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Bakgrund: Stress är något som kan vara negativt för människans hälsa om det pågår under en längre tid och fysisk aktivitet kan möjligtvis verka positivt på upplevd stress. Det skulle vara av värde att kartlägga den potentiella effekten av fysisk aktivitet på upplevd stress hos vuxna för att stärka den vetenskapliga evidensbasen och därmed möjliggöra och tillhandahålla en mer preciserad tillämpning av ny kunskap inom fysioterapeutisk klinisk praxis. Syfte: Undersöka effekten av fysisk aktivitet på upplevd stress hos vuxna jämfört med annan eller ingen behandling. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökningarna utfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL samt Web of Science. Sju randomiserade kontrollerade studier inkluderades och sedan granskades med PEDro scale för att bedöma kvalitén. Därefter granskades dem med “Bedömning av den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten i systematiska översikter” för att bedöma resultatets tillförlitlighet. Resultat: Sju studier inkluderades och kvalitén av dessa varierade mellan måttlig till hög kvalitet. Resultaten är motstridiga gällande fysisk aktivitets effekt på upplevd stress. Två studier visade på signifikant minskning av upplevd stress i gruppen med fysisk aktivitet jämfört med kontrollgruppen medan övriga fem studier inte visade någon signifikant minskning mellan interventionsgrupp och kontrollgrupp på utfallsmåttet upplevd stress hos vuxna. Tillförlitligheten av det sammanvägda resultatet visade på mycket låg tillförlitlighet på grund av bristande samstämmighet mellan studierna samt bristande precision i studierna (+). Konklusion: Resultaten är motstridiga och tillförlitligheten av det sammanvägda resultatet visade låg tillförlitlighet. Därför kan inte några slutsatser dras av denna studie gällande fysisk aktivitet och dess effekt på upplevd stress. / Background: Prolonged exposure to stress has been documented to exert detrimental effects on human health. Engaging in regular physical activity may offer potential benefits in mitigating perceived stress levels. Consequently, it is imperative to underscore the significance of investigating the impact of physical activity on perceived stress in regard to clinical value for physiotherapists. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the association between physical activity and perceived stress could significantly inform clinical practice and enhance the overall well-being of patients.  Method: Systematic review. A comprehensive search was executed across the databases PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria as well as PICO led to the incorporation of seven randomized controlled studies, which were subsequently reviewed with a quality assessment called PEDro scale. Following this assessment, the findings were further reviewed using “Bedömning av den sammanvägda tillförlitligheten i systematiska översikter” to gauge the overall reliability of the results. Results: Seven studies were included, and the quality of these studies ranged from moderate to high quality. The results are contradictory regarding the effect of physical activity on perceived stress. Two studies demonstrated a significant reduction in perceived stress in the intervention group compared to the control group, while the remaining five studies did not show a significant reduction between the groups regarding perceived stress. The overall strength of evidence was limited due to lack of consistency and lack of precision (+)  Conclusion: The results are conflicting, and the strength of evidence, when combined, is of low evidence. Consequently, no conclusions can be drawn from this study regarding the association between physical activity and its impact on perceived stress in adults.

Although prior research suggests that ER development typically exhibits a positive growth trajectory across adolescence as prefrontal brain regions continue to mature, individual differences in the rate of development have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study illustrates developmental processes in which family context (i.e., socioeconomic status, parent perceived stress, and family emotional climate) influences developmental trajectories of emotion regulation using both growth curve and latent change score analyses. The sample included 167 adolescents (53% males) who were first recruited at age 13 or 14 years and assessed annually four times. Our results support the mediating role of family emotional climate in the association between socioeconomic status and changes in emotion regulation, but not parent perceived stress. Our findings emphasize the constraints placed on ER development as a result of low SES and highlight the need for intervention efforts at proximal levels, such as the family emotional climate, for adolescents who face such distal risk factors. / M.S. / Given continued brain development across the period of adolescence and maturation in specific brain regions related to emotion regulation (the ability to change the experience or expression of an emotion), we expected that emotion regulation abilities would also continue to develop during this period. We were also interested in understanding what family contextual factors may be influencing how emotion regulation develops. For example, we expected that family economic and social position (including education level, income, aid, and satisfaction with finances), parent stress, and the family emotional climate (the degree of both positive and negative emotionality expressed within the family unit through parenting practices and the quality of the parent child relationship) would affect how emotion regulation unfolds in adolescents. That is, we predicted that families demonstrating a higher socioeconomic status, less parental stress, and better parenting practices would create safe and supportive contexts to learn and practice emotion regulation skills, resulting in adolescents with more adaptive emotion regulation abilities. We tested our hypotheses using longitudinal analyses from 167 adolescent participants and their parents. Our results demonstrate that parent stress is not directly related to emotion regulation development, but that socioeconomic status is related to emotion regulation development through family emotional climate. Such results suggest that for adolescents who may be at risk for developing poor emotion regulation abilities, their family can be taught skills related to improving parenting and the quality of the relationship between parent and adolescent in order to lessen the possibility of that outcome.

Stress har funnits förekomma i läraryrket. Stress kan samvariera med konflikter i den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Studiens syfte var därför att undersöka om konflikthanteringsstilar hade något samband med upplevelsen av stress. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka vilken konflikthanteringsstil som var mest och minst förekommande, samt att belysa universitetslärares upplevda stressnivå. Ytterligare syfte var att undersöka om stress och konflikthanteringsstilar hade något samband med kön och ålder. Undersökningens deltagare var 92 heltidsanställda universitetslärare (52 kvinnor) vid Högskolan Väst. För datainsamlingen användes skalan Perceived Stress Scale, Thomas – Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument samt bakgrundsfrågor gällande lärarnas kön ålder och tillhörande institution. Resultatet visade att den konkurrerande stilen var minst förekommande och att lärarnas upplevda stressnivå ansågs vara relativt låg. Det visades förekomma svaga positiva icke-signifikanta samband mellan stress och två konflikthanteringsstilar; samverkan och undvikande. Sambandet mellan stress och den undvikande stilen, samt mellan stress och den samverkande stilen, diskuterades bero på att det kan upplevas som mer stressande att se till bådas behov i en konflikt. Resultatet fann att stress och den konkurrerande stilen tenderade att vara mindre förekommande hos äldre universitetslärarna. Den konkurrerande stilen visades även vara den minst förekommande konflikthanteringsstilen hos lärarna, vilket diskuteras som positivt eftersom det indikerar att lärarna inte är angelägna om att tillgodose sina egna behov framför sina studenters. Ett kritiskt förhållningssätt bör hållas till resultatet, eftersom den interna konsistensen gällande konflikthanteringsstilar var svårbedömd / Stress has been found to occur in the teaching profession. Stress is connected with conflicts in the psychosocial work environment. The purpose of the study was to investigate if conflict styles were related to the experience of stress. The study examined which style that was most and least frequent, and university teachers perceived stress levels. A further aim was to examine whether stress and conflict styles were related to gender and age. The participants were 92 full-time teachers (52 women) at University West. For the data collection the Perceived Stress Scale and Thomas - Kilmann Conflict Mode Instruments were used among with background questions regarding gender, age and institutional belonging. The results showed the competing style to be least frequent and that teachers' perceived stress level was considered to be relatively low. The results also showed a weak positive non-significant correlation between stress and the two styles; collaboration and avoidance. The relationship between stress and the avoidance style, and between stress and the collaborative style, were discussed to be perceived as more stressful since both styles try to ensure both needs in a conflict. The study found that stress and the competing style tended to be less frequent and less prevalent among older teachers, which were discussed to be positive since it indicates that teachers do not look to meet their own needs in front of their students. A critical approach should be use with these results, since the internal consistency regarding conflict management styles, were difficult to assess

Det är vanligt förekommande att universitetsstudenterna i Sverige upplever psykisk ohälsa i form av stress. Hur individen påverkas av stress beror på förmågan att kunna hantera en stressfylld situation. Olika sätt att hantera en stressfylld situation benämns copingstrategier. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av stress och copingstrategier bland universitetsstudenter. Ett ytterligare syfte var att undersöka eventuella könsskillnader. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning som distribuerades online. De svenska versionerna av frågeformulären Perceived Stress Scale och Brief COPE användes som underlag. Respondenterna som deltog i studien bestod av 100 studenter varav 59 var kvinnor och 41 män. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av universitetsstudenterna upplevde stress, en del upplevde stress ofta och en del ibland. Copingstrategierna som studenterna använde sig av mest var planering, accepterande och aktiv coping. De copingstrategier som användes minst var uppgivenhet, religion och användning av alkohol eller droger. Könsskillnaderna som förekom i upplevd stress respektive val av copingstrategier var inte signifikanta. / It is common for university students in Sweden to experience mental illness in the form of stress. How the individual is affected by stress depends on the ability to handle a stressful situation. Different ways of dealing with a stressful situation are called coping strategies. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of stress and coping strategies among university students. A further aim was to examine possible gender differences. The study was conducted using a quantitative survey that was distributed online. The Swedish versions of the questionnaires Perceived Stress Scale and Brief COPE were used. The respondents who participated in the study consisted of 100 students, of whom 59 were women and 41 were men. The results showed that most university students experienced stress, some students experienced stress often and some sometimes. The coping strategies that students used the most were planning, acceptance and active coping. In contrast, the coping strategies that students used the least were behavioural disengagement, religion and the use of alcohol or drugs. The gender differences discovered in perceived stress and choice of coping strategies, respectively, were not significant.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera aktivitetsbalans och stress samt att studera relationen dem emellan. Metod: Respondenter värvades genom olika Facebookgrupper samt på författarnas Facebooksidor. Åttiofem enkäter skickades ut via Messenger och 66 enkäter med fullständiga data inkom. Respondenterna med fullständiga data var i olika åldersgrupper från 16 till 60 år. Enkäten innehöll sociodemografiska frågor, instrumenten OBQ 11 samt PSS-10. OBQ 11 mäter subjektiv aktivitetsbalans och PSS-10 mäter upplevd stress. Data bearbetades genom statistikprogrammet SPSS. Ett korrelationstest genomfördes för att analysera sambandet mellan OBQ 11 och PSS-10. För att jämföra de sociodemografiska grupperna genomfördes ett Mann-Whitney U-test. Resultat: En statistiskt signifikant negativ korrelation fanns mellan OBQ 11 och PSS-10, vilket visar på samband mellan aktivitetsbalans och stress. Fördelningen blev ojämn inom de sociodemografiska variablerna: kön samt om respondenterna hade barn eller ej och därför har ingen jämförelse mellan grupperna varit aktuell. Ingen signifikant korrelation fanns mellan de sociodemografiska grupperna och OBQ 11 eller PSS-10, men några mindre skillnader framkom. De som arbetar vid sidan av studierna skattade lägre aktivitetsbalans och stress än de som inte arbetade. Singlar skattade en högre aktivitetsbalans och en lägre stress än de som var i ett förhållande. Slutsats: Även om studiens resultat bör tolkas med försiktighet på grund av ett litet urval visar studien på en trend mot att det finns ett samband mellan aktivitetsbalans och stress. Studien kan därmed ligga till grund för kommande forskning. / Occupational balance and stress among college students at a university in southern Sweden. - A cross-sectional study.  Aim: The aim was to study occupational balance and stress as well as the relationship between them. Method: Respondents were recruited through different Facebook-pages and through the authors Facebook-page. Eighty-five questionnaires were sent through Messenger and of those, 66 questionnaires with a full data set were included. The respondents with a full dataset were in the ages 16 - 60 years old. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic questions, OBQ 11 and PSS-10. OBQ 11 measures subjective occupational balance whereas PSS-10 measures perceived stress. The data was analyzed using the statistical program SPSS. A correlation-test was done to analyze the correlation between OBQ 11 and PSS-10. To compare the sociodemographic variables, a Mann - Whitney U Test was performed. Results: There was a statistically significant negative correlation between OBQ 11 and PSS-10, which supports the correlation between occupational balance and perceived stress. The distribution of the sociodemographic variables: gender and if the respondents had a child or not was erratical and therefore no comparison between them was performed. There was no significant correlation between the sociodemographic variables, however there were some small differences which could be identified. A lower occupational balance and a lower level of stress was identified in those who combined studies with work, compared to those who did not work. Further, those who were single experienced a higher occupational balance and a lower level of stress than those who were in a relationship. Conclusion: Although the results of the study are to be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size, it points to trends towards a correlation between occupational balance and stress. The study may therefore be used as a stepping-stone for future research.

Estimates suggest that 6% of adults aged 65 years and older reported binge drinking in the past month and 2.2% reported heavy drinking. This dissertation investigates the associations between stress, coping, and alcohol consumption specifically in older adults. The literature on the direct relationship between stress and drinking in older adults has yielded inconsistent results (i.e., some produced positive associations, others yielded negative or nonsignificant relations). Previous findings for the relationship between various types of coping and drinking in older adults have yielded more consistent results, with avoidant coping, alcohol outcome expectancy, and/or drinking to cope generally contributing to alcohol use either independently or in combination. The strengths and limitations of currently used alcohol screening instruments with older adults (e.g., Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric Version, CAGE Questionnaire, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) are also reviewed. Based on the literature, it was hypothesized that (a) lowering the definition of binge drinking to make it more age-sensitive to older adults would identify more individuals drinking at at-risk levels, (b) perceived stress, coping, and alcohol consumption would correlate with each other, and (c) coping would mediate the association between perceived stress and alcohol consumption. The study's sample consisted of 60 independent-living older adults (65 years of age and older), most of whom were White, female, and well educated. The results of this study only partially supported the hypotheses. Specifically, there was no clinically meaningful difference when the definition of binge drinking was lowered to a more age-specific classification on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption measure. Perceived stress and both task- and avoidant-focused coping were correlated, but perceived stress and alcohol consumption were not significantly correlated, nor were either task- or avoidant-focused coping and alcohol consumption correlated. Finally, neither task- nor avoidant-focused coping mediated the relationship between perceived stress and alcohol consumption. Limitations of the present study are discussed.

Prokrastinering är ett mycket allvarligt men också relativt vanligt uppskjutarbeteende, särskilt bland studenter, som kopplas till bland annat stress och dåliga betyg. På senare år har dock forskare argumenterat för existensen av ett gynnsamt uppskjutarbeteende, känt som strategisk förskjutning. Syftet med denna studie var att utforska hur personer som strategiskt förskjuter upplever och hanterar stress i vardagslivet. Detta begrundas i att det saknas forskning om strategisk förskjutning och dess potentiella negativa effekter, vilket behövs eftersom strategisk förskjutning anses vara en gynnsam studiestrategi för studenter. Studiens två frågeställningar var (i) om det fanns det ett signifikant samband mellan strategisk förskjutning och upplevd stress, samt (ii) hur stor del av variansen i upplevd stress kunde förklaras av strategisk förskjutning? För att besvara frågeställningarna delades pappersenkäter ut till studenter på Karlstads universitet. Enkäten bestod av New Active Procrastination scale (mätte strategisk förskjutning), Perceived Stress Scale 10 (mätte upplevd stress), samt bakgrundsfrågor. Resultaten från dataanalysen visade att strategisk förskjutning korrelerade signifikant, medelstarkt och negativt med upplevd stress (r[99] = -0,314, p<0,001). Strategisk förskjutning förklarade 8,9 procent av variansen i upplevd stress. ANOVA-resultatet visade att den förklarade variansen var signifikant (F[1,97] = 10,612, p<0,002). Det fanns en del metodologiska problem med denna studie. Det allvarligaste problemet var översättningen av NAPS, vilket på många sätt inte var adekvat vilket skadade instrumentets liksom studiens reliabilitet och validitet. Studiens resultat bör därför tolkas med försiktighet. / Procrastination is a serious but prevalent type of behavioral delay, especially among college students, associated with negative outcomes like stress and poor grades. Recently however, researchers have proposed the existence of a type of behavioral delay that is beneficial, called strategic delay. The purpose of this study was to explore how people who strategically delay experience and deal with stress in their daily lives. This was rooted in the lack of research exploring the potentially negative effects of strategic behavior, which is needed since strategic delay is considered to be a beneficial study strategy. This study sought out to answer two questions: (i) was there a significant correlation between strategic delay and perceived stress, and (ii) how much of the variance in perceived stress could be explained by strategic delay. To answer the two questions a paper survey study was conducted. The survey consisted of New Procrastination Scale (measured perceived stress), Perceived Stress Scale 10 (measured perceived stress), and background questions. The results from the data analysis showed that strategic delay correlates significantly, moderately and negatively with perceived stress (r[99] = -0,314, p<0,001). Strategic delay explained 8.9 percent of the variance in perceived stress. An ANOVA showed that the explained variance was significant (F[1,97] = 10,612, p<0,002). There were quite a few methodological issues with study. The most serious one was the translation of NAPS, which was in many ways far from well executed. This hurt the scale’s as well as the study’s reliability and validity. The results from this study should therefore be interpreted carefully.