This essay examines the debate that arose in connection to the sale of Carl Larsson’s monumental painting Midvinterblot in 1987. My main purpose is to examine which meanings the debaters ascribed Midvinterblot and in which way the debate influenced the paintings significance as cultural heritage. I will therefore argue that the debate initiated a renegotitation of the paintings meaning as cultural heritage. In the debate the debaters emphasized the National Museum’s responsibility over cultural heritage, Midvinterblots aestethic, the paintings economic value and its national implications. The controversies concerning the painting shows that its meaning as cultural heritage was not constituted by the painting itself but by the meanings which the debaters placed upon it. The debate also sheds light on that there may be a wide variety of opinions concerning what it is that constitutes as cultural heritage. The meanings the debaters ascribed Midvinterblot related, however, in a crucial way to each other. My examination of the debate also show how cultural heritage is created to fill a specific purpose, for example, to maintain cultural values, to attract tourists or as a resource in the formation of group identities.

I min uppsats så har jag valt att studera den ideologi som ledde fram till skapandet av det svenska samhällets särart. Detta ämne har nu för tiden utvecklats till att i huvudsak vara historia, eftersom dess ursprung nu ligger så långt tillbaka i tiden. Mitt val av detta ämne beror huvudsakligen på att jag önskar öka förståelsen för hur välfärden och folkhemsidealet kom att utmärka Sverige. För att uppnå detta har jag främst studerat socialdemokratin, då den som det framgår i bakgrund och appendix var den drivande faktorn i denna utveckling. Jag har dock i den mån det påverkat det socialdemokratiska beslutsfattandet redovisat även andra faktorer. Därtill har jag valt att bege mig tillbaka till den tid då de första idéerna som skulle resultera i det socialdemokratiskt dominerade Sverige växte fram. Jag önskar nämligen också uppvisa hur socialdemokratins ideologi påverkades och förändrades under händelsernas inflytande för att därmed ge en mer heltäckande bild. Jag finner det även nödvändigt att beskriva den utveckling som ledde socialdemokratin fram till folkhemstanken för att ge en uppfattning om dess natur då dessa ideal började växa inom den. Naturligtvis så har jag bara kunnat täcka de mest basala delarna av ideologi och händelser, men jag har strävat efter att i den mån det är möjligt få med de viktigare tankegångarna. Mitt val av slutpunkt har bestämts delvis av det begränsade utrymmet i en studentuppsats, men också av övertygelsen att den värld som socialdemokratin samverkade med efter andra världskrigets slut hade förändrats fundamentalt. Mitt syfte med uppsatsen är att visa och analysera vad socialdemokrati betydde under tiden mellan 1928 och 1939 genom att analysera några av den tidens betydelsefulla socialdemokratiska tänkares uttalanden och skrifter. Min ambition är att i denna ideologianalys därmed kunna finna både deras gemensamma tankegångar och skillnaderna. Därtill har jag också för avsikt att undersöka de argument som socialdemokraterna använde sig av och därigenom få en uppfattning om vad de motsatte sig och varför. Min huvudfrågeställning är: Hur såg den socialdemokratiska ideologin ut under tiden mellan 1928 och 1939 tolkad genom olika socialdemokratiska röster? För att besvara den har jag valt att använda mig av följande frågor: Vad förespråkade socialdemokraterna? På vilka grunder kritiserade socialdemokraterna sina motståndare? Hur motiverade de det? I vilka sammanhang uttalade de sig? Kan skillnaden hänföras till personliga skillnader? Skälet till valet av dessa frågor är att jag finner att de i stort sett täcker den socialdemokratiska ideologin samtidigt som de bidrar till att placera den i sitt tidssammanhang.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of gender inequality on GDP and GDP per capita. A cross sectional analysis of 177 countries over the time period 1998 to 2008 is undertaken with the use of linear regressions. There are several different factors that contribute to the gender inequality within a country and several ways to measure that disparity. The most well known measurement is the Gender-related Development Index and the components within this composite index have been studied thoroughly, although the index as a whole has not. This thesis then contributes with an overall view of how the gender inequality is important for the GDP and GDP per capita. The findings illustrate how significant equality between the genders is for the economy, irrespective of the human development level within the countries. The implication of this is that gender equality is important for the GDP and GDP per capita, which is in accordance with the theories. One large issue is that there is no way of confirming the way of causality between gender equality and GDP or GDP per capita.

This essay examines the debate that arose in connection to the sale of Carl Larsson’s monumental painting Midvinterblot in 1987. My main purpose is to examine which meanings the debaters ascribed Midvinterblot and in which way the debate influenced the paintings significance as cultural heritage. I will therefore argue that the debate initiated a renegotitation of the paintings meaning as cultural heritage. In the debate the debaters emphasized the National Museum’s responsibility over cultural heritage, Midvinterblots aestethic, the paintings economic value and its national implications. The controversies concerning the painting shows that its meaning as cultural heritage was not constituted by the painting itself but by the meanings which the debaters placed upon it. The debate also sheds light on that there may be a wide variety of opinions concerning what it is that constitutes as cultural heritage. The meanings the debaters ascribed Midvinterblot related, however, in a crucial way to each other. My examination of the debate also show how cultural heritage is created to fill a specific purpose, for example, to maintain cultural values, to attract tourists or as a resource in the formation of group identities. / Tintin Hodén

Timing recovery is the processing of synchronizing the sampler with the received analog signal. Sampling at the wrong times can have a devastating impact on performance. Conventional timing recovery techniques are based on a decision-directed phase-locked loop (PLL). They are adequate only when the operating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is sufficiently high, but recent advances in error-control coding have made it possible to communicate reliably at very low SNR, where conventional techniques fail. This thesis develops new techniques for timing recovery that are capable of working at low SNR. We propose a new timing recovery scheme based on per-survivor processing (PSP), which jointly performs timing recovery and equalization, by embedding a separate PLL into each survivor of a Viterbi algorithm. The proposed scheme is shown to perform better than conventional scheme, especially when the SNR is low and the timing error is large. An important advantage of this technique is its amenability to real-time implementation. We also propose a new iterative timing recovery scheme that exploits the presence of the error-control code; in doing so, it can perform even better than the PSP scheme described above, but at the expense of increased complexity and the requirement of batch processing. This scheme is realized by embedding the timing recovery process into a trellis-based soft-output equalizer using PSP. Then, this module iteratively exchanges soft information with the error-control decoder, as in conventional turbo equalization. The resulting system jointly performs the functions of timing recovery, equalization, and decoding. The proposed iterative timing recovery scheme is shown to perform better than previously reported iterative timing recovery schemes, especially when the timing error is severe. Finally, performance analysis of iterative timing recovery schemes is difficult because of their high complexity. We propose to use the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart as a tool to predict and compare their performances, considering that the bit-error rate computation takes a significant amount of simulation time. Experimental results indicate that the system performance predicted by the EXIT chart coincides with that obtained by simulating data transmission over a complete iterative receiver, especially when the coded block length is large.

Abstract Taiwan is an island country, the topography of the adjacent territorial waters is diversified, multiple ocean currents converge here and there are rich basic production capabilities, all of which give birth to various marine organisms in Taiwan and help to form the favorable conditions for Taiwan to develop its offshore fishery. However, due to the lack of control of the production capabilities of offshore waters in the last few decades, plus the constant upgrading of fishing techniques and methods, as well as the lack of effective management, the fishery resources have been greatly impacted and the total fishery production continues to decline. Fishery resource management needs correct fishing location, fishing effort and catch totals as the scientific basis for fish stock assessment, in order to achieve effective management targets. The greatest problem for the offshore waters of Taiwan is that we could not obtain detailed information on the fishing location, operation time (fishing effort) and catch totals. At present, the above data were all obtained through investigations or by interviewing with captains to fill in report forms. However, out of fear of disclosing trade secrets and owing to omissions, the obtained data could not help in revealing the real fishery resource situation. The Coast Guard Administration of the Executive Yuan integrally established a coast radar system along the coast of Taiwan, which monitors all ships within the scanning area through 24-hour uninterrupted scanning, and digitally records the navigation data on ships. The data contains time, ship number, speed, course, latitude and longitude (location); by sorting out these data, we could discern the actual fishing location of the fishing boats. The objective of this study was to utilize the data collected by the coast radar system to determine the fishing location of the fishing boats, acquire the port entry and exit data of the fishing boats through the security examination system, work out the fishing effort, and by collecting the catch and sales data from five fishery harbors, derive the respective total amount of the 10 main fish species caught, in order to investigate the fishery dynamics of Southern Taiwan sea. Research results show that by applying the coast radar system along with the use of port entry and exit data on the fishing boats recorded in the security examination system, as well as the catch and sales data of the fishing boats, and through comparison of the above data, we could obtain proper estimations of fishing effort and fishing location of the fishing boats, as well as the catch per unit effort (CPUE) and the distribution of species composition. Keywords: coast radar, Tainan coastal and offshore fisheries, fishing effort, fishing location¡Acatch per unit effort

The functional group composition of acid polysaccharides was determined after isolation using cross-flow ultrafiltration, radiolabeling with 234Th(IV) and other isotopes, and separation using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Phosphate and sulphate concentrations were determined from cultured bacterial and phytoplankton colloid, particulate and colloidal samples collected from the Gulf of M??xico (GOM). Characterization of the 234Th(IV)-binding biomolecule was performed using ion chromatography (IC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Radiotracer experiments and culture experiments were conducted in determining the binding environment of the 234Th(IV)-binding ligand (i.e., sorption onto suspended particles), as well as the origin of the ligand in seawater systems. In all samples, 234Th(IV) isoelectric focusing profiles indicated that 49% to 65% of the 234Th(IV) labeled EPS from Roseobacter gallaeciensis, Sagittula stellata, Emiliania huxleyi, Synechococcus elongatus and GOM Station 4-72m was found at a pHIEF of 2 in the IEF spectrum. The carboxylic acid group appeared at the same pHIEF as 234Th(IV) for EPS from Roseobacter gallaeciensis, Emiliania huxleyi, Synechococcus elongatus and GOM colloidal organic matter sample. The phosphate group appeared at the same pHIEF as 234Th(IV) for EPS from Roseobacter gallaeciensis, and Synechococcus elongatus sample. The sulphate group was found at the same pHIEF as 234Th(IV) for EPS from S. elongatus and GOM colloidal organic matter sample. The total polysaccharide content was only 14% and 8%, uronic acids were approximately 5.4% and 87.1%, and total protein content was 2.6% and 6.2% of total carbon content of Sagittula stellata and Synechococcus elongatus, respectively. Monosaccharides identified in both Sagittula stellata and Synechococcus elongatus were galactose, glucose, and xylose in common. In addition, Sagittula stellata contained mannose and Synechococcus elongatus had galactoglucuronic acid. Thus, depending on the species, the size, structural composition, and functional groups of the 234Th(IV)-binding, acidic polysaccharides will vary. From these observations, it is concluded that the steric environment and not necessarily the exact functional group might actually be responsible for thorium-234 complexation to macromolecular organic matter. This research helped to improve our understanding of the observed variability in POC/234Th ratios in the ocean and provided insights into factors that regulate organic carbon export fluxes.

<p>This thesis intends to analyze and clarify the legal position regarding abuse of a dominant position and particularly tying practices. The practice is central within European competition law and has been highly discussed in literature recently. In Article 102 TFEU it is explicitly stated that supplementary obligations which have no connection with the subject of such contracts, shall be considered as a way of abusing a position of strength. Although the method is often reasonable and very common within many business areas, it might be pursued as a tactic of excluding competition. The General Court’s decision in <em>Microsoft </em>led to some confusion as regards to the European approach towards tying practices. Prior to that judgment, the EU Courts appeared quite negative to the practice and seemed determined that the practice was in fact anticompetitive. For an example, in <em>Hilti </em>the Court found it sufficient that the company had deprived its costumers of a choice. The effects on competition were not analyzed in great detail and in most cases the EU Courts fined the undertaking involved in such business methods. However, in <em>Microsoft </em>the General Court took a new approach and focused on the actual effects that followed from the practice. Many argues that European competition law has moved from a <em>per se </em>approach to a <em>rule of reason</em> approach. In my opinion however, it seems relatively unclear whether or not this new approach shall apply to all versions of tying or if it was applied due to the certain circumstances involved in <em>Microsoft</em>. The tying practice involved a form of technical tying, i.e. an integration of two distinctive products. Cases prior to <em>Microsoft </em>mostly concerned a form of contractual tying and were treated very differently by the EU Courts. My opinion on the matter is therefore that it is not possible to declare a clear legal position regarding the practice of tying. There is a need for new judgments and official guidelines since the current situation deprives companies of legal security as concerns the practice of tying within European competition law.</p>

Thèse Uppsala : Univ., 2004. / Résumé en anglais "The romantic church"

There's been a lot of debate behind frames per seconds in gaming recently and many people come with all kinds of strange claims. For example, that the eye can only see 30 frames per second, its more “cinematic” and that it is the optimal framerate for games.This thesis studies about the importance of frames per second within games and the history behind frames per seconds, in games and all the way back when movie industry began. What is best for higher player performance and what should developers strive for? There was a personal preliminary test with an extended playthroughs of each game, to see if the playstesters would experience similar issues. Afterwards two quantitative tests with two different methods, a blind test and a performance test, are conducted to measure if any player notices the differences, how the framerate can affect the player’s performance and what they preferred. / Det har varit en hel del debatt om bilder per sekund inom spel under de senaste åren och det har kommit fram alla möjliga konstiga påståenden. Till exempel, att ögat kan bara se 30 bilder per sekund, det är mer ”filmiskt” och att det är den optimala bildhastigheten för spel. Denna studier handlar om hur viktigt bilder per sekund inom spel är och historien bakom bilder per sekund, allt ifrån spel till filmindustrins början. Vad är bäst för högre prestationer för spelarna och vad bör spelutvecklare sträva efter? Ett personligt förberedande test med utsträckt igenomspelning av båda spelen, för att se om speltestarna skulle få ett liknande problem. Därefter två kvantitativa tester med två olika metoder, ett blindtest och ett prestandatest, genomförs för att mäta om någon spelare märker skillnaderna, hur de olika nivåerna av bilder per sekund kan påverka spelarna prestanda och vad de föredrog.