Die bodenbürtigen, pflanzenpathogenen Pilze der Verticillium Familie sind über die ganze Welt verteilt. Bislang gibt es keine Fungiszide, die einen Befall der Wirtspflanzen verhindern können. Auf infizierten Feldern ist dem Pilz für viele Jahre ein Überleben im Boden in sogenannten Dauerformen (Mikrosklerotien, melanisierte Hyphen) möglich. Auch nach langer Zeit können diese auskeimen und der Pilz dann die Wirtspflanzen befallen, was ihn zu einem wirtschaftlichen Problem macht. Die Infektion der Wirtspflanzen erfolgt durch die Wurzeln; und nachdem der Pilz in die Xylemgefäße der Pflanze eingedrungen ist, wächst er innerhalb dieser vasculären Leitungsbahnen. Die infizierten Pflanzen zeigen Infektionssymptome wie frühzeitige Chlorose der Blätter, absterbendes Gewebe sowie verfärbte Gefäße in Stamm und Wurzel. Für die Landwirtschaft ist die Erforschung der Interaktionen zwischen Pflanzen und dem pathogenene Pliz von großer Bedeutung um mögliche Angriffspunkte zur Pilzbekämpfung zu finden. Diese Arbeit fokussiert sich auf zwei spezifische Gene in Verticillium dahliae, die für die Pathogenität des Pilzes eine Rolle spielen. Des Weiteren wurde die Gen­Regulation in Verticillium longisporum durch Analyse eines Transkriptoms untersucht. Die Studie hat zum Ziel die hohe Anpassung des Pilzes an die Bedingungen innerhalb des vaskulären Systems der Wirtspflanze zu zeigen, in dem dem saprophytischen Pilz nur eine limitierten Menge an Nährstoffe zugänglich ist. Das untersuchte V. dahliae Protein VdThi4 ist Teil der Thiamin Biosynthese (Vitamin B1). Dieses Mitochondriell lokalisierte Protein ist mit seinen weiteren Funtktionen in den DNA Reparaturmechanismus und die zelluläre Antwort auf oxidativen Stress (induziert durch ROS) eingebunden. Das Fehlen des Proteins führt im Pilz zum Verlust der pathogenen Eigenschaften auf der Wirtspflanze Solanum lycopersicum. Neben Proteinen wichtiger Stoffwechselwege spielen sekretierte Proteine eine große Rolle bei der Wirtsinfektion. Solche Proteine sind der Erste Kontakt zwischen Pathogen und Wirt und werden von beiden Seiten abgesondert. Infektionsversuche an S. lycopersicum zeigten, dass der Pilz das membrangebundene V. dahliae Protein VdPa14_2 für die Wirtspflanzeninfektion benötigt. Dieses Protein scheint die Resistenz gegen oxidativen Stress in der Zelle zu verringern in der Synthese schwarzen Melanins involviert zu sein. Für die Infektion von Wirtspflanzen und die Pathogenität benötigt V. dahliae viele verschiedene Proteine aus verschiedenen Stoffwechelwegen, wie die analysierten Proteine VdThi4 und VdPa14_2, die in der Zelle verschiedene Funktionen haben, aber beide für die Pathogenität des Pilzes benötigt werden. Um ein umfassenderes Bild der Interaktion zwischen Pilz und Pflanze zu bekommen, wurde die Genregulation in V. longisporum untersucht. Hierfür wurde ein Transkriptom erstellt. Es wurden sowohl die spezifisch- als auch die gleich-regulierten Transkripte während der in situ Kultivierung des Pilzes in Xylem­Saft aus Brassica napus, sowie der in vitro Kultivierung in simuliertem Xylem medium (SXM) untersucht. Beide Medien stellten sich während der Analyse als grundverschieden heraus. Das SXM stellt hingegen früherer Annahmen keine Simmulation der in vivo Konditionen innerhalb des vaskulären Systems einer Pflanze dar.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Grapevine Vitivirus A (GVA), genus Vitivirus, family Flexiviridae is a well characterised single-stranded RNA virus that has been implicated in the grapevine diseases, Kober stem grooving and Shiraz disease. The virus infects both its host, Vitis vinifera and the experimental model plant, Nicotiana spp.. Biological studies performed on the virus in its herbaceous host, Nicotiana benthami- ana, revealed that many divergent variants of the virus exists in South Africa and can induce di erent symptoms in the model plant. Further molecular analysis divided the variants into three molecular groups based on molecular heterogeneity and nucleotide identity. The establishment of an infectious full-length cDNA clone of GVA contributed towards the elucidation of gene functions for 4 of the 5 open reading frames (ORF's), and indicated ORF5 as the pathogenicity determinant within the genome. Further studies also showed that ORF5 encodes for a nucleic acid binding protein that exhibits suppression activity of a plants' natural virus silencing mechanism. Many proteins that have previously been identi ed as the pathogenicity determinant within a viral genome have been found to encode for suppression activity. Although suppression activity has been elucidated within the ORF5 of the Italian cDNA clone of GVA, IS 151, no such study has yet been performed on the divergent South African variants of GVA. Three variants, GTR1-1, GTR1- 2 and GTG11-1, which represent each of the molecular groups (Group III, II and I), were selected for this study. The aim of this study was to visually elucidate suppression activity of RNA transgene silencing by the ORF5's of GTR1-1, GTR1-2 and GTG11-1 in a transient expression assays in transgenic N. benthamiana (line 16c). Pathogenicity studies for these variants were also performed. The ORF5 of the infectious full-length clone, GVA118, which can also serve as an expression vector, was deleted and provided with restriction enzyme sites into which the respective ORF5s and the marker genes, GFP and GUS could be cloned directionally. Infectivity, symptom development and systemic movement were compared between the di erent full length clones after co-in ltration in N. benthamiana. Preliminary results obtained in this study failed to visually indicate any suppression activity encoded by the ORF5 of GTR1-1, GTR1-2 and GTG11-1. The deletion of ORF5 within GVA118 was successful and rendered the infectious full length clone asymptomatic. Directional cloning of the ORF5 of GTR1-1 into the unique restriction enzymes provided previously, resulted in much milder symptoms than those observe for GTR1-2 and GTG11-1. No GFP and GUS accumulation could be detected. This study has established an infectious full-length cDNA clone, pBINSN-e35SGVA118 ORF5-1-1-pA, that can possibly induce much milder symptoms in the herbaceous host, N. benthamiana. This construct can be further characterised as a possible expression vector of foreign proteins in herbaceous hosts and grapevine.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gassen_mh_dr_botfca.pdf: 1151986 bytes, checksum: d10ca5877ac7bff31ebce19ef7356faf (MD5) / A cana-de-açúcar colhida sem queima é uma realidade em todo o Estado de São Paulo e os ataques da cigarrinha-da-raiz da cana estão cada vez mais freqüentes e intensos. O controle biológico desta praga com o fungo Metarhizium anisopliae também vem se desenvolvendo e adquirindo relevada importância. Com isso, este trabalho foi conduzido com os seguintes objetivos: avaliar a produção de conídios de diferentes isolados para o controle da cigarrinha-das-raízes, a partir de dois tipos de arroz; avaliar a eficiência dos isolados selecionados como mais produtivos em populações naturais de Mahanarva fimbriolata, na cultura da cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente e; verificar o manejo da população de M. fimbriolata em áreas de cana-de-açúcar colhidas sem queima da palha, observando a influência da umidade sobre sua ocorrência. Foram avaliados 14 isolados, os quais foram produzidos em arroz tipo 1 e arroz parboilizado, em sacos de polipropileno, incubados em sala climatizada para desenvolvimento do fungo. Avaliou-se a concentração e viabilidade de cada isolado para os dois tipos de arroz. Os isolados que apresentaram maior produtividade foram aplicados em campo para avaliar a patogenicidade dos mesmos à cigarrinha-das-raízes, sendo eles: ESALQ 1037, IBCB 425, IBCB 353, IBCB 410, F 99 e IBCB 333. Foram pulverizados 2 kg/ha de arroz+fungo, contendo 1,0 x 1012 conídios/ha, além do tratamento com o inseticida tiametoxam 250 WG e a testemunha, sem aplicação. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após a aplicação (DAA), observando-se o número de ninfas e adultos de M. fimbriolata vivos, mortos, parasitados ou não, em cada parcela. A partir dos resultados, foi possível observar que os isolados IBCB 410 e F 99 causaram, respectivamente, mortalidades de 66,67 e 33,33% para ninfas, aos 15 DAA. Após 30 DAA, os isolados IBCB 425, IBCB 353 e IBCB 333... / The sugar cane is harvested without burning a reality throughout the state of Sao Paulo and the attacks of the leafhopper-root cane are increasingly frequent and intense. Biological control this pest with the Metarhizium anisopliae also has been developing and acquiring increasing importance. Therefore, this work was conducted to evaluate the production of conidial selected for the control of root speatlebug in two types of rice, evaluate the efficiency of the isolates selected as the most productive in natural populations of M. fimbriolata, the culture of cane sugar harvested mechanically, monitor the population of M. fimbriolata in areas of sugarcane harvested without burning the straw, and the influence of temperature and humidity on its occurrence. We evaluated 14 isolates, which were produced in rice type 1 and parboiled rice in polypropylene bags, incubated in a room for fungal growth and were evaluated the concentration and viability of each isolate for both types of rice. The isolates that had higher yields were applied in the field to assess the pathogenicity of the same root speatlebug, namely: ESALQ 1037, IBCB 425, IBCB 353, IBCB 410, F 99 and IBCB 333. Were sprayed 2 kg / ha of rice + fungus, containing 1,0 x 1012 conidia / ha, in addition to treatment with the insecticide tiametoxam 250 WG and the control. Evaluations were performed at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after the application, noting the number of nymphs and adults of M. fimbriolata alive in each plot, and the number of nymphs and adults dead, infected and non-parasitized. From the results, it was observed that isolates IBCB 410 and F 99 caused mortality to nymphs of 66.67 and 33.33%, respectively, at 15 days after application. After 30 days of spraying, the isolates IBCB 425, IBCB 353 and IBCB 333 had efficiencies... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fusarium spp. is the causal agent of root rot in several crops. In no tillage system, compacted areas favor the incidence of these diseases. These fungi can also infect the grains and produce mycotoxins. Trichoderma spp. has shown promising results and can be used in the integrated management of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens. The aims of this study was to quantify and correlate populations of Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp. and others (fungi and bacteria) with physical characteristics indicative of soil compaction in the crops of oat and soybean; identify morphological and molecularly isolates of Fusarium spp.; genetically characterize isolates of Trichoderma spp.; assess the efficiency of in vitro and in vivo control of Trichoderma spp. versus Fusarium spp. ; and quantify the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) by Fusarium spp. Soil samples were collected at Victor Graeff (RS) in an area previously mapped regarding to soil compaction. The samples were taken at three depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 cm) and in six compaction levels established by the measures of resistance to penetration (Rp) (points with higher Rp: 3.4, 4.6, and 5.0 MPa, and lower Rp: 0.3, 1.3, and 2.2 MPa). The samples were evaluated for fungal and microbial population (serial dilutions) and soil physical characteristics. Fungi of the genus Fusarium and Trichoderma, when present in serial dilutions, were isolated for further molecular and morphological identification (based on TEF-1α and ITS regions, respectively). Tests were performed in vitro (direct confrontation) and in vivo (in oat and soybean) to evaluate the control efficiency of Trichoderma spp. versus Fusarium spp. The production of DON and ZEA was measured by Elisa and immunoaffinity columns, respectively. In oat grown after soybean the population and physical characteristics of the soil were showed higher correlation, with the largest populations of Fusarium spp. and Trichoderma spp. found in depths of 5-10 and 10-15 cm, respectively. 13 species of Fusarium were identified and the TEF-1α region was efficient for the distinction among them. T. koningiopsis, T. tomentosum and T. asperellum were identified, totaling five isolates and all of them showed good potential for controlling Fusarium spp. in soybean. In oat, stood out as root growth promoters, increasing the fresh weight of seedlings. In soybean isolates of F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum were pathogenic and caused damping off of seedlings. For oat, the isolates of F. graminearum did not provide the observation of such symptoms. F. graminearum and F. solani produced both DON and ZEA, while F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum produced ZEA. / Fusarium spp. é o agente causal de podridões radiculares em diversas culturas. No sistema plantio direto, áreas compactadas favorecem a incidência dessas doenças. Esses fungos podem também infectar os grãos e produzir micotoxinas. Trichoderma spp. vem apresentando resultados promissores e pode ser utilizado no manejo integrado de doenças provocadas por patógenos de solo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: quantificar e correlacionar populações de Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp. e outros (fungos e bactérias) em um solo com características físicas indicativas de compactação, nos cultivos de aveia preta e soja; identificar morfológica e molecularmente os isolados de Fusarium spp.; caracterizar geneticamente isolados de Trichoderma spp.; testar a eficiência de controle in vitro e in vivo de Trichoderma spp. versus Fusarium spp.; e quantificar a produção de deoxinivalenol (DON) e zearalenona (ZEA) pelos isolados de Fusarium spp. Amostras de solo foram coletadas no município de Victor Graeff (RS) em uma área previamente mapeada quanto à compactação do solo. As coletas foram feitas em três profundidades (0-5; 5-10 e 10-15 cm) e em seis níveis de compactação estabelecidos pelas medidas de resistência à penetração (Rp) (pontos com maior Rp: 3,4; 4,6 e 5,0 MPa; e menor Rp: 0,3; 1,3 e 2,2 MPa). Nas amostras coletadas foram realizadas avaliações de população fúngica e microbiana (diluições seriais) e de características físicas do solo. Fungos dos gêneros Fusarium e Trichoderma, quando presentes nas diluições seriais, foram isolados para posterior identificação morfológica e molecular (baseada nas regiões TEF-1α e ITS, respectivamente). Foram realizados testes in vitro (confrontação direta) e in vivo (em aveia preta e soja) para avaliar a eficiência de controle de Trichoderma spp. versus Fusarium spp. A produção de DON e ZEA foi verificada pelo método Elisa e colunas de imunoafinidade, respectivamente. Em aveia preta cultivada após a soja, as características físicas e populacionais do solo se correlacionaram mais pronunciadamente, sendo que maiores populações de Fusarium spp. e Trichoderma spp. foram encontradas nas profundidades 5-10 e 10-15 cm, respectivamente. Identificaram-se 13 espécies de Fusarium e a região TEF-1α foi eficiente para sua distinção. T. koningiopsis, T. tomentosum e T. asperellum foram identificados, totalizando cinco isolados e todos eles apresentaram bom potencial de controle de Fusarium spp. em soja. Em aveia preta, destacaram-se como promotores de crescimento radicular, incrementando o peso fresco de plântulas. Em soja, isolados de F. oxysporum e F. proliferatum foram patogênicos e provocaram tombamento de plântulas. Para aveia, os isolados de F. graminearum não proporcionaram a observação desse sintoma. F. graminearum e F. solani produziram tanto DON quanto ZEA, enquanto que F. proliferatum e F. oxysporum produziram apenas ZEA.

Resumo: A bactéria fitopatogênica Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) é o agente causal do cancro cítrico, responsável por perdas significativas na citricultura nacional e mundial. Com a finalidade de se obter um primeiro mapa proteômico de referência da Xac, as bactérias foram cultivadas em dois meios não indutores de virulência (meios CN e TS8), e as proteínas foram digeridas com tripsina e analisadas pela tecnologia de MudPIT (Tecnologia de Identificação Multidimensional de Proteínas). Trinta e nove por cento de todas as proteínas preditas pelo genoma da Xac foram identificadas através de seus peptídeos, e estão distribuídas em todas as categorias funcionais. Além disso, 25% das proteínas designadas como hipotéticas conservadas do genoma foram identificadas. Outro objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o perfil de expressão protéico durante a patogênese decorrente do contato Xac::citros. Para isso, Xac em condição infectante foi cultivada em meio indutor de virulência XAM1 por 24 h, ou recuperadas de folhas de laranjeiras inoculadas após 3 ou 5 dias de infecção, tendo como referência a Xac cultivada em meio CN. A tecnologia 20 + MS detectou 228 proteínas diferencialmente expressas em condição infectante, e a tecnologia MudPIT identificou 1.679 proteínas de Xac. Um total de 57 proteínas diferenciais [17 (20 + MS) + 40 (MudPIT)] associadas à patogenicidade e virulência, na interação Xac::citros são discutidas neste trabalho, destacando-se proteínas do Sistema de Secreção Tipo 111 (SSTT), 11 (SSTO) e IV (SSTO), efetoras do SSTT, proteínas relacionadas a estresse, goma xantana, carência nutricional, entre outras. / Abstract: The phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is the causal agent of the citrus canker disease, which responds for important losses in national and worldwide citriculture. In arder to obtain the first proteomic reference map of Xac, the bacterium was grown on two non-inductive media for bacterial virulence (CN and TSB media) and proteins were proteolysed with trypsin and analyzed by MudPIT technology (Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology). Thirty nine per cent of ali predicted proteins from Xac genome were identified with their component peptides as belonging to ali functional categories. Besides, 25% of proteins described as conserved hypothetical in Xac's genome were identified. Another aim of this study was to analyze the proteome profile during Xac::citrus pathogenesis. For this reason, infecting Xac was grown in XAM1 virulence inductive medium for 24 h, or recovered from infected citrus leaves at 3 or 5 days of infection, taking Xac grown on CN medium as reference. The 20 + MS technology has detected 228 differentially expressed proteins in infecting conditional, and MudPIT technology identified 1679 Xac proteins. A total of 57 differential proteins [17 (20 + MS) + 40 (MudPIT)] related to pathogenicity and virulence during Xac::citrus interaction are discussed in this study, emphasizing proteins of type 111 (SSTT), 11 (SSTO) and IV (SSTQ) secretion system, effectors of SSTT, proteins related to stress, xanthan gum, starvation, among others. / Orientador: Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro / Coorientador: Julio Cezar Franco de Oliveira / Banca: Haroldo Alves Pereira Júnior / Banca: Márcia Regina Soares da Silva / Banca: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: João Martins Pizauro Júnior / Doutor