Cette étude porte sur la représentation de la « patience » – considérée comme un mode d’être dans le temps et face à l’Autre à la fois actif et passif – dans quelques œuvres modernes, notamment les écrits philosophiques de Friedrich Nietzsche, les romans Bouvard et Pécuchet et La tentation de saint Antoine de Gustave Flaubert, À la recherche du temps perdu de Marcel Proust et la poésie de Francis Ponge. Dans le premier chapitre, nous nous référons à la pensée de Nietzsche pour bien décrire le contexte moderne qui fait que la vertu de la patience est aussi pertinente à la fin du XIXe siècle et pendant le XXe siècle qu’elle ne l’était pour des penseurs de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine comme Épicure et Sénèque. Dans des œuvres comme La généalogie de la morale et Par-delà bien et mal, Nietzsche montre que ce qu’on considère comme la vertu de la patience se réduit souvent à une simple incapacité d’agir et que les temps modernes exigent un autre type de vertu, une patience renouvelée et affirmative. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analysons les thèmes de l’accompagnement et du dévouement dans deux romans flaubertiens afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure il est nécessaire de se retirer du monde et de ses rythmes pour pouvoir se consacrer à quelque chose qui transcende l’individu et ses désirs particuliers. Nous continuons cette réflexion dans le chapitre sur le roman proustien, où l’on peut suivre la trajectoire d’un héros-narrateur impatient d’être aimé et de remplir sa vocation en devenant écrivain. Notre examen de différentes formes de la patience est complétée par une critique du rapport problématique du poète (Ponge) et des objets de ses poèmes, en particulier les animaux qu’il sacrifie au nom de son art. Un schéma fondamental se dessine à travers toutes ces œuvres et les figures de la patience qu’elles véhiculent : le sujet humain, désireux de se rapprocher de l’Autre, sait que, pour ce faire, il faut le laisser être, mais il a aussi besoin de s’affirmer soi-même, d’où une certaine aporie. La patience se révèle comme une réponse possible à ce problème.

Cette étude porte sur la représentation de la « patience » – considérée comme un mode d’être dans le temps et face à l’Autre à la fois actif et passif – dans quelques œuvres modernes, notamment les écrits philosophiques de Friedrich Nietzsche, les romans Bouvard et Pécuchet et La tentation de saint Antoine de Gustave Flaubert, À la recherche du temps perdu de Marcel Proust et la poésie de Francis Ponge. Dans le premier chapitre, nous nous référons à la pensée de Nietzsche pour bien décrire le contexte moderne qui fait que la vertu de la patience est aussi pertinente à la fin du XIXe siècle et pendant le XXe siècle qu’elle ne l’était pour des penseurs de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine comme Épicure et Sénèque. Dans des œuvres comme La généalogie de la morale et Par-delà bien et mal, Nietzsche montre que ce qu’on considère comme la vertu de la patience se réduit souvent à une simple incapacité d’agir et que les temps modernes exigent un autre type de vertu, une patience renouvelée et affirmative. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analysons les thèmes de l’accompagnement et du dévouement dans deux romans flaubertiens afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure il est nécessaire de se retirer du monde et de ses rythmes pour pouvoir se consacrer à quelque chose qui transcende l’individu et ses désirs particuliers. Nous continuons cette réflexion dans le chapitre sur le roman proustien, où l’on peut suivre la trajectoire d’un héros-narrateur impatient d’être aimé et de remplir sa vocation en devenant écrivain. Notre examen de différentes formes de la patience est complétée par une critique du rapport problématique du poète (Ponge) et des objets de ses poèmes, en particulier les animaux qu’il sacrifie au nom de son art. Un schéma fondamental se dessine à travers toutes ces œuvres et les figures de la patience qu’elles véhiculent : le sujet humain, désireux de se rapprocher de l’Autre, sait que, pour ce faire, il faut le laisser être, mais il a aussi besoin de s’affirmer soi-même, d’où une certaine aporie. La patience se révèle comme une réponse possible à ce problème.

[Typescript] / Includes bibliography. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of English, 1965

In 2010, Simon Estok observed that, "the most immediate question ecocriticism can ask is about how our assumptions about animals affect the natural environment". In this thesis, I respond to this challenge by generating a sustained conversation between the hitherto surprisingly distinct fields of animal studies and ecocriticism. I do this by formulating a new critical concept, that of the geomorphic animal, which I use to show how literary representations of animals often expose the many complex ways in which they constitute space rather than simply inhabiting it. This, in turn, should make them central to future ecocritical readings. I focus on two periods, medieval and modern; the broad historical and generic scope of this thesis is intended to demonstrate the conceptual validity and robustness of geomorphic readings. Chapter One shows how concerns with death and symbiosis are expressed through the earth-bound activities of the geomorphic animals of the Exeter Book riddles. Chapter Two examines geomorphic whales in texts deriving from two related traditions: the Book of Jonah and the Physiologus. Chapters Three and Four focus on modern theatre, which affords distinctive ways of articulating the spatial implications of geomorphism. Chapter Three discusses the literary representation of museums and zoos in terms of the interpretative complexities generated by staging and spectacle. Chapter Four, focusing on mediation, discusses the interplay between animals, viewpoints and place in theatre, also taking into account particular issues arising from the adaptation of plays into films. This argument paves the way to addressing the geomorphic depiction of marginalised humans and human groups, suggesting the critical potential of geomorphism as a means of furthering feminist and post-colonialist aims.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 942556 bytes, checksum: ed73a54a705395e6ae1bcdce43613a97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work we develop a route of approach of to Kierkegaard's work that, taking into account three different moments of his production, allows us a more rigorous and lucid view of his activity as an author and particularly of his way of interpreting the human existence. Bearing in mind the complex nature of the Kierkegaardian corpus accentuated by its indirect form of communication we decided to develop a reading that focused on the meaning that the human existence occupies in the thoughts of the author. Our reading also introduces some of the issues and concepts that form the general understanding framework of human existence as it is understood by Kierkegaard. We show how the existence needs to be understood from a new conception of freedom, as well as from a new understanding of the relationship between being and thinking that is, to be understood as inter-esse which essentially leads to a replacement problem of truth. We conclude with an approach to the problem of becoming yourself or with the question of acquisition of the self (Selv) in patience. With this we approach a more coherent and rigorous comprehension of the interpretation that Kierkegaard makes of human existence particularly taking into account the role that patience takes this reading and by extension, we trace a route of approach of his activity as an author. / No presente trabalho desenvolvemos um itinerário de aproximação da obra de Kierkegaard que, levando em conta três momentos distintos de sua produção, nos possibilite uma visão mais lúcida e rigorosa de sua atividade como autor e, particularmente, de sua forma de leitura da existência humana. Cientes do caráter complexo do corpus kierkegaardiano acentuado pela forma indireta de sua comunicação resolvemos desenvolver uma leitura que, voltada para o sentido que a existência humana ocupa no pensamento do autor, nos introduza em alguns dos problemas e conceitos fundamentais que formam o quadro geral de compreensão da existência assim como a entende Kierkegaard. Mostramos como a existência precisa ser compreendida a partir de uma nova concepção da liberdade, bem como a partir de uma nova compreensão da relação entre ser e pensar isto é, precisa ser compreendida como inter-esse o que leva fundamentalmente a uma recolocação do problema da verdade. Concluímos com uma abordagem do problema de tornar-se si mesmo ou com a questão da aquisição do si-mesmo (Selv) na paciência. Com isso nos aproximamos de uma compreensão mais coerente e rigorosa da leitura que Kierkegaard faz da existência humana levando particularmente em conta o papel que a paciência ocupa nessa leitura bem como, por extensão, traçamos um itinerário de aproximação de sua atividade como autor.

Em nossa dissertação de Mestrado analisamos o conjunto de quatro pinturas retabulares encomendadas na década de 40 do século XVII para ornar a capela do hoje extinto Convento dos Capuchinhos da Paciência de Cristo de Madri (1651-1836). Estas pinturas narram a lenda que ficou conhecida como a do Santo Cristo da Paciência ou do Cristo das Injurias, e figuram o ataque de um grupo de pessoas a um crucifixo que, enquanto sofre tal desacato, expressa o seu poder milagroso através da fala e do jorro de sangue. Nosso objetivo foi, por meio da análise dessas pinturas, entender o significado das imagens religiosas para a cristandade espanhola deste período e o quanto os ataques iconoclastas preocupavam os membros da Igreja católica e seus fiéis de modo geral, a ponto de gerar a encomenda de tais obras. Para tal, investigamos este corpus de imagens em dois níveis fundamentais: analisando seus elementos formais e temáticos; e sua relação com o cristianismo a encomenda e o debate sobre as imagens, sobre seus usos e funções nas práticas cultuais do catolicismo na Espanha do século XVII. / In our master dissertation we analyzed the group of four altarpieces commissioned in the 1640s to decorate the chapel of the extinct Capuchin Convent of Patience Christ of Madrid (1651-1836). These paintings ndepict the legend that became known as the Holy Christ of the Patience or Christ of the Injuries, and represent the attack of a group of people to a crucifix which, while suffering such disrespect, expressed his miraculous power through speech and the blood gush. Our aim was, through the analysis of these paintings, to understand the meaning of these religious images for Spanish Christendom in this period and how the iconoclastic attacks were a source of worry for the members of the Catholic Church and the faithful in general so as to generate a commission for such works. For this purpose, we investigated this corpus of images on two fundamental levels: analyzing their formal and thematic elements; and its relation to Christianity - the commission and the debate about images, their uses and functions in cultual practices of Catholicism in seventeenth century Spain.

This dissertation examines three literary treatments of patience in late medieval English literature. I argue that patience appears in the literature of late medieval England in a new and surprising form. Langland’s Patience in the B-text of Piers Plowman is an impoverished minstrel that disrupts and antagonizes his interlocutors through gnomic riddles and comic vignettes. The homiletic poem Patience, through a narrator hyperactively keen to transform suffering into “play” or “jape,” unpicks the deficiencies of a theology that views patience as “ease” or even pleasure and illuminates the Book of Jonah as a unique scriptural witness to the difficulty and estrangement of living within the patientia Dei. The “morality play” Mankind stages its grappling with the difficulties of Jobean patience through the antics of foul-mouthed diabolical and hamartiological agents who perpetually trouble the patience of both the characters and the audience. By reading these poems and plays very closely amidst their scriptural and patristic intertexts I argue that the works studied in this dissertation constitute an intense literary interest in the theology of patience in late medieval England, both as a spiritual and as a hermeneutic ideal. In Piers Plowman, Patience and Mankind, patience becomes a discomforting concatenation of mirth and despair. In Piers Plowman, Haukyn is brought to the belief that living “[s]o hard it is” by Patience’s comic vignettes. God’s “meschef” in Patience brings Jonah to cry, twice, that his life is “to longe.” Mankind loses his patience and sinks into acedia in Mankind via a theatrical “jape” by the professional minstrel Titivillus, a “jape” that the audience are repeatedly invited to be patient for. I argue that this unusual collocation of frivolity and sorrow can be understood partly in relation to the patristic focus on differentiating Christian patience from stoic fortitude and apatheia. This created a foundational concept of patience as participatory with the patientia Dei. The patience of God, as conceived in patristic treatises on patience, was a non-suffering (impassible) patience. The problem of conceptualizing the impassible patience of God produced, I argue, enduring formulations of God’s patience as a form of pleasure and, accordingly, of human patience as participatory with the pleasure of God. Yet, the pleasures that Piers Plowman, Patience and Mankind associate with their treatments of patience are not rarefied spiritual joys. Rather, in each text studied here, patience is particularly associated with the low-brow entertainments of minstrelsy, “jape” and “game.” This produces a disorienting concatenation of low-comedy and grave suffering through which, I argue, these writers align their explorations of the theology of patience with their own literary practice. In Piers Plowman, through Patience’s strange minstrelsy, Langland is making an important statement of his own learned “meddling with makings.” In Patience, the poem speaks in multiple voices to produce a contradictory and dissonant account of God’s patience and how it might be understood. In Mankind, the play’s central episode of the breaking of Mankind’s patience turns to the social and economic realities of the theatrical production itself to explain a theology of patience that will attend to a Creation of invisible and visible parts. Patience, often a wan-faced and inscrutable virtue, has a vibrant and unique life in the vernacular literature of late medieval England. The three texts studied here are a case study in the under-explored novelty of late medieval conceptions of patience that, I hope, might illuminate unexpected areas of late medieval devotional and literary practice.

abstract: So far, love and desire have preoccupied scholarly inquiries into the emotional landscape in late imperial China. However, the disproportional focus diminishes the complexity and interdisciplinarity of the emotional experiences during this period. Alternatively, this dissertation seeks to contextualize the understudied emotion of anger and uses it as a different entry point into the emotional vista of late imperial China. It explores the stimuli that give rise to anger in late imperial Chinese fiction and drama, as well as the ways in which these literary works configure the regulation of that emotion. This dissertation examines a wide range of primary materials, such as deliverance plays, historical romance, domestic novels, and so forth. It situates these literary texts in reference to Quanzhen Daoist teachings, orthodox Confucian thought, and medical discourse, which prescribe the rootedness of anger in religious trials, ritual improprieties, moral dubiousness, and corporeal responses. Simultaneously, this dissertation reveals how fiction and drama contest the presumed righteousness of anger and complicate the parameters construed by the above-mentioned texts through editorial intervention, paratextual negotiation, and cross-genre adaptation. It further teases out the gendering of anger, particularly within the discourse on the four obsessions of drunkenness, lust, avarice, and qi. The emotion’s gendered dimension bears upon the approaches that literary imagination adopts to regulate anger, including patience, violence, and silence. The body of either the angry person or the target of his or her fury stands out as the paramount site upon which the diverse ways of coping with the emotion impinge. Ultimately, this dissertation enriches the current understanding of the emotional experiences in late imperial China and demonstrates anger as a prominent nodal point upon which various strands of discourse converge. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation East Asian Languages and Civilizations 2020

[pt] O campo de pesquisa que busca entender a relação entre cultura e as preferências ao risco e tempo tem se desenvolvido nos últimos dez anos. No entanto, o número de trabalhos que utilizam uma amostra significativa de países, tornando possível a comparação através das nações, ainda é pequeno. Ademais, os trabalhos existentes utilizam o mesmo construto de cultura, o de Hofstede (2001). Sendo assim, este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar, através de uma análise cross-country de 24 nações, se o construto de cultura de Gelfand et al (2001) se relaciona com as preferências ao risco e tempo. Além disso, foram investigadas as relações entre cultura, risco e paciência com indicadores econômicos, demográficos e de saúde. Para atingir a finalidade proposta foram utilizados os dados sobre risco e paciência de Falk et al (2018), o construto de culturas rígidas e tolerantes proposto por Gelfand et al (2011) e indicadores coletados nos sites do World Bank e Transparency International. Após a análise dos resultados não foi encontrada relação entre o construto de cultura de Gelfand com os índices de risco e paciência. No entanto, foram detectadas associações entre o tipo de cultura, rígida ou tolerante, com taxa de mortalidade geral, taxa de mortalidade infantil e índice de gravidez na adolescência. Ao examinar a paciência observa-se que este índice se associa com o PIB per capita, conforme os resultados de Falk et al (2018) e Wang et al (2016), e com a taxa de mortalidade geral. / [en] The field of research that seeks to understand the relationship between culture and preferences for risk and time has developed over the past ten years. However, the number of studies using a significant sample of countries, making it possible to compare across nations, is still small. Furthermore, the existing works use the same culture construct, that of Hofstede (2001). Thus, this study aimed to identify, through a cross-country analysis of 24 nations, whether the culture construct of Gelfand et al (2001) is related to risk and time preferences. In addition, the relationship between culture, risk and patience with economic, demographic and health indicators were investigated. In order to achieve the goal, the data on risk and patience from Falk et al (2018), the construct of tight and loose cultures proposed by Gelfand et al (2011) and indicators collected on the World Bank and Transparency International websites were used. After analyzing the results no relationship was found between the Gelfand culture construct and patience or risk taking. However, associations were detected between the type of culture, tight or loose, with general mortality rate, infant mortality rate and teenage pregnancy rate. When examining patience, it is observed that this index is associated with GDP per capita, according to the results of Falk et al (2018) and Wang et al (2016), and with the overall mortality rate.

The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences that HIV and AIDS patients who are on Community Home Based Care Programme have in the Lilongwe district of Malawi. Finally; concrete propositions were developed for the implementation of quality community and home based care programmes in Malawi. A qualitative research design using an interpretive phenomenology was used. The study took place in semi-rural and urban areas of Lilongwe district using patients from 3 major organizations dealing with people living with HIV and AIDS. Purposive sampling technique was used to choose the sample and a total of 15 in-depth interviews were conducted. Data was analyzed using ATLAS ti version 5. Findings revealed that the majority of the participants were concerned that they were living with HIV and AIDS. Most of them expressed anxiety, worries and fears of death. Another majority complained about the burden of opportunistic infections. Almost half of the participants felt guilty bringing misery to their families and complained of stigma and discrimination. However, a minority group of participants felt that to live with HIV and AIDS is not the end of life. Relatives were mentioned as the main care providers to HIV and AIDS patients. However, they were also cited high as a source of stigma. Conclusions were made that women and girls are at the highest risk as they bear the burden of care. It was therefore recommended that the Government of Malawi and all Non Governmental Organizations should develop women social economic status through promotion of education, provision of loans and provision of Gender Sensitive trainings. Formal training for care of HIV and AIDS patients should be introduced to all primary caregivers to render quality care in the homes and therefore this study has developed and pre-tested an educational program for this group. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)