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This paper studies the relation between the pecking order theory and industry dynamic. First,we discuss the contribution in industry between debt and equity. And we analyze all possible sorts of debt and equity. Then,we verify the pecking order theory is not exist in Taiwan¡¦s high tech. The empirical work is based on firm level data of Taiwan high-technology industries during 2003 ~2007. The empirical results show that (1) debt capital ¡¥s contribution is negative and equity capital¡¦contribution is uncertainty.(2) we can observe high-tech industries in Taiwan are high risk and great development and still need government subsidy.Cause of high-tech¡¦s uniqueness ,manager will give up the plan of net present value over one,and like finance in equity without interest expense. Consequently,Pecking Order theory is not proven in Taiwan¡¦high tech industries.

Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ fallstudie som syftar till att undersöka småföretagare och deras användning av crowdfunding. Under studien så har även de digitala plattformarnas perspektiv tagits med. De teorierna som undersökningen utgår ifrån är finansiella gapet, informationsassymmetri, pecking order teori och finansiella tillväxtcykeln. Studien har även beskrivit andra traditionella finansieringsformer utöver crowdfunding. Fyra respondenter som representerar sina företag som verkar i mat och dryckes branschen har intervjuats och även två digitala plattformar har deltagit i undersökningen. Studiens resultat visar att crowdfunding är ett finansiering alternativ som gynnas av mikroföretag när de har svårt att finansiera sig. Det finns ingen tydlig förklaring bakom valet mellan lån och andelsbaserad crowdfunding. Studien kommer också fram till att crowdfunding är ett hjälpmedel för företag i början av sin uppväxt, då andra traditionella finansieringsalternativ kan vara mer lämpliga ju mer företaget växer.

<p><strong><p>Title:</p>Pecking-order i små tillverkande företag <strong><p>Level of thesis:</p>Master´s dissertation in banking and auditing <strong><p>Authors:</p>Mathias Klasén and Maria Waderoth <strong><p>Advisor:</p>Joakim Winborg <strong><p>Background:</p>The area of business financing has been well studied during the 1900´s. Many studies and theories are made with big corporations in mind, and the importance of small businesses wasn’t enlightened until the end of the 1900´s. Business financing has created a number of theories, among them Myers pecking-order theory. This theory implies that business managers prefer internal equity in front of debt and external equity. This theory has been developed through studies, hence Myers three steps are considered undeveloped, and therefore the theory still needs further investigation. <strong><p>Question of issue:</p><em>How do small business managers prefer different long-term financing options and which variables can explain the ranking? <strong><p>Purpose:</p>The purpose of the study is to create a developed pecking-order in small manufacturing businesses and to investigate which variables explain their ranking. <strong><p>Method:</p>The study is deductive with elements of induction. We have created knowledge in the subject through investigation of existing literature in order to examine the reality. The theory has also evolved through the developed pecking-order theory. The data has been collected through phone interviews where the respondents generated both quantitative and qualitative data. <strong><p>Results:</p>The result of the study shows that managers in small manufacturing businesses prefer internal profit first. Thereafter they prefer bank loans, grants, leasing, indirect contribution from existing owners, direct contribution from existing owners, business collaboration, informal equity, formal equity and family and friend loans. The ranking can partly be explained by the managers risk aversion, control aversion, growth, financial knowledge, industry experience and gender. <strong><p>Keywords:</p>Pecking-order, small business, managers, explanatory variables, financial sources.</strong></strong></strong></strong></em></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p>

Title: Pecking-order i små tillverkande företag Level of thesis: Master´s dissertation in banking and auditing Authors: Mathias Klasén and Maria Waderoth Advisor: Joakim Winborg Background: The area of business financing has been well studied during the 1900´s. Many studies and theories are made with big corporations in mind, and the importance of small businesses wasn’t enlightened until the end of the 1900´s. Business financing has created a number of theories, among them Myers pecking-order theory. This theory implies that business managers prefer internal equity in front of debt and external equity. This theory has been developed through studies, hence Myers three steps are considered undeveloped, and therefore the theory still needs further investigation. Question of issue: How do small business managers prefer different long-term financing options and which variables can explain the ranking? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to create a developed pecking-order in small manufacturing businesses and to investigate which variables explain their ranking. Method: The study is deductive with elements of induction. We have created knowledge in the subject through investigation of existing literature in order to examine the reality. The theory has also evolved through the developed pecking-order theory. The data has been collected through phone interviews where the respondents generated both quantitative and qualitative data. Results: The result of the study shows that managers in small manufacturing businesses prefer internal profit first. Thereafter they prefer bank loans, grants, leasing, indirect contribution from existing owners, direct contribution from existing owners, business collaboration, informal equity, formal equity and family and friend loans. The ranking can partly be explained by the managers risk aversion, control aversion, growth, financial knowledge, industry experience and gender. Keywords: Pecking-order, small business, managers, explanatory variables, financial sources.

Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån teoretiska ansatser och tidigare forskning som rör kapitalstruktur, visa om de tre valda finansiella företagsegenskaperna förklarar kapitalstrukturen i små onoterade svenska företag. De teoretiska ansatser som testas är främst pecking-order och trade-off. En kvantitativ ansats har använts i uppsatsen där sex hypoteser bildats utifrån de teoretiska ansatserna. Uppsatsen är av positivistisk karaktär och har en deduktiv ansats. Analysen baseras på både enkla och multipla regressionsanalyser av nyckeltal som beräknades från material som hämtats i årsredovisningar från de 220 utvalda företagen. Samtliga av de utvalda företagen slumpades fram från en lista över små företag som ej är registrerade på någon börslista. Resultaten indikerar att de teoretiska ansatserna som utformats för att förklara kapitalstrukturen i stora företag inte förklarar densamma för svenska små företag. Det finns samband som stödjer de teoretiska ansatserna och hypoteserna men förklaringsgraderna för de finansiella företagsegenskaperna i relation till skuldsättningen i företagen påvisar att sambanden är svaga. / The purpose of this study is to use theoretical approaches and previous research related to capital structure to show if the three selected firm characteristics explain the capital structure of small unlisted Swedish firms. The theories that are tested are primarily Pecking-order theory and the Trade-off theory. A quantitative approach has been used in our thesis where six hypotheses are formed according to the theoretical approaches. The thesis has a positivistic research philosophy and a deductive approach. The analysis is based on both simple and multiple regression analyzes that were calculated from the material obtained in the annual reports of the 220 selected firms. All of the selected firms were randomly chosen from a list of small businesses that are not listed on any exchange list. The results indicate that the theoretical approaches developed to describe the choice of capital structure of large firms do not explain the same for Swedish small businesses. However, there are relationships that support the theoretical approaches and hypotheses, but the coefficient of determination for the explanatory firm characteristics related to small firms leverage indicate that the correlation is weak. The study provides a snapshot of the relationship between leverage and the selected explanatory firm characteristics: asset structure, profitability and growth, based on firms´ annual reports for the year 2011.

Problembakgrund/frågeställning/syfte: Ju mindre ett företag är, i desto mindre utsträckning utsätts det för granskning, vilket leder till att mindre information och analyser om företagets värde finns. Vidare är små företag i högre grad utsatta för finansiella påfrestningar, då de generellt sett är mindre konkurrenskraftiga än större och mer väletablerade företag. Pecking-order teorin avser att förklara företags finansieringsbeteende och grundas på informationsasymmetri, dock tar teorin inte hänsyn till att informationsasymmetrin är högre ju mindre företaget är. Pecking-order teorin menar alltså att alla bolag, oavsett storlek, bör uppvisa samma finansieringsbeteende. Då en hög informationsasymmetri leder till större svårigheter att anskaffa vissa typer av externt kapital, borde skillnader föreligga i kapitalanskaffning mellan bolag med olika storlek. Denna studie avser därför undersöka vilka skillnader som föreligger i finansieringsbeteende mellan små, medelstora och stora bolag och därmed hur väl pecking-order teorin efterföljs, samt att utröna vilka variabler som har en inverkan på dessa skillnader. Målet är att öka förståelsen hos investerarna för pecking-order teorins innebörd, och därmed öka förståelsen för företagens finansieringsval, vilket bör leda till en mer korrekt värdering av aktien. Teori: Utgångspunkten i uppsatsen är pecking-order teorin, och då teori om informationsasymmetri och signalering ligger till grund för denna, redogörs även dessa. Uppsatsen tar även upp finansiell flexibilitet och finansieringsteori. Metod: Studien är genomförd utifrån kvantitativ metod. Nasdaq OMX Stockholm utgör populationen och urvalet består av 19 små, 22 medelstora och 19 stora företag där årsredovisningsdata under perioden 2003-2007 ligger till grund. Statistiska tester har genomförts för att utröna vilka variabler som kan ha en inverkan på eventuella skillnader. Empiri/Analys/Slutsats: Empirin visar att skillnader föreligger mellan bolagsgrupperna och att pecking-order teorin överlag har en låg förklaringsgrad. Skillnaderna ligger i huruvida externt kapital anskaffats och i vilken ordning denna anskaffning skett. Pecking-order teorins förklaringsgrad ökar med bolagens storlek, men generellt sett är denna relativt låg. Utifrån detta konkluderar författarna att pecking-order teorin inte förklarar företagens finansieringsbeteende.

Bootstrapping kan användas som komplement eller substitut till extern finansiering som metoder för resursanskaffning till lägsta möjliga kostnad. Samtliga respondenter föredrog internt genererade medel framför banklån. Ökning av eget kapital med hjälp av externa finansiärer visade sig vara det minst önskvärda alternativet för kapitalanskaffning. Studien visade att ägartillförda medel och nyttjande av släkt och vänner var de vanligast förekommande metoderna för bootstrapping i de tillfrågade företagen. Av de tillfrågade företagen var de som ansåg sig existera på en riskfylld marknad mer benägna att använda sig av bootstrappingmetoder. / Bootstrapping can be used as an addition or a substitute for external financing as methods for acquisition of resources at lowest possible cost. All of the respondents preferred internally generated finances to bank loans. Financing by issuing equity was the least desirable method. The study showed that owner’s capital and usage of friends and family as cheap labor are the most commonly occurring methods of bootstrapping in the surveyed corporations. Among the surveyed corporations, those operating on unpredictable markets are more likely to use bootstrapping methods.

Diversas teorias tentam explicar o que determina a política de financiamento adotada pelas empresas. Uma das abordagens existentes, a Teoria de Pecking Order, foca a assimetria de informação como um importante determinante da estrutura de capital. No presente trabalho, busca-se analisar o pressuposto central da referida teoria e verificar se a assimetria de informação influencia nas decisões de financiamento de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto no período 1997-2007. Para tanto, são utilizadas variáveis proxies para assimetria de informação, além de variáveis de controle representativas de características das empresas. Utiliza-se a metodologia de análise de dados em painel. Como resultado principal, encontra-se que empresas consideradas com menor grau de assimetria informacional são mais endividadas que as demais na análise do nível de endividamento total, resultado contrário a teoria de pecking order, onde estas empresas teriam a oportunidade de captar recursos por meio da emissão de ações devido à baixa probabilidade de ocorrência dos problemas derivados da assimetria de informação. No entanto, este resultado apóia a relação esperada alternativa, onde empresas com menor assimetria informacional propiciam maior facilidade de avaliação do seu risco por parte dos credores, o que poderia aumentar a oferta de crédito, favorecendo a utilização de dívidas por meio da redução dos custos de seleção adversa e pelo aumento da capacidade de financiamento destas empresas. Nesse sentido, torna-se importante analisar também o papel do risco ao estabelecer uma hierarquia de preferências por fontes alternativas de financiamento utilizadas por empresas brasileiras. / Several theories try to explain what determines the financing policy adopted by the firms. One of the existent approaches, Pecking Order Theory, focuses on the information asymmetry as an important determinant of the capital structure. In the present work, we try to analyze the central presumption of the referred theory and to verify if the information asymmetry influences the financing decisions of Brazilian open capital firms in the period 1997-2007. In order to do so, proxies variables are used for information asymmetry, besides control variables which represent of firms characteristics. Panel data analysis is the methodology used. As main result, it was found that companies considered to have the lowest degree of information asymmetry are higher leveraged than the others analyzing the level of total debt, the result is contrary to the pecking order theory, where these companies would have the opportunity to raise resources by emitting shares due to the low probability of occurring problems derived from information asymmetry. However, this result supports the expected alternative relation, where companies with lower asymmetric information make it easier to their debt holders to evaluate their risk, what could increase the credit offer, favoring the use of debts by reducing the adverse selection costs and increasing the debt capacity of these companies. In doing so, it becomes important to also analyze the role of the risk when establishing a hierarchy of preferences adopted by Brazilian firms regarding alternative financing sources.

Diversas teorias tentam explicar o que determina a política de financiamento adotada pelas empresas. Uma das abordagens existentes, a Teoria de Pecking Order, foca a assimetria de informação como um importante determinante da estrutura de capital. No presente trabalho, busca-se analisar o pressuposto central da referida teoria e verificar se a assimetria de informação influencia nas decisões de financiamento de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto no período 1997-2007. Para tanto, são utilizadas variáveis proxies para assimetria de informação, além de variáveis de controle representativas de características das empresas. Utiliza-se a metodologia de análise de dados em painel. Como resultado principal, encontra-se que empresas consideradas com menor grau de assimetria informacional são mais endividadas que as demais na análise do nível de endividamento total, resultado contrário a teoria de pecking order, onde estas empresas teriam a oportunidade de captar recursos por meio da emissão de ações devido à baixa probabilidade de ocorrência dos problemas derivados da assimetria de informação. No entanto, este resultado apóia a relação esperada alternativa, onde empresas com menor assimetria informacional propiciam maior facilidade de avaliação do seu risco por parte dos credores, o que poderia aumentar a oferta de crédito, favorecendo a utilização de dívidas por meio da redução dos custos de seleção adversa e pelo aumento da capacidade de financiamento destas empresas. Nesse sentido, torna-se importante analisar também o papel do risco ao estabelecer uma hierarquia de preferências por fontes alternativas de financiamento utilizadas por empresas brasileiras. / Several theories try to explain what determines the financing policy adopted by the firms. One of the existent approaches, Pecking Order Theory, focuses on the information asymmetry as an important determinant of the capital structure. In the present work, we try to analyze the central presumption of the referred theory and to verify if the information asymmetry influences the financing decisions of Brazilian open capital firms in the period 1997-2007. In order to do so, proxies variables are used for information asymmetry, besides control variables which represent of firms characteristics. Panel data analysis is the methodology used. As main result, it was found that companies considered to have the lowest degree of information asymmetry are higher leveraged than the others analyzing the level of total debt, the result is contrary to the pecking order theory, where these companies would have the opportunity to raise resources by emitting shares due to the low probability of occurring problems derived from information asymmetry. However, this result supports the expected alternative relation, where companies with lower asymmetric information make it easier to their debt holders to evaluate their risk, what could increase the credit offer, favoring the use of debts by reducing the adverse selection costs and increasing the debt capacity of these companies. In doing so, it becomes important to also analyze the role of the risk when establishing a hierarchy of preferences adopted by Brazilian firms regarding alternative financing sources.