spillovers that once dominated understanding of the role of geography in technological advance. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2011

We investigate the impact of intellectual property on the market value of firms. We use European and national research and development, patent, trademark, design, and financial data on Swedish public companies in the years 2003 to 2013. We regressed intellectual property indicators against Tobin’s q, which we use to measure the market value of firms. Patents, research and development, and trademarks indicate a positive relationship with a firm’s market value, while we did not observe the same relationship for designs. The use of intellectual property is concentrated in manufacturing industries. Large companies hold a majority of all intellectual property stocks. The results of the study show that in general, the financial markets tend to reward companies, which invest in intellectual property. In practice, our results implicate that intellectual property strategy affects shareholder value. Regarding research, our results mostly confirm findings from other studies on the market value of firms; research and development, patents and trademarks. However, more research is needed on the effect of design and the market value of firms.

Por meio deste trabalho são analisados os limites do direito de propriedade industrial de plantas. Os limites jurídicos são verificados pela análise da teoria da propriedade industrial, teoria da função social da propriedade, dos acordos internacionais pertinentes e da legislação e dos bancos de dados referentes à propriedade industrial dos Estados Unidos da América, da União Européia e do Brasil. O objetivo é verificar que tratativas a legislação e a jurisprudência brasileiras apresentam para os limites da propriedade industrial de plantas em suas duas formas de proteção – a proteção de cultivares e a patente de invenção. No apoio deste estudo se procura verificar como o setor vitivinícola do Rio Grande do Sul percebe a existência desta proteção e os seus limites aplicados à videira. O método utilizado neste estudo é o dedutivo e sua implementação se faz mediante estudo de caso, por meio do uso da ferramenta mesoanalítica da teoria do campo organizacional. Como resultados verifica-se que: 1) os limites à propriedade industrial de plantas são temporais, territoriais, legais, compulsórios e de esgotamento de direitos; 2) há insipiente jurisprudência brasileira, que aborda o tema de modo não uniforme; 3) os atores do setor vitivinícola do Rio Grande do Sul reconhecem a existência de direitos à propriedade industrial, identificando a forma de proteção desta propriedade e entendendo a existência desta proteção como importante para o Brasil. O seu desconhecimento e o desrespeito a esta proteção, bem como a falta de fiscalização, podem se constituir em fontes de dificuldades para a aplicação desse direito. Em regra, os atores conhecem muito pouco sobre os limites desta proteção, vêem uma relação positiva entre a propriedade industrial e a inovação tecnológica e esperam que a propriedade industrial de plantas seja efetivamente praticada no Brasil. É apresentado um modelo de abrangência do direito de propriedade industrial sobre o objeto planta, que pretende ajudar a orientar o reconhecimento dos respectivos direitos do inventor e dos usuários das plantas e seus limites. / In this dissertation the limits of the industrial, intellectual property rights as applied to plants are analyzed. The limits of the legal rights are unfold by the analysis of the theory of industrial property, the related, the theory of the social function of the property, international treaties, and by present laws, and available data bank on industrial property in the United States of America, European Union, and Brazil. The aim of this work is to point out how Brazilian laws and jurisprudence deal with the limits of the intellectual property rights of plants in the two used protection systems, the variety protection and the patent ones. To embody this study with a field work we proceeded a search on how people of the grape and wine industry of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil perceive the existence and the enforcement of this kind of right protection, and its limits when applied to vines. The method of analysis used in this study is the deductive one, its application by the way of a study case using the mesoanalysis of the organizational field theory. The principal points of the results of this study are: 1) the limits of the intellectual, industrial property rights are related to time, territory, legal and mandatory matters, and to exhaustion of rights; 2) there are indeed an incipient Brazilian jurisprudence, which deals with the subject in a non-uniform way; 3) representatives from the grape and wine industry of the State of Rio Grande do Sul do recognize the existence of the intellectual, industrial property rights applied to vines in Brazil, and understand them as an important form of property protection for the country. The lack of knowledge, and the eventual disregard for this kind of legal protection, and the lack of the corresponding law enforcement as well, might become significant sources of difficulties for fully implementing the intellectual, industrial property rights in the country. As a rule, people involved in the grape and wine business know very little about the limits of these legal rights, but do recognize a positive relationship between the intellectual, industrial property rights and the process of technology innovation, and hope that these rights will soon be widely enforced in Brazil. As a conclusion, a framework is proposed for application of the intellectual, industrial property rights related to protected plants, aiming orienting the recognition of the rights of the inventor, and of the users of these plants, and the corresponding limits of the rights called upon.

Este trabalho tem como temática central os discursos jornalísticos sobre patentes de biotecnologias, com especial atenção à questão do monopólio de sementes. Considerando o jornalismo como modo de conhecimento e campo discursivo, o objetivo é compreender como a revista Globo Rural produz sentidos e problematiza a questão das patentes de sementes. O estudo também discute as concepções de sociedade e natureza implicadas nos discursos analisados. O olhar empreendido na investigação parte dos saberes propostos pelo Jornalismo Ambiental, o qual – mais que informar – tem caráter educativo e contribui para o empoderamento dos sujeitos. O trabalho é operacionalizado através de noções provenientes da Análise do Discurso de matriz francesa. O referencial teórico-metodológico permite observar as Formações Discursivas (FDs) presentes nos textos, as quais são delineadas a partir da literatura empreendida sobre ambiente, ciência e tecnologia. Na esteira da busca pelos sentidos possíveis presentes em Globo Rural, o estudo averigua se há memória discursiva que irrompe dos discursos sobre patentes de sementes. A pesquisa indica a presença de duas FDs: a Tecnocrática e a Ecológica. A primeira é predominante e se relaciona com saberes que mobilizam a ciência, o mercado e a modernidade. Também na FD Tecnocrática, percebe-se uma memória que remete à Revolução Verde e à instauração do capitalismo na agricultura. A maioria dos textos revela uma concepção de natureza apartada da humanidade, na qual a primeira está a serviço da outra, pois é inferior e deve ser melhorada. A pesquisa indica que o jornalismo praticado legitima uma única forma de ver e sentir o mundo, carecendo de pluralidade. O Jornalismo Ambiental é então uma alternativa necessária, pois atua em consonância com os saberes que respeitam a diversidade biológica e cultural do planeta. / This paper has as central theme the journalistic discourses on patents for biotechnology, with special attention to the issue of seeding monopoly. Considering journalism as a way of knowledge and discursive field, the goal is to understand how the Globo Rural magazine produces senses and discusses the issue of seeding patents. The study also discusses the conceptions of society and nature involved in the analyzed discourses. The look undertaken in the study of the knowledge proposed by the Environmental Journalism, which - more than inform - has educational character and contributes to the empowerment of individuals. The work is operationalized through notions from the French headquarters of Discourse Analysis. The theoretical and methodological framework allows us to observe the Discursive Formations (FDs) present in the texts , which are outlined taken from the literature on environment, science and technology. In the wake of the search for possible meanings present in Globo Rural, the study must consider whether there discursive memory that outbreaks the discourses on seeding patents. Research indicates the presence of two FDs: The Technocratic and the Ecological. The first is predominant and relates to knowledge that mobilize science, the market and modernity. Also in FD Technocratic, we can see a memory that goes back to the Green Revolution and the establishment of capitalism in agriculture. Most of the texts reveals a conception of nature apart from humanity, in which the first is at the service of the second, because is inferior and must be improved. Research indicates that journalism practiced legitimizes a unique way of seeing and feeling the world, lacking plurality. The Environmental Journalism then it is a necessary alternative because it acts in line with the knowledge that respect the biological and cultural diversity of the planet.