Low photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) during certain growth periods of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been shown to impact yield, ethylene synthesis, and fiber quality. Previous research with shading has shown that lint yield can be significantly reduced in the latter stages of growth. This two-year field study was conducted at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Farm in Burleson County, Texas, in 2008 and 2009. The study evaluated the impact of an 8-day period of shade (63 percent reduction of PPFD) on cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, and the impact of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene inhibitor, to alter detrimental cotton responses when applied as a foliar spray under shaded and non-shaded conditions. Shade and 1-MCP were imposed at four developmental stages of growth: pinhead square (PHS), first flower (FF), peak flower (PF), and boll development (BD). Data pooled over both years indicated that there were no significant differences in yield for 1-MCP treatments; however, numerical differences existed. Shade applied during the BD stage of development showed significantly lower yield than the untreated control. These results showed a decline in seed cotton and ginned seed cotton by 522 and 207 kg ha-1, respectively. To further analyze further yield components, box-mapping was conducted during both years. However, this data failed to explain consistent patterns of the observed yield responses. Data was also collected to determine the amount of fibers per seed and seed weights. Cotton fiber data did not show consistent correlations with the numerical increases and significant decreases in yield. Electrolyte leakage and stomatal conductance data also were collected. Electrolyte leakage showed no statistical differences when compared to the untreated control. Stomatal conductance measurements showed no consistency for treatments during both years.

Recently, permanent magnet assisted (PMa)-synchronous reluctance motors (SynRM) have been considered as a possible alternative motor drive for high performance applications. In order to have an efficient motor drive, performing of three steps in design of the overall drive is not avoidable. These steps are design optimization of the motor, identification of the motor parameter and implementation of an advanced control system to ensure optimum operation. Therefore, this dissertation first deals with the design optimization of the Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor (PMa-SynRM). Various key points in the rotor design of a low cost PMa-SynRM are introduced and their effects are studied. Finite element approach has been utilized to show the effects of these parameters on the developed average electromagnetic torque and the total d-q inductances. As it can be inferred from the name of the motor, there are some permanent magnets mounted in the rotor core. One of the features considered in the design of this motor is the magnetization of the permanent magnets mounted in the rotor core using the stator windings to reduce the manufacturing cost. At the next step, identification of the motor parameters is discussed. Variation of motor parameters due to temperature and airgap flux has been reported in the literatures. Use of off-line models for estimating the motor parameters is known as a computationally intensive method, especially when the models include the effect of cross saturation. Therefore in practical applications, on-line parameter estimation is favored to achieve a high performance control system. In this dissertation, a simple practical method for parameter estimation of the PMa-SynRM is introduced. Last part of the dissertation presents one advanced control strategy which utilized the introduced parameter estimator. A practical Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA) control scheme along with a simple parameter estimator for PMa-SynRM is introduced. This method is capable of maintaining the MTPA condition and stays robust against the variations of motor parameters. Effectiveness of the motor design procedure and the control strategy is validated by presenting simulation and experimental results of a 1.5 kW prototype PMa-SynRM, designed and manufactured through the introduced design method.

Bakgrund: Sjukvården beskrivs som oerhört komplex och genom bland annat utveckling av ny och dyr teknik, som i sin tur genererar bättre vård, gör det svårt för sjukhus att hålla sin budget. En controller har en fundamental roll i en organisations ekonomistyrning och ska med hjälp av diverse styrmedel styra och kontrollera så att verksamheten drivs mot ekonomiska mål. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen var att beskriva och analysera hur en controller inom sjukvården använder ekonomiska styrmedel för att nå ekonomisk måluppfyllelse samt skapa en förståelse för hur en controller hanterar balansgången mellan ekonomisk måluppfyllelse och vårdkvalité. Metod: Uppsatsen är formad med en kvalitativ forskningsdesign. En flerfallstudie har använts som forskningsstrategi där den empiriska datan är insamlad genom ostrukturerade intervjuer med anställda vid två sjukhus i Småland, länssjukhuset i Kalmar och centrallasarettet i Växjö. Det teoretiska avsnittet är byggt med data som insamlats från litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar som varit tillgängliga via Linnéuniversitetets bibliotekskatalog. Slutsats: De resultat som framkommer av studien påvisar att en controllerns användning av styrmedel tenderar att fokusera på ekonomisk måluppfyllelse. Genom användning i större utsträckning av de styrmedel som är under utveckling finns möjligheter för controllern att även påverka vårdkvalité. / Background: Health care organisations are seen as complex due to the all time ongoing development of new and expensive technology. Which in other hand generates better quality but makes it hard for these organisations to keep within their budget. A controller has an fundamental role in the work with managing accounting within organisations. With the help of a setup of control instruments the controller are to manage and control so that operations helps the organisation to reach its economic targets. Purpose: Our purpose with this thesis were to study a selection of health care organisation. Through explaining and analyzing the controllers usage of control instruments to reach economic targets and develop an understandning for how a controller are handling priority between economic targets and care quality. Method: The thesis were formed with a qualtivive research design. With a strategy of studying multiple cases were the empirical data gathered from interviews with employees at two hospitals in Småland. Our theoretical chapter is built on information collected from litterature and scientific articles that were available through the library catalogue at Linnaeus University. Conclusion: The results of this thesis shows that a controllers usage of control instruments focus on economic targets rather then care quality. With an greater use of the control instruments that are under development the controller has an opportunity to influence on care quality.

The purpose of this thesis is to find how to work with pedagogical documentation with the aesthetic subjects of dance, music and visual arts. The study also aims to investigate how teachers themselves believe that documentation of these subjects make visible the children’s learning processes. Also to explore if there are any differences in how teachers document the various subjects, and if so, how they can learn from each other to develop the work with pedagogical documentation. I have chosen to use qualitative interviews with a selection of three pre-school teachers who have been working with either dance, music or visual arts. The results show that preschool teachers consider themselves good at documenting, but that the use of pedagogical documentation are not as frequently used. By using pedagogical documentation one can visualize the children's learning in a way that is clear to the children, the teachers and for parents. They do not believe that there are any differences in documenting dance, music or visual arts. They use the same method to document everything they do in their everyday life and do not distinguish the different activities. / Syftet är att undersöka hur pedagoger i förskolan arbetar med pedagogisk dokumentation för att synliggöra barnens lärprocesser i de estetiska ämnena bild, dans och musik. Samt att se om det finns några skillnader på hur pedagogerna dokumenterar de olika ämnena och om man i så fall kan lära av varandra för att utveckla arbetet med pedagogisk dokumentation. Jag har valt att använda mig av kvalitativa intervjuer, med ett urval på tre förskollärare som har varit inriktade på antingen bild, dans och musik. Resultatet visar på att pedagogisk dokumentation är ett viktigt verktyg för att synliggöra barns lärande, på ett sätt som blir tydligt både för barnen, pedagogerna och inte minst för föräldrarna. De intervjuade förskollärarna anser sig duktiga på att dokumentera, men undersökningen visar att användningen av pedagogisk dokumentation inte är lika frekvent. De anser inte heller att det finns någon skillnad i att dokumentera bild, dans och musik. Man använder sig av samma sätt att dokumentera i allt man gör i vardagen och särskiljer inte på olika aktiviteter.

I denna rapport undersöks hur mängden organiskt kol, TOC (Totalt organiskt kol), varierar i tid och rum i Mälarens avrinningsområde, samt vad det är som styr TOC-halten i Mälaren. Det är viktigt att förstå dynamiken hos TOC i Mälaren och i dess avrinningsområde eftersom ökat TOC i vattnet påverkar vattenkvaliteten och orsakar problem vid beredning av dricksvatten. TOC kan bland annat reagera med klor/UV-ljus och bilda cancerframkallande ämnen. Det kan också öka antal mikrober i vattnets distributionssystem. Arbetet omfattar analys av samband mellan elementen, transportberäkningar per ytenhet av elementen till Mälaren och en modelleringsansats för ett av avrinningsområdena. Rapporten innehåller även en jämförelse mellan de olika vattenföringsmodellerna samt uppmätt vattenföring för analys av eventuella systematiska skillnader mellan dessa som påverkar beräkningen av TOC och de andra elementens transport till Mälaren. Analysen av sambanden mellan variablerna TOC (mg/l), kaliumpermanganat förbrukning (KMnO4, mg/l), absorbans_F (F=filtrerad), järn (mg/l), mangan (mg/l) och SO4_IC (sulfat mätt med hjälp av jonkromatografi, mg/l), visade att vissa av dessa variabler är korrelerade med varandra. TOC mot KMnO4 och TOC mot absorbans_F hade de bästa anpassningarna med respektive R2- värden 0,65 och 0,59 och p-värden <0,001. Årsnederbörd är positivt korrelerad med TOC per ytenhet för Kolbäcksån med R2-värde 0,63 och p-värde <0,01, vilket innebär att sambandet är signifikant. Ökad årsnederbörd leder till ökad tillförsel av TOC till Mälaren. Det finns däremot inget signifikant samband mellan TOC-transport per ytenhet och årsmedeltemperatur. Arealflödesberäkningar tyder på att den största tillförseln av TOC- transport per ytenhet kommer från den nordöstra delen av Mälaren. Fyrisån står för den största tillförseln av TOC. Hydrologiska, kemiska och meteorologiska data inkluderades i modeller för att kunna skatta TOC-halten i Mälaren. Temperatur-, evapotranspirations- och nederbördsdata användes i en hydrologisk modell, HBV- modellen, för att simulera vattenföringen från avrinningsområdet. Sedan användes en processbaserad modell, INCA- C, som drivs av hydrologisk data och beräknade grundvattenbildning och markfuktighet för att simulera tidsmässiga mönster i TOC. Invariablerna till INCA-modellen, markfuktigheten och HER (grundvattenbildning), simulerades med hjälp av HBV- modellen. Dessa modeller tillämpades i Kolbäcksån (ett av Mälarens största avrinningsområden). Modelleringen av Kolbäcksåns TOC- halt resulterade i en modell som anpassade dynamiken mellan 1996 och 2009, men missar den mellan 2009 och juni 2010, med bäst anpassning mellan 2006 och 2008. R2- och NS värden som erhölls för modellen var 0,086 och -0,059. / In this report, it has been investigated how the amount of organic carbon, TOC, varies in time and space in the basin of Mälaren, and what controls the TOC content in the lake. It is important to understand the dynamics of the TOC in the lake and its catchment because increased TOC in the water affects water quality and causes problems in the preparation of drinking water. Particularly, it can react with chlorine / UV- light and form carcinogenic substances. It can also increase the number of microbes in water distribution systems. In addition the work includes analysis of the relation between water chemistry variables, annual fluxes calculations (g/m2/year) of element flows to the lake and a modeling approach to a watershed. Annual fluxes calculations (g/m2/year) indicate that the largest supply of TOC to the lake comes from the northeast of the lake. Fyrisån accounts for the largest input of TOC to the lake. The high TOC-flux is due to a small proportion of open water in the catchment. Hydrological, chemical and meteorological data have been included in models to estimate the TOC content in the Mälaren. Input data processing, especially precipitation data, has been an important part of the work as it affects the whole model. Temperature, evapotranspiration and precipitation data were used in a hydrological model, HBV model, to simulate the flow from the catchment area. Then a process-based model, INCA-C, operated by the hydrological data and soil moisture, has been used to simulate the temporal patterns in TOC. The input variables to INCA-C- model, soil moisture and HER (Hydrological effective rainfall), have been simulated using the HBV- model. Those models were applied in Kolbäcksån, one of the lake's largest catchments. The modeling of Kolbäcksån resulted in a model that captured the dynamics of a few periods of the whole time series. The modeling of Kolbäcksån TOC-concentration resulted in a model that captured the dynamics between 1996 and 2009, but misses it between 2009 and June 2010. R2 and NS values obtained for the model were 0.086 and -0.059, respectively.

Over the last couple of decades, a significant amount of research has been carried out on rural water supplies in developing countries, and have identified the fact that the communal water supply model is not sustainable everywhere, especially in sparsely populated rural areas; factors obstructing sustainability include lack of spare parts, management systems and private/public capacity. Despite their enormous contribution to the water sector, the extant studies stay within the subsidized communal water supply and capacity building, post construction support or management system. In other words, very few studies have been done into household (private) level water supply. The Self Supply model is an approach which provides support to households/communities to complement their efforts and accelerate sustainable access to safe water incrementally through improvement to traditional water sources (hand dug wells) by putting in their own investment. The Self Supply model may give significant benefits for sustainable safe water supplies, especially in sparsely populated rural areas, in comparison with the communal water supply though to date there has been little monitoring and systematic analysis of what impact these changes have made at the grassroots level. The standpoint of this study is pragmatic, and herein, mixing quantitative and qualitative methods was justified in order to design the research methodologies. The research was conducted in the Luapula Province of Zambia using a concurrent triangulation strategy to offset the weakness inherent within one method with the strengths of the other. The data was collected through inventory and sanitary surveys, water quality testing, household surveys, document analyses, focus group discussions and key informant interviews to determine the most appropriate water supply model for safe, accessible, sustainable, cost-effective and acceptable water supplies for households in sparsely populated rural areas of Zambia. The principal argument of this study is that reliance only on a communal water supply model limits the achievement of increased sustainable access to a safe water supply; hence a Self Supply model is needed which does not compete with the communal models but works alongside them in sparsely populated rural areas of developing countries for the purpose of increasing access and achieving sustainability. It was strongly defended by the overall findings that a Self Supply model could significantly reduce the faecal contamination risk in water quality and deliver a higher per capita water use and better convenience of access than the communal model; however its reliability with respect to the water source drying up needs to be monitored. Further, this does not mean that the communal model is not sustainable anywhere, rather that it is important to build blocks for a sustainable environment to access safe water in a symbiotic way between the communal and Self Supply models under the condition that the government and NGOs/external support agencies overcome the temptation to provide a water supply to rural dwellers as a giveaway social service.

Esta investigació estudia l'acció de les dones en l'època moderna valenciana des del punt de vista de les relacions de gènere: tant pel que fa a l'anàlisi de situacions dins de l'àmbit familiar com de les relacions de les dones amb el seu cercle social no relacionat directament amb la família. La utilització d'un punt de vista teòric i metodològic multidisciplinar amb aportacions de la historia demogràfica o econòmica, de l'antropologia social o de la història social, junt amb el posicionament teòric del gènere ha fet que ens acostàrem a l'estudi des de quatre punts. L'acostament legal analitza la situació de les dones i de la família en el relatiu, sobretot, al patrimoni familiar i als elements que formen el que denominem mercat matrimonial. L'acostament social situa les dones dins de les xarxes socioeconòmiques de l'època, incidint més en la part patrimonial i en el paper de les dones dins de la família entesa com a cèl·lula de producció, reproducció i consum. L'acostament sentimental ens mostra la visió que la societat castellonenca moderna tenia de les dones, com es veien elles mateixes i com actuava l'entramat social, però des d'un punt de vista no exlcusivament patrimonial. Situacions de violència i de relacions dins de la vida quotidiana a través dels testimonis dels processos judicials. Finalment, l'acostament espacial ens configura la situació física de les dones i del món familiar en la ciutat de Castelló de la Plana, a través de documentació notarial i de les aportacions de l'antropologia.

La diversificación de la subsistencia se caracteriza por la incorporación de diferentes especies a la dieta. Desde el enfoque de la Revolución de Amplio Espectro, se han propuesto diferentes explicaciones, a menudo interconectadas, para dar respuesta a la diversidad dietaria observada al final del Pleistoceno en Europa y Próximo Oriente. Éstas incluyen factores demográficos, ecológicos, nutricionales y tecnológicos, así como la propia movilidad de los grupos. Para algunos investigadores, esta diversificación, basada principalmente en la adquisición sistemática de pequeños animales, es controvertida en momentos anteriores al Paleolítico superior en Europa. Sin embrago, en esta tesis se presentan evidencias de consumo antrópico de pequeños animales a partir del nivel XVII (MIS 9), XI (MIS 6) y IV (MIS 5e) de la Cova del Bolomor (Valencia, España) y del subnivel TD10-1 (MIS 9) de Gran Dolina (Burgos, España). En estos yacimientos la amplitud de la dieta no sólo se basa en la incorporación de pequeños animales a los ungulados, sino también en el aprovechamiento ocasional de carnívoros. A partir de los datos obtenidos, los cambios en la dieta no parecen ser lineales en el tiempo y en el espacio, sino que parecen estar condicionados por la diversidad comportamental, el patrón ocupacional y las características propias del medio circundante. / Subsistence diversification is achieved by adding different species to a diet. From the Broad Spectrum Revolution approach, several explanations have been proposed to explain this diversity in the food at the end of Pleistocene in Europe and Near East, such as demographic, ecological, nutritional and technological aspects, and mobility of hunter-gatherer groups. For several authors, this diversification, mainly based on the systematic acquisition of small prey, is still a highly debated topic during the pre-Upper Palaeolithic times in Europe. In this study, evidence of human use of small animals for food are presented from level XVII (MIS 9), XI (MIS 6) and IV (MIS 5e) of Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain) and from the TD10-1 sublevel (MIS 9) of Gran Dolina (Burgos, Spain). At these sites, the anthropogenic use of faunal resources not only is focused on small animals but also on large and small carnivores, in addition to ungulates. From the data obtained, changes in diet do not seem to be linear in time and space, but these seem to be influenced by behavioral diversity, occupational pattern and characteristics of the environment.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamojo darbo tyrimų tikslas buvo nustatyti optimalią karbamido tirpalo koncentraciją papildomam cukrinių runkelių tręšimui per lapus, derinyje su laisvųjų amino rūgščių preparatu Terra Sorb foliar, turinčią tiek maitinamąjį, tiek stimuliacinį poveikį augalams, užtikrinantį gausesnį šakniavaisių derlingumą bei geresnę produkcijos kokybę. Tyrimai vykdyti 2011 m. Marijampolės r. „Kuktų“ ž.ū.b. Dirvožemis sekliai karbonatingas giliau glėjiškas rudžemis (Epicalcari–Endohypogleyic Cambisols). Darbo objektas – cukriniai runkeliai (Beta vulgaris L., var. saccharifera), veislė –Marathon. Darbo metodai: Sausųjų medžiagų kiekis lapuose ir šaknyse buvo nustatomas džiovinant augalų bandinius termostate prie 105 0C iki jų pastovaus svorio. Runkelių šakniavaisių derlingumas ir vidutinis šakniavaisio svoris nustatytas svėrimo būdu pagal priimtas metodikas. Šakniavaisių cukringumas nustatytas Marijampolės cukraus fabrike. Tyrimų duomenys statistiškai įvertinti vieno veiksnio kiekybinių požymių dispersinės analizės ir koreliacinės regresijos metodais, taikant kompiuterines programas ANOVA, STAT ENG (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Darbo rezultatai. Papildomas cukrinių runkelių tręšimas karbamido tirpalais, derinyje su laisvųjų amino rūgščių preparatu Terra Sorb foliar, didino jų šakniavaisių bei lapų derlius. 15% karbamido tirpalas labai apdegino lapus, ko pasekoje sumažėjo ir lapų, ir šakniavaisių derliai. Apipurškus augalus 15% karbamido tirpalu šakniavaisių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of Master thesis research was to determine the optimal concentration of urea solution in additional sugar beet fertilization through leaves, in combination with the free amino acids Terra Sorb foliar, which has both nutrient and stimulating effect on plants, ensuring richer root yields and better quality products. Research was carried out in 2011 in Marijampolė r. Agricultural company "Kuktai" ž.ū.b. Soil - shallow Endohypogleyic brown (Epicalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisols). The objective – sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. Saccharifera), sort ‘Marathon’. Working methods: dry matter content in leaves and roots was determined by drying the plant samples in a thermostat at 105 0C up to the constant weight. Sugar Beet root yield and average root weight was determined by weighing according to accepted procedures. Root sugar was determined in Marijampolė sugar factory. Research results. Additional sugar beet fertilization with urea solutions, in combination with the free amino acids in Terra Sorb foliar treatment, increased the root and leaf yield. The concentrations of 15% of the urea solution burned leaves, resulting in decreased leaf and root yields. When concentration of 1 and 5% urea solution was sprayed yield enhanced by a 3.8% and 9.4%. The biggest amount of Dry matter in the roots of sugar beet was obtained after spraying 10 and 15% urea solution. The highest amount of sugar in roots (18.4%), was obtained after spraying with 5% urea solution. Urea... [to full text]

Aquesta investigació se centra en l’estudi del Comissariat de Propaganda, l’òrgan oficial de persuasió que la Generalitat de Catalunya va crear amb l’esclat de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939). L’objectiu de la tesi és, d’una banda, reconstruir i explicar cronològicament l’activitat portada a terme per aquest organisme. D’altra banda, la recerca també vol analitzar des d’un punt de vista comunicatiu les tècniques que va emprar, els seus objectius, els públics receptors i l’evolució que experimenta com a institució emissora. El propòsit final és definir els aspectes que caracteritzen el seu model persuasiu, partint de la hipòtesi que va executar la propaganda amb un estil particular, marcat per l’ús freqüent de mitjans i tècniques persuasives basades en la publicitat i d’altres d’inspiració anglosaxona desenvolupades durant la Gran Guerra (1914-1918). Pel que fa a l’estructura, la primera part vol aclarir conceptes claus com la propaganda i altres termes afins. La segona part exposa els antecedents comunicatius-persuasius des de l’inici de la Primera Guerra Mundial i fins el final de la Guerra Civil. La tercera part explica l’activitat del Comissariat de Propaganda a partir d’uns punts d’inflexió que vénen determinats per esdeveniments com els Fets de Maig, la instal·lació del govern de la República a Barcelona o l’arribada del front de batalla a Catalunya. / Esta investigación se centra en el estudio del Comissariat de Propaganda, el órgano oficial de persuasión que el gobierno de la Generalitat de Catalunya creó con el inicio de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939). El objetivo de la tesis es, por un lado, reconstruir y explicar cronológicamente la actividad desarrollada por este organismo. Por otro lado, analizar desde un punto de vista comunicativo las técnicas que empleó, sus objetivos, los públicos receptores y la evolución que experimenta como institución emisora. El propósito final es definir los aspectos que caracterizan su modelo persuasivo, partiendo de la hipótesis que ejecutó la propaganda con un estilo particular, marcado por el uso frecuente de medios y técnicas persuasivas basadas en la publicidad y otras de inspiración anglosajona desarrolladas durante la Gran Guerra (1914-1918). En cuanto a la estructura, la primera parte pretende aclarar conceptos clave como la propaganda y otros términos afines. La segunda parte expone los antecedentes comunicativo-persuasivos desde el inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial hasta el fin de la Guerra Civil. La tercera parte explica la actividad del Comissariat de Propaganda según unos puntos de inflexión que vienen determinados por acontecimientos como los Sucesos de Mayo de 1937, el establecimiento del gobierno de la República en Barcelona o la llegada del frente a Cataluña. / The focus of the research is the study of the Comissariat de Propaganda, the official persuasive organization that the government of the Generalitat de Catalunya created with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The aim of the doctoral dissertation is, on one hand, reconstruct and explain chronologically the activity developed by this organism. On the other, the research also wants to analyze from a communicative point of view the techniques that employed, its objectives, the targets and the evolution of the institution. The final purpose is to define the aspects that characterize its persuasive model, starting from the hypothesis that it executed the propaganda with a particular style, marked by the frequent use of persuasive methods and techniques based on advertising and others of Anglo-Saxon inspiration developed during the Great War (1914-1918). In terms of structure, the first part wants to elucidate key concepts like propaganda and other related terms. The second part exposes the communicational antecedents since the start of the First World War until the end of the Spanish Civil War. The third part explains the activity of the Comissariat de Propaganda from some turning points according to certain events like the May Days of 1937, the settlement of the Spanish Republican government into Barcelona or when the battlefront reached Catalonia.