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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

[pt] ONDAS ULTRASSÔNICAS DE CISALHAMENTO HORIZONTAL GUIADAS EM DUTOS COM CAMADA DE REVESTIMENTO E SUA APLICAÇÃO NA DETECÇÃO DE DEFEITOS / [en] SHEAR HORIZONTAL GUIDED WAVES IN COATED PIPES AND ITS APPLICATION IN DEFECT DETECTION

CHRISTIANO MOREIRA DO NASCIMENTO 08 February 2024 (has links)
[pt] Ondas ultrassônicas guiadas de cisalhamento horizontal (do inglês, shear horizontal SH) são comumente usadas para avaliação não destrutiva de placas e tubos. Em dutos de aço, uma camada de revestimento é frequentemente aplicada à superfície externa dos mesmos para evitar a corrosão. O material do revestimento apresenta impedância acústica consideravelmente menor que a do material principal dos dutos, a saber aço; todavia, sua presença pode alterar significativamente as características de propagação dos modos de onda SH guiada, haja vista que se trata de um problema de propagação em guia de onda multicamadas. Devido às propriedades viscoelásticas do material do revestimento, comumente utilizado, os modos de onda guiada que conhecidamente se propagam de maneira adequada em um duto cru, podem se tornar uma escolha inadequada em um duto revestido devido à alta atenuação, impossibilitando inspeções corriqueiras. Nesta dissertação, investiga-se quais modos SH são mais adequados para uma inspeção circunferencial de um tubo revestido de interesse, a saber, um duto de aço de espessura de 6.35 mm com revestimento de polietileno de espessuras variáveis. Um modelo semi-analítico foi utilizado para calcular as curvas de dispersão e atenuação e um modelo numérico de elementos finitos foi explorado para investigar os modos de propagação em um guia de onda revestidos e sob a presença de defeitos. Resultados mostram que, no regime de espessura de alta frequência, o modo quasi-SH0 no comprimento de onda 10 mm é a escolha mais adequada para uma primeira avaliação, sem conhecimento prévio do espécime. No entanto, com o conhecimento das características do espécimen avaliado, pode-se selecionar outros modos que possam ter menor atenuação. Conclui-se que, uma seleção cuidadosa do modo de operação mais adequado é fundamental para inspecionar defeitos em dutos revestidos de interesse. Para os casos analisados, a saber, SH0 e SH1 com comprimentos de onda de 25 mm, 20 mm, 15 mm e 10 mm, os modos de mais adequados são SH1 em 25mm - 285 kHz, SH0 em 20 mm - 160 kHz, SH0 em 15 mm - 210 kHz, SH1 em 15 mm - 330 kHz, SH0 em 10 mm - 310 kHz e SH1 em 10 mm - 400 kHz, apresentando atenuação aproximada de 21 dB/m, 3 dB/m, 15 dB/m, 13 dB/m, 4 dB/m e 17 dB/m, respectivamente, e clara identificação do defeito através de sua refletividade. Portanto, o presente estudo é útil no projeto de um setup experimental confiável ao analisar um duto cujo revestimento possui propriedades viscoelásticas. / [en] Shear horizontal (SH) ultrasonic guided waves are commonly used for non-destructive evaluation of plates and pipes. In steel pipes, a coating layer is often applied to the outer surface in order to prevent it from corrosion. The applied coating layer presents considerably lower acoustic impedance than the pipe main material, namely, steel, nevertheless, its presence significantly affects the propagation characteristics of SH guided wave modes, since one deals with a multilayered waveguide problem. Due to the viscoelastic properties of the coating layer, ultrasonic guided wave modes that adequately propagate in an equivalent bare pipe can become an unsuitable choice in a coated pipe, due to high attenuation, rendering pipe inspection unfeasible. In this thesis, it was investigated which SH guided wave modes are more adequate for circumferential inspections of a coated pipe of interest, namely, a 6.35 mm thick steel pipe and a polyethylene coating whose thicknesses varies. A semi-analytical model was used to calculate the dispersion and attenuation curves and a finite element numerical model was further exploited to investigate the propagating modes in coated waveguided under the presence of defects. Results show that, in the analyzed cases, at the high-frequency-thickness regime, the quasi-SH0 mode at 10 mm wavelength is the most suitable choice for an evaluation with no previous knowledge of the specimen. However, with knowledge of the characteristics of the evaluated specimen, it is possible to select other modes that can have a lower attenuation. Therefore, a careful selection of the most suitable operating mode is paramount in order to inspect a defect with ultrasonic guided waves in pipes with coating. Considering the studied cases, namely, SH0 and SH1 at of 25 mm, 20 mm, 15 mm, and 10 mm wavelength, the most suitable SH guided wave modes are SH1 at 25mm - 285 kHz, SH0 at 20 mm - 160 kHz, SH0 at 15 mm - 210 kHz, SH1 at 15 mm - 330 kHz, SH0 at 10 mm - 310 kHz and SH1 at 10 mm - 400 kHz, showing approximated attenuation of 21 dB/m, 3 dB/m, 15 dB/m, 13 dB/m, 4 dB/m and 17 dB/m, respectively, and clear defect identification by mean of its reflectivity. Therefore, the present study is useful in order to design a reliable experimental setup when analyzing a pipe whose coating has viscoelastic properties.
182

Performance optimization mechanisms for fault-resilient VLIW processors / Mécanismes d'optimisation des performances des processeurs VLIW à tolérance de fautes

Psiakis, Rafail 21 December 2018 (has links)
Les processeurs intégrés dans des domaines critiques exigent une combinaison de fiabilité, de performances et de faible consommation d'énergie. Very Large Instruction Word (VLIW) processeurs améliorent les performances grâce à l'exploitation ILP (Instruction Level Parallelism), tout en maintenant les coûts et la puissance à un niveau bas. L’ILP étant fortement dépendant de l'application, le processeur n'utilise pas toutes ses ressources en permanence et ces ressources peuvent donc être utilisées pour l'exécution d'instructions redondantes. Cette thèse présente une méthodologie d’injection fautes pour processeurs VLIW et trois mécanismes matériels pour traiter les pannes légères, permanentes et à long terme menant à trois contributions.La première contribution présente un schéma d’analyse du facteur de vulnérabilité architecturale et du facteur de vulnérabilité d’instruction pour les processeurs VLIW. Une méthodologie d’injection de fautes au niveau de différentes structures de mémoire est proposée pour extraire les capacités de masquage architecture / instruction du processeur. Un schéma de classification des défaillances de haut niveau est présenté pour catégoriser la sortie du processeur. La deuxième contribution explore les ressources inactives hétérogènes au moment de l'exécution, à l'intérieur et à travers des ensembles d'instructions consécutifs. Pour ce faire, une technique d’ordonnancement des instructions optimisée pour le matériel est appliquée en parallèle avec le pipeline afin de contrôler efficacement la réplication et l’ordonnancement des instructions. Suivant les tendances à la parallélisation croissante, une conception basée sur les clusters est également proposée pour résoudre les problèmes d’évolutivité, tout en maintenant une pénalité surface/énergie raisonnable. La technique proposée accélère la performance de 43,68% avec une surcoût en surface et en énergie de ~10% par rapport aux approches existantes. Les analyses AVF et IVF évaluent la vulnérabilité du processeur avec le mécanisme proposé.La troisième contribution traite des défauts persistants. Un mécanisme matériel est proposé, qui réplique au moment de l'exécution les instructions et les planifie aux emplacements inactifs en tenant compte des contraintes de ressources. Si une ressource devient défaillante, l'approche proposée permet de relier efficacement les instructions d'origine et les instructions répliquées pendant l'exécution. Les premiers résultats de performance d’évaluation montrent un gain de performance jusqu’à 49% sur les techniques existantes.Afin de réduire davantage le surcoût lié aux performances et de prendre en charge l’atténuation des erreurs uniques et multiples sur les transitoires de longue durée (LDT), une quatrième contribution est présentée. Nous proposons un mécanisme matériel qui détecte les défauts toujours actifs pendant l'exécution et réorganise les instructions pour utiliser non seulement les unités fonctionnelles saines, mais également les composants sans défaillance des unités fonctionnelles concernées. Lorsque le défaut disparaît, les composants de l'unité fonctionnelle concernés peuvent être réutilisés. La fenêtre de planification du mécanisme proposé comprend deux ensembles d'instructions pouvant explorer des solutions d'atténuation lors de l'exécution de l'instruction en cours et de l'instruction suivante. Les résultats obtenus sur l'injection de fautes montrent que l'approche proposée peut atténuer un grand nombre de fautes avec des performances, une surface et une surcharge de puissance faibles. / Embedded processors in critical domains require a combination of reliability, performance and low energy consumption. Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) processors provide performance improvements through Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP) exploitation, while keeping cost and power in low levels. Since the ILP is highly application dependent, the processor does not use all its resources constantly and, thus, these resources can be utilized for redundant instruction execution. This thesis presents a fault injection methodology for VLIW processors and three hardware mechanisms to deal with soft, permanent and long-term faults leading to three contributions. The first contribution presents an Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF) and Instruction Vulnerability Factor (IVF) analysis schema for VLIW processors. A fault injection methodology at different memory structures is proposed to extract the architectural/instruction masking capabilities of the processor. A high-level failure classification schema is presented to categorize the output of the processor. The second contribution explores heterogeneous idle resources at run-time both inside and across consecutive instruction bundles. To achieve this, a hardware optimized instruction scheduling technique is applied in parallel with the pipeline to efficiently control the replication and the scheduling of the instructions. Following the trends of increasing parallelization, a cluster-based design is also proposed to tackle the issues of scalability, while maintaining a reasonable area/power overhead. The proposed technique achieves a speed-up of 43.68% in performance with a ~10% area and power overhead over existing approaches. AVF and IVF analysis evaluate the vulnerability of the processor with the proposed mechanism.The third contribution deals with persistent faults. A hardware mechanism is proposed which replicates at run-time the instructions and schedules them at the idle slots considering the resource constraints. If a resource becomes faulty, the proposed approach efficiently rebinds both the original and replicated instructions during execution. Early evaluation performance results show up to 49\% performance gain over existing techniques.In order to further decrease the performance overhead and to support single and multiple Long-Duration Transient (LDT) error mitigation a fourth contribution is presented. We propose a hardware mechanism, which detects the faults that are still active during execution and re-schedules the instructions to use not only the healthy function units, but also the fault-free components of the affected function units. When the fault faints, the affected function unit components can be reused. The scheduling window of the proposed mechanism is two instruction bundles being able to explore mitigation solutions in the current and the next instruction execution. The obtained fault injection results show that the proposed approach can mitigate a large number of faults with low performance, area, and power overhead.
183

A "sugestão legislativa" perante a Comissão de Legislação Participativa da Câmara dos Deputados: nova forma de iniciativa popular / The "legislative suggestion" addressed to the Commission of Participative Legislation of the House of Commons: a new form for popular initiative

Lima, Marie Madeleine Hutyra de Paula 17 November 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A sugestao legislativa perante a Comissao de Legislacao Participativa da Camara Federal.pdf: 1537169 bytes, checksum: cbf4c28d6dc5dc3bd7464962ee7ff83c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-17 / nenhum / The "legislative suggestion" addressed to the Commission of Participative Legislation of the House of Commons constitutes a valuable and facilitating instrument for the people to influence the Legislative Power directly in innovating the legal system and it means a new form for popular initiative foreseen in the Constitution and, further, it may contribute to the accomplishment of participative democracy / A sugestão legislativa perante a Comissão de Legislação Participativa constitui instrumento válido e facilitador para que o povo diretamente venha a influir no Poder Legislativo inovando o ordenamento jurídico, servindo como nova forma para a iniciativa popular prevista constitucionalmente e contribui para a realização da democracia participativa.
184

A imputação objetiva pelas lesões permanentes e óbitos nos acidentes de trabalho

Renner, Silvio Inácio 15 October 2009 (has links)
Esta pesquisa se caracteriza, em termos metodológicos, na combinação dos métodos, analítico e dialético. Tem o enfoque voltado à discussão da imputação objetiva penal e sua possível tipificação, para os casos de lesões permanentes e óbitos nos acidentes de trabalho. O objetivo geral foi discutir a doutrina e a legislação pertinentes ao ambiente do trabalho nos campos da área civil e previdenciária, para, a partir da conceituação específica das condutas, verificar a imputação objetiva das responsabilidades pela ocorrência dos eventos danosos no ambiente do trabalho. Neste sentido esta pesquisa apóia-se no princípio do risco, através da teoria do risco permitido e do risco proibido. E se complementa na teoria do aumento do risco para discutir pela imputação objetiva das responsabilidades dos acidentes do trabalho ao administrador e de seus órgãos. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-29T16:52:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Silvio Inacio Renner.pdf: 973581 bytes, checksum: 461dc72e40562f59f59cf1f1f8bf575c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-29T16:52:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Silvio Inacio Renner.pdf: 973581 bytes, checksum: 461dc72e40562f59f59cf1f1f8bf575c (MD5) / This research is built in a combination with the analytic and dialetic methods. It has the approach directed to a discussion of charging criminal objective and his tipificacion, for the cases of permanent injuries and deaths in work accidents. The general objective was to argue the pertinent doctrine and the legislation to the environment of the work in the fields of the civil and warfare area, therefore, from the specific conceptualization of the behaviors, to verify the objective imputation of the responsibilities for the occurrence of the harmful events in the work environment. In this sense this research is based on the principle of risk through the theory of the allowed risk and the forbidden risk. And it complements the theory of increased risk to objectively discuss the allocation of responsibilities of occupational accidents and employment-related accidents to the administrator.
185

Processamento Inteligente de Sinais de Press?o e Temperatura Adquiridos Atrav?s de Sensores Permanentes em Po?os de Petr?leo

Pires, Paulo Roberto da Motta 06 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloRMP_capa_ate_pag32.pdf: 5057325 bytes, checksum: bf8da0b02ad06ee116c93344fb67e976 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-06 / Originally aimed at operational objectives, the continuous measurement of well bottomhole pressure and temperature, recorded by permanent downhole gauges (PDG), finds vast applicability in reservoir management. It contributes for the monitoring of well performance and makes it possible to estimate reservoir parameters on the long term. However, notwithstanding its unquestionable value, data from PDG is characterized by a large noise content. Moreover, the presence of outliers within valid signal measurements seems to be a major problem as well. In this work, the initial treatment of PDG signals is addressed, based on curve smoothing, self-organizing maps and the discrete wavelet transform. Additionally, a system based on the coupling of fuzzy clustering with feed-forward neural networks is proposed for transient detection. The obtained results were considered quite satisfactory for offshore wells and matched real requisites for utilization / Originalmente voltadas ao monitoramento da opera??o, as medi??es cont?nuas de press?o e temperatura no fundo de po?o, realizadas atrav?s de PDGs (do ingl?s, Permanent Downhole Gauges), encontram vasta aplicabilidade no gerenciamento de reservat?rios. Para tanto, permitem o monitoramento do desempenho de po?os e a estimativa de par?metros de reservat?rios no longo prazo. Contudo, a despeito de sua inquestion?vel utilidade, os dados adquiridos de PDG apresentam grande conte?do de ru?do. Outro aspecto igualmente desfavor?vel reside na ocorr?ncia de valores esp?rios (outliers) imersos entre as medidas registradas pelo PDG. O presente trabalho aborda o tratamento inicial de sinais de press?o e temperatura, mediante t?cnicas de suaviza??o, mapas auto-organiz?veis e transformada wavelet discreta. Ademais, prop?e-se um sistema de detec??o de transientes relevantes para an?lise no longo hist?rico de registros, baseado no acoplamento entre clusteriza??o fuzzy e redes neurais feed-forward. Os resultados alcan?ados mostraram-se de todo satisfat?rios para po?os marinhos, atendendo a requisitos reais de utiliza??o dos sinais registrados por PDGs
186

A imputação objetiva pelas lesões permanentes e óbitos nos acidentes de trabalho

Renner, Silvio Inácio 15 October 2009 (has links)
Esta pesquisa se caracteriza, em termos metodológicos, na combinação dos métodos, analítico e dialético. Tem o enfoque voltado à discussão da imputação objetiva penal e sua possível tipificação, para os casos de lesões permanentes e óbitos nos acidentes de trabalho. O objetivo geral foi discutir a doutrina e a legislação pertinentes ao ambiente do trabalho nos campos da área civil e previdenciária, para, a partir da conceituação específica das condutas, verificar a imputação objetiva das responsabilidades pela ocorrência dos eventos danosos no ambiente do trabalho. Neste sentido esta pesquisa apóia-se no princípio do risco, através da teoria do risco permitido e do risco proibido. E se complementa na teoria do aumento do risco para discutir pela imputação objetiva das responsabilidades dos acidentes do trabalho ao administrador e de seus órgãos. / This research is built in a combination with the analytic and dialetic methods. It has the approach directed to a discussion of charging criminal objective and his tipificacion, for the cases of permanent injuries and deaths in work accidents. The general objective was to argue the pertinent doctrine and the legislation to the environment of the work in the fields of the civil and warfare area, therefore, from the specific conceptualization of the behaviors, to verify the objective imputation of the responsibilities for the occurrence of the harmful events in the work environment. In this sense this research is based on the principle of risk through the theory of the allowed risk and the forbidden risk. And it complements the theory of increased risk to objectively discuss the allocation of responsibilities of occupational accidents and employment-related accidents to the administrator.
187

Konzeption einer qualitätsgesicherten Implementierung eines Echtzeitassistenzsystems basierend auf einem terrestrischen Long Range Laserscanner

Czerwonka-Schröder, Daniel 04 July 2023 (has links)
Sich verändernde Rahmenbedingungen des Klimawandels haben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Erdoberfläche. Der Sachverhalt ist anhand unterschiedlicher geomorphologischer Veränderungsprozesse zu beobachten, sei es bei gravitativen Naturgefahren (Felsstürze, Hangrutschungen oder Murereignissen), der Gletscherschmelze in Hochgebirgsregionen oder der Änderungen der Küstendynamik an Sandstränden. Derartige Ereignisse werden durch immer stärker ausgeprägte, extreme Wetterbedingungen verursacht. In diesem Zusammenhang sind präventive Maßnahmen und der Schutz der Bevölkerung im Zuge eines Risikomanagements essentiell. Um mit diesen Gefahren sicher umgehen zu können, sind qualitativ hochwertige drei- und vierdimensionale (3D und 4D) Datensätze der Erdoberfläche erforderlich. Der technische Fortschritt in der Messtechnik und damit verbunden ein Paradigmenwechsel haben die Möglichkeiten in der Erfassung von räumlich als auch zeitlich verdichteten Daten erheblich verbessert. Die Weiterentwicklung von terrestrischen Laserscannern hin zu kommunikationsfähigen, programmierbaren Multisensorsystemen, eine kompakte und robuste Bauweise, hohe Messreichweiten sowie wirtschaftlich attraktive Systeme lassen einen Übergang zu permanentem terrestrischen Laserscanning (PLS) zu. Im Sinne eines adaptiven Monitorings ist PLS für die Integration in echtzeitnahe Assistenz- oder Frühwarnsysteme prädestiniert. Um die Akzeptanz eines solchen Systems zu erreichen sind jedoch transparente, nachvollziehbare Methoden und Prozesse zur Informationsgewinnung und -aufbereitung zu definieren. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, PLS als Methode systematisch aufzuarbeiten. Vier wesentliche Schritte entlang der Prozesskette werden identifiziert: (i) Die Datenerfassung einer einzelnen Epoche, (ii) die Bereitstellung eines redundanten Datenmanagements sowie einer sicheren Datenkommunikation zu zentralen Servern, (iii) die multitemporale Datenanalyse und (iv) die Aufbereitung, das Reporting und die Präsentation der Ergebnisse für Stakeholder. Basierend auf dieser Prozesskette ergeben sich zwei Untersuchungsschwerpunkte. Zunächst wird die qualitative Beurteilung der erfassten Punktwolken behandelt. Der Fokus liegt dabei einerseits auf dem Einfluss unterschiedlicher Registrierungsmethoden auf die multitemporalen Punktwolken und andererseits auf dem Einfluss der Atmosphäre auf die Messergebnisse. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass eine Nichtberücksichtigung dieser Einflüsse zu signifikanten Abweichungen führt, welche zu Fehlinterpretationen der abgeleiteten Informationen führen kann. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass es an datenbasierten Verfahren zur Berücksichtigung dieser Einflüsse fehlt. Als Grundlage für die Untersuchungen dienen umfangreiche Datensätze aus Noordwijk / Niederlande und Vals / Österreich. Der zweite Schwerpunkt befasst sich mit der Datenanalyse. Die Herausforderung besteht darin, tausende Punktwolken einzelner Messepochen analysieren zu müssen. Bitemporale Methoden sind hier nur eingeschränkt anwendbar. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine zweistufige Methode vor, mit der automatisiert Informationen aus dem umfangreichen Datensatz abgeleitet werden können. Aus der vollumfänglichen 3D-Zeitserie der Szene werden zunächst relevante Merkmale auf Basis von 2D-Rasterbildern durch Clustering extrahiert. Semiautomatisch lassen sich die extrahierten Segmente klassifizieren und so maßgeblichen geomorphologischen Prozessen zuweisen. Dieser Erkenntnisgewinn über den vorliegenden Datensatz wird in einem zweiten Schritt genutzt, um die Szene räumlich zu limitieren und in den Interessensbereichen tiefergehende Analysen durchzuführen. Auf Basis der Methoden «M3C2-EP mit adaptierter Kalman-Filterung» und «4D-Änderungsobjekten» werden zwei Analysetools vorgestellt und auf den Datensatz in Vals angewendet. Die Überwachung topographischer Oberflächenveränderungen mit PLS wird zunehmen und eine große Menge an Daten erzeugen. Diese Datensätze müssen verarbeitet, analysiert und gespeichert werden. Diese Dissertation trägt zum besseren Verständnis der Methodik bei. Anwender bekommen durch die Systematisierung der Methode ein besseres Verständnis über die beeinflussenden Faktoren entlang der Prozesskette von der Datenerfassung bis hin zur Darstellung relevanter Informationen. Mit dieser Dissertation wird eine Toolbox vorgestellt, die es ermöglicht, multitemporale Punktwolken mit Hilfe von unüberwachtem maschinellem Lernen automatisiert auszuwerten und Informationen dem Nutzer zur Verfügung zu stellen. Dieser Ansatz ist einfach und hat ein hohes Potential für die automatische Analyse in zukünftigen Anwendungen.:Kurzfassung i Abstract iii Danksagung v 1. Einleitung 1 2. Deformationsmonitoring mittels terrestrischer Laserscanner: Aktuelle Methoden, Regulierungen und technische Aspekte 5 2.1. Ingenieurgeodätische Überwachungsmessungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2. Anforderungen an ein integratives Monitoring aus der Sicht eines ganzheitlichen Risikomanagements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1. Aktives Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2. Ganzheitliches Risikomanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3. Qualitätsbeurteilung und Qualitätssicherung . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.4. Relevante Normen, Richtlinien und Merkblätter beim Einsatz von permanentem Laserscanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3. Terrestrisches Laserscanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4. Permanentes Laserscanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5. Parameter einer permanenten Installation eines Long Range Laserscanners 24 2.5.1. Registrierung und Georeferenzierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.5.2. Geodätische Refraktion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.5.3. Geodätisches Monitoring mittels terrestrischer Laserscanner . . 36 2.6. Zusammenfassende Betrachtungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3. Ziel und abgeleiteter Untersuchungsschwerpunkt dieser Arbeit 41 4. Konzept eines Echtzeitassistenzsystems basierend auf PLS 43 5. Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren auf die Messergebnisse von permanent installierten terrestrischen Long Range Laserscannern 47 5.1. Fallstudie I: Noordwijk / Niederlande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.1.1. Beschreibung der Daten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.1.2. Methoden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.1.3. Resultate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.1.4. Zusammenfassung und Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.2. Fallstudie II: Detektion von Corner Cube Prismen und deren Genauigkeit 58 5.2.1. Prismendetektion aus Daten eines TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.2.2. Genauigkeitsanalyse der Prismendetektion . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.3. Fallstudie III: Valsertal (Tirol) / Österreich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.3.1. Beschreibung des Datensatzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.3.2. Geodätische Refraktion als Einfluss auf die Messergebnisse eines PLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.3.3. Einfluss von Registrierungsparametern auf die Messergebnisse eines PLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6. Informationsextraktion aus multitemporalen Punktwolken 95 6.1. Stufe I: Segmentierung räumlich verteilter Zeitreihen auf Basis von 2DBildrastern als Methode des unüberwachten maschinellen Lernens . . . 96 6.1.1. Extraktion von Zeitreihen aus den Punktwolken . . . . . . . . . 98 6.1.2. Zeitreihensegmentierung mittels k-Means-Algorithmen . . . . . 101 6.1.3. Zeitreihensegmentierung mittels extrahierter Merkmale auf Grundlage Gaußscher Mischmodelle (GMM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.2. Stufe II: Zeitreihenanalyse von räumlich hochauflösenden 3D-Daten . . 122 6.2.1. M3C2-EP mit adaptiver Kalman-Filterung . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.2.2. 4D-Änderungsobjekte (4D-OBC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2.3. Zusammenfassung und Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7. Fazit und Ausblick 135 A. Ergebnisse der Systemuntersuchung in Unna-Hemmerde (21.03.2022) 141 B. Ergebnisse der Zeitreihensegmentierung mittels k-Means 145 B.1. Ergebnistabellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 B.2. Zeitreihen und räumliche Visualisierung - vollständiger Bereich . . . . . 148 B.3. Zeitreihen und räumliche Visualisierung - limitierter Bereich . . . . . . 161 C. Ergebnisse der Zeitreihensegmentierung mittels GMM 164 C.1. Ergebnistabellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 C.2. Zeitreihen und räumliche Visualisierung - vollständiger Bereich . . . . . 166 Literaturverzeichnis 175 Abbildungsverzeichnis 195 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 199 Tabellenverzeichnis 201 Curriculum Vitae 203 / Climate change has an important impact on the scale and frequency with which the Earths surface is changing. This can be seen in various geomorphological change processes, such as gravitational natural hazards (rockfalls, landslides or debris flows), glacier melt in high mountain regions or the quantification of coastal dynamics on sandy beaches. Such events are triggered by increasingly prominent and extreme meteorological conditions. In this context, it is essential to implement preventive measures to protect the population as part of a risk management system. To safely manage these hazards, high quality three- and four-dimensional (3D and 4D) data sets of the Earth’s surface are required. Technological advances in metrology and the associated paradigm shift have significantly improved the ability to collect spatially and temporally distributed data. Progress from terrestrial laser scanners to communication-enabled, programmable multisensor systems, compact and robust design, long range and economically competitive systems allow a transition to a permanent laser scanning (PLS). PLS enables the acquisition of data from a fixed position to a target area kilometers away at high frequency and over a long period of time. In terms of adaptive monitoring, PLS is suitable for integration into near realtime assistance or early warning systems. However, in order to achieve acceptance of these systems, transparent, reproducible methods and processes for extracting information must be defined. The aim of this thesis is to present a methodological framework for PLS. Four crucial steps along the processing chain are identifiable: (i) collecting single epoch data, (ii) providing redundant data management and secure data communication to central servers, (iii) multi-temporal data analysis and (iv) reporting and presenting results to stakeholders. Two main research topics emerge from this processing chain. First, the qualitative assessment of the acquired point clouds, which focuses on the influence of different registration methods on the multitemporal point clouds and the influence of the atmosphere on the measured data. It is shown that ignoring these influences leads to significant deviations, which in turn can result in a misinterpretation of the derived information. It is also shown that there is still a lack of data-based procedures to account for these influences. The investigations are based on extensive data sets from Noordwijk/Netherlands and Vals/Austria. The second research topic addreses data analysis. The challenge is to analyse thousands of point clouds per measurement epoch. In this case, bitemporal methods are limited in their applicability. The thesis presents a two-step method to automatically extract information from the large data set. In the first step relevant features are extracted from the full 3D time series of the scene based on 2D raster images by clustering. The extracted segments can then be semi-automatically classified and assigned to relevant geomorphological processes. Based on this knowledge, the scene is, in the second step, spatially delimited. Deeper analyses can then be performed in areas of interest. Using the «M3C2-EP method with adapted Kalman filtering» and «4D objects-by-change», two analysis tools are presented and applied to the dataset in Vals. The monitoring of topographic surface changes with PLS will increase and generate large amounts of data. These data sets need to be processed, analysed and stored. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the methodology. Users will gain a deeper understanding of the influencing factors along the processing chain from data acquisition to reporting of relevant information by applying the method in a systematic way. The dissertation presents a toolbox that enables automated evaluation of multitemporal point clouds using unsupervised machine learning and provides relevant information to the user. The approach is straightforward and simple and has a high potential for automated analysis in future applications.:Kurzfassung i Abstract iii Danksagung v 1. Einleitung 1 2. Deformationsmonitoring mittels terrestrischer Laserscanner: Aktuelle Methoden, Regulierungen und technische Aspekte 5 2.1. Ingenieurgeodätische Überwachungsmessungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2. Anforderungen an ein integratives Monitoring aus der Sicht eines ganzheitlichen Risikomanagements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1. Aktives Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2. Ganzheitliches Risikomanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3. Qualitätsbeurteilung und Qualitätssicherung . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.4. Relevante Normen, Richtlinien und Merkblätter beim Einsatz von permanentem Laserscanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3. Terrestrisches Laserscanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4. Permanentes Laserscanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5. Parameter einer permanenten Installation eines Long Range Laserscanners 24 2.5.1. Registrierung und Georeferenzierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.5.2. Geodätische Refraktion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.5.3. Geodätisches Monitoring mittels terrestrischer Laserscanner . . 36 2.6. Zusammenfassende Betrachtungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3. Ziel und abgeleiteter Untersuchungsschwerpunkt dieser Arbeit 41 4. Konzept eines Echtzeitassistenzsystems basierend auf PLS 43 5. Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren auf die Messergebnisse von permanent installierten terrestrischen Long Range Laserscannern 47 5.1. Fallstudie I: Noordwijk / Niederlande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.1.1. Beschreibung der Daten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.1.2. Methoden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.1.3. Resultate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.1.4. Zusammenfassung und Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.2. Fallstudie II: Detektion von Corner Cube Prismen und deren Genauigkeit 58 5.2.1. Prismendetektion aus Daten eines TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.2.2. Genauigkeitsanalyse der Prismendetektion . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.3. Fallstudie III: Valsertal (Tirol) / Österreich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.3.1. Beschreibung des Datensatzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.3.2. Geodätische Refraktion als Einfluss auf die Messergebnisse eines PLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.3.3. Einfluss von Registrierungsparametern auf die Messergebnisse eines PLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6. Informationsextraktion aus multitemporalen Punktwolken 95 6.1. Stufe I: Segmentierung räumlich verteilter Zeitreihen auf Basis von 2DBildrastern als Methode des unüberwachten maschinellen Lernens . . . 96 6.1.1. Extraktion von Zeitreihen aus den Punktwolken . . . . . . . . . 98 6.1.2. Zeitreihensegmentierung mittels k-Means-Algorithmen . . . . . 101 6.1.3. Zeitreihensegmentierung mittels extrahierter Merkmale auf Grundlage Gaußscher Mischmodelle (GMM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.2. Stufe II: Zeitreihenanalyse von räumlich hochauflösenden 3D-Daten . . 122 6.2.1. M3C2-EP mit adaptiver Kalman-Filterung . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.2.2. 4D-Änderungsobjekte (4D-OBC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2.3. Zusammenfassung und Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 7. Fazit und Ausblick 135 A. Ergebnisse der Systemuntersuchung in Unna-Hemmerde (21.03.2022) 141 B. Ergebnisse der Zeitreihensegmentierung mittels k-Means 145 B.1. Ergebnistabellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 B.2. Zeitreihen und räumliche Visualisierung - vollständiger Bereich . . . . . 148 B.3. Zeitreihen und räumliche Visualisierung - limitierter Bereich . . . . . . 161 C. Ergebnisse der Zeitreihensegmentierung mittels GMM 164 C.1. Ergebnistabellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 C.2. Zeitreihen und räumliche Visualisierung - vollständiger Bereich . . . . . 166 Literaturverzeichnis 175 Abbildungsverzeichnis 195 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 199 Tabellenverzeichnis 201 Curriculum Vitae 203
188

Current-based Techniques for Condition Monitoring of Pumps

Becker, Vincent 12 December 2022 (has links)
[ES] Las bombas hidráulicas son el núcleo de muchos procesos en la industria y el sector servicios. Conviene tener en cuenta que los motores eléctricos son responsables del 69% del consumo de energía eléctrica en la industria, siendo en torno a un 22% de motores utilizados para el accionamiento de bombas. Los fallos de estas bombas pueden provocar averías en el proceso y, por lo tanto, implican altos costes económicos para el operador de la planta. Además, un funcionamiento defectuoso de las bombas conlleva una reducción de la eficiencia energética de la planta. De forma habitual, se utilizan principalmente dos tipos de estrategias orientadas al mantenimiento de maquinaria. Una estrategia de mantenimiento (mantenimiento preventivo) consiste en la sustitución de las piezas desgastadas en un intervalo de tiempo fijo. Este tipo de estrategia presenta muchas desventajas asociadas a la escasa optimización en el uso de los recursos y al consiguiente impacto económico. Por otro lado, la estrategia basada en la condición del equipo (mantenimiento basado en la condición) liga el reemplazo de las piezas desgastadas al estado del equipo, el cual es monitorizado a través de señales adquiridas mediante sensores. Sin embargo, el uso de sensores tiene algunos inconvenientes, como costes de inversión adicionales, posibles problemas en el montaje del sensor y posibles fallos del mismo. El análisis de la señal de corriente no se ha utilizado de forma habitual en la práctica para evaluar el estado de la bomba, aunque en muchas aplicaciones se dispone de sensores de corriente ya instalados que se podrían utilizar a tal fin. Se ha demostrado que técnicas basadas en el análisis de la corriente resultan de gran utilidad para diagnosticar varios tipos de fallos en motores eléctricos. De hecho, el análisis de la firma de corriente del motor se utiliza hoy en día ampliamente en la industria, especialmente para el diagnóstico de fallos en motores de inducción. En la presente tesis, se evalúa la utilización de la técnica de análisis de corrientes para el diagnóstico de fallos típicos relacionados con las bombas en diferentes aplicaciones. Se investigan tres tipos de bombas diferentes: bombas en línea de rotor húmedo, bombas de rotor seco y bombas sumergibles. En la tesis se han adaptado diversas técnicas, previamente empleadas para la detección de fallos en motores, al diagnóstico de fallos en la propia bomba. Los resultados indican que fallos como obstrucción de la bomba, fisura del impulsor y desgaste de los cojinetes influyen especialmente en dos frecuencias del espectro de corriente, las cuales pueden utilizarse como base de estrategias de mantenimiento basadas en la condición. En concreto, en las bombas de rotor húmedo, estos dos indicadores de fallo varían sensiblemente en función del punto de carga hidráulica de la bomba. Con la ayuda de un método de extracción de características basado en la motor reference frame theory, se demuestra que las mencionadas frecuencias pueden analizarse en tiempo real en un entorno industrial. Además, se presentan directrices para la monitorización en la nube y se valida con la ayuda de ensayos de laboratorio. Adicionalmente, se demuestra que los fallos son también detectables al analizar la corriente de arranque mediante herramientas de descomposición tiempo-frecuencia. Este hito no se había abordado anteriormente en la literatura técnica del área en lo referente a la detección de fallos en bombas. En conclusión, los resultados de este trabajo demuestran que los métodos de diagnóstico basados en la corriente pueden detectar con éxito diversos tipos de fallo en bombas, lo cual constituye un punto de gran interés para las industrias que utilicen estos activos en sus procesos. / [CA] Les bombes hidràuliques són el nucli de molts processos en la indústria i en el sector dels serveis. Cal mencionar que els motors elèctrics són responsables del 69% del consum de la energia elèctrica en la indústria, sent al voltant del 22% dels motors utilitzats per l'accionament de bombes. Les fallades d'aquestes bombes poden causar avaries en els processos, i per tant, representen un alt cost econòmic per a l'operador de la planta. A més a més, un funcionament defectuós en les bombes representa una reducció de l'eficiència energètica de la planta. De manera habitual, s'utilitzen principalment dos tipus d'estratègies orientades al manteniment de la maquinària. Una estratègia de manteniment (manteniment preventiu) consisteix en la canvi de les peces desgastades en un interval fixe de temps. Aquest tipus d'estratègia presenta molts desavantatges associats a la reduïda optimització en el ús dels recursos i el seu impacte econòmic. D'altra banda, la estratègia basada en la condició dels equipaments (manteniment basat en la condició) enllaça la substitució de les peces desgastades al estat de l'equip, el qual es monitoritzat per mig de senyals adquirides per sensors. No obstant això, el ús de sensors té alguns inconvenients com costos d'inversió addicionals, possibles problemes al muntatge i possibles fallades. L'anàlisi dels senyals de corrent no s'utilitzen de manera habitual en la pràctica per avaluar l'estat de la bomba, encara que en moltes aplicacions, estos sensors es troben instal·lats i es podrien fer servir per a aquesta finalitat. Ha estat demostrat que les tècniques basades en l'anàlisi de la corrent són de gran utilitat per el diagnosi de diversos tipus de fallades en motors elèctrics. De fet, l'anàlisi de la firma de la corrent del motor s'utilitza àmpliament en l'indústria, especialment per el diagnosi de fallades en motors d'inducció. En la present tesi, s'avalua l'utilització de la tècnica d'anàlisi de corrents per el diagnosi de fallades típiques relacionades en bombes per a diferents aplicacions. Se investiguen tres tipus de bombes diferents: bombes en línia de rotor humit, bombes de rotor sec i bombes submergibles. En aquesta tesi se han adaptat diverses tècniques, prèviament utilitzades en el diagnosi de màquines elèctriques, per al diagnosi de la pròpia bomba. Els resultat indiquen que les fallades com obstrucció de la bomba, la fissura de l'impulsor i el desgast dels coixinets influeixen especialment en dos freqüències de l'espectre de la corrent, les quals es poden utilitzar com a base per a una estratègia de manteniment basada en la condició. Particularment, en les bombes de rotor humit, aquestos dos indicadors de fallada varíen sensiblement en funció del punt de càrrega hidràulica de la bomba. En l'ajuda de un mètode d'extracció de característiques basat en la "motor reference frame theory", es demostra que les mencionades freqüències es poden analitzar en temps real en un entorn industrial. A més a més, es presenten directrius per la monitorització en el núvol i es valida en l'ajuda de assajos en el laboratori. Addicionalment, es demostra que les fallades són també detectables quan s'analitza la corrent d'arrancada mitjançant ferramentes de descomposició temps-freqüència. Aquest fet no ha estat analitzat prèviament en cap tipus de literatura tècnica dins del camp de detecció de fallades en bombes. En conclusió, els resultats d'aquest treball demostren que els mètodes de diagnosi basats en la corrent poden detectar en èxit diversos tipus de fallades en bombes, el qual constitueix un punt d'interés per a l'indústria que utilitzen aquest tipus de actiu en els seus processos. / [EN] Pumps are the heart of many processes in industry and service sector. Electric motors are responsible for 69% of electric energy consumption in industry, with 22% of them being used for the operation of pumps. Pump faults can lead to process breakdowns and are thus related to high costs for the plant operator. Furthermore, faulty operation of pumps reduces the energy efficiency of the plant. In many cases, a time-based maintenance strategy is applied, which means that typical wear parts are replaced within defined time cycles, which comes with some drawbacks such as poor resource efficiency and high costs. Condition-based maintenance strategies - meaning that the replacement of parts is planned based on the condition of the pump - are often based on the evaluation of sensor signals like vibration or noise. However, the use of sensors also has some drawbacks, such as additional investment costs, frequent problems with the sensor mounting, and possible sensor faults. There is no widespread use of the current signal to make statements about the pump condition, although current sensors are installed in many applications anyway. As for motor fault diagnosis, different current-based techniques have demonstrated their function. Today, motor current signature analysis is used in industry, especially for the diagnosis of induction motors. In this thesis, the current-based diagnosis of typical pump-related faults in different applications is evaluated. In total, three different pump types are investigated: a wet-rotor pump, a dry-runner inline pump, and a submersible pump. The techniques used for motor fault detection are adapted for the diagnosis of pump-related faults. The results indicate that the faults clogging, impeller crack, and bearing wear, in particular, influence two frequencies in the current spectrum, which can be used as a basis for a condition-based maintenance strategy. Especially in wet-rotor pumps, these two fault indicators strongly vary depending on the hydraulic load point of the pump. With the help of a feature extraction method based on the adapted reference frame theory, this work demonstrates that the two frequencies can be analyzed in real time in a field environment. Furthermore, a concept for cloud monitoring is presented and validated with the help of a laboratory test. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the faults are visible if the starting current is evaluated in a time-frequency map, which has not been considered before in the literature on pump-related faults. In summary, the findings of this work indicate that current-based diagnosis methods can successfully detect typical faults in pumps, a fact that is of high interest for companies using these assets in their industrial processes. / Becker, V. (2022). Current-based Techniques for Condition Monitoring of Pumps [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/190630
189

Equações diferenciais ordinárias não suaves autônomas e não autônomas / Autonomous and non autonomous non smooth ordinary differential equations

Silva, Clayton Eduardo Lente da [UNESP] 20 May 2016 (has links)
Submitted by CLAYTON EDUARDO LENTE DA SILVA null (claedu@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T17:41:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFinalClayton.pdf: 1339813 bytes, checksum: 78fb3fb4fd37414af7b1a14dd1d3a122 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-06T16:37:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_cel_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1339813 bytes, checksum: 78fb3fb4fd37414af7b1a14dd1d3a122 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-06T16:37:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_cel_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1339813 bytes, checksum: 78fb3fb4fd37414af7b1a14dd1d3a122 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nesta tese estudamos sistemas dinâmicos não suaves autônomos e não autônomos. Consideramos inicialmente sistemas quadráticos positivamente limitados autônomos planares e damos condições sobre os campos para que o sistema de Filippov correspondente seja limitado. Também estudamos uma classe de sistemas quadráticos e provamos que, sob algumas restrições nos coeficientes da parte linear, os sistemas de Filippov relacionados são limitados. Em seguida, consideramos sistemas não autônomos e damos condições para a existência de soluções periódicas de uma classe de equações diferenciais ordinárias não autônomas. Por fim, consideramos equações diferenciais ordinárias não autônomas de segunda ordem genéricas, relacionadas a sistemas não suaves e não autônomos, estudamos o conceito de solução destas equações e damos condições analíticas que são satisfeitas por soluções típicas, como as soluções deslizantes, por exemplo. A unicidade de soluções para estas equações também é estudada. / In this thesis we study autonomous and non-autonomous non-smooth dynamical systems. We initially consider planar autonomous positively bounded quadratic systems. We give conditions on the vector fields for that the correspondent Filippov system be bounded. We also study a class of quadratic systems and we prove that, under some restrictions on the coefficients of linear part, the related Filippov systems are bounded. We then consider non-autonomous systems and we give conditions for the existence of periodic solutions of a certain class of non-autonomous ordinary differential equations. Finally we consider generic non-autonomous second order differential equations and we study the concept of solution of these equations and determine analytical conditions that are satisfied by typical solutions, sliding solutions for instance. Moreover, the uniqueness of solutions for these equations is studied.

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