La presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los niveles del síndrome de burnout y sus dimensiones (cansancio emocional, despersonalización y realización personal) en una muestra de 62 profesionales de 7 centros de educación especial en Lima Metropolitana, así como analizar las relaciones entre las variables sociodemográficas y laborales de las trabajadoras (edad, nivel socioeconómico percibido, años de experiencia, horas diarias trabajadas, lo que más les gusta de su trabajo, lo que menos les gusta, etc.) con dichas dimensiones. Para tal fin, se utilizó el Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) y una ficha de datos. Se obtuvo un bajo porcentaje de participantes con burnout desarrollado (4.8%), lo que guardaría relación con los aspectos que más aprecian las trabajadoras de sus centros laborales como el trato directo con personas con habilidades diferentes o el ambiente laboral. Además, se encontraron relaciones inversas entre la dimensión de despersonalización y nivel socioeconómico (rho=-.329, p<.005), cansancio emocional y compromiso (rho=-.302, p<.005) y realización personal con años de experiencia (rho=-.317, p<.005). Finalmente, se identificó que existía una relación directa entre la dimensión de realización personal y cantidad de horas de trabajo diario (rho=.263, p<.005) y el nivel de compromiso con su centro laboral (rho=.373, p<.005). / This research aims to identify the levels of burnout and its dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment) in a sample of 62 professionals from 7 special schools in Lima and analyze the relationships between sociodemographic and work related variables of the workers (age, perceived socioeconomic status, years of experience, daily hours worked, what they like about their job, what they dislike, etc.) with these dimensions. Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and a data sheet was used for this purpose. A low percentage of participants developed burnout (4.8%), which would relate to the aspects that most workers appreciate their workplaces, as dealing directly with people with different skills or the working environment. The results also showed that existed negative correlations between the dimension of depersonalization and socioeconomic status (rho=-.329, p<.005), emotional exhaustion and commitment (rho=-.302, p< .005) and personal accomplishment with years of experience (rho = - .317, p<.005.). Finally, it was identified that there was a positive correlation between the dimension of personal accomplishment and hours of daily work (rho=.263, p <.005) and the level of commitment to their workplace (rho=.373, p<.005). / Tesis

La autonomía es una de las cualidades humanas que nos ofrece la posibilidad de actuar por nosotros mismos que convierte al ser humano en protagonista irrepetible de su propia vida en un contexto interaccional determinado. Esta cualidad supone desarrollar en los niños y las niñas todas sus capacidades; ser capaz de imaginar, crear, emprender y desarrollar acciones con responsabilidad y sentido crítico en un ambiente de confianza y seguro. La esencia de la autonomía es que los niños lleguen a ser capaces de tomar sus propias decisiones porque cuanta más autonomía adquiera un niño, mayores posibilidades tiene de llegar a ser más autónomo y actuar con responsabilidad en sus acciones y decisiones. Hoy en día se observa que el sistema de la autonomía escolar apenas se realiza con la poca colaboración del profesor. Se aplican métodos educativos diferentes que no dejan al niño en libertad indispensable para el desarrollo de su autonomía. Por lo que es necesario que la docente conozca el valor de la misma, sea paciente en las dificultades que presenta el niño, ayudándolo a que se sienta libre para equivocarse y aprender de sus errores. Y reconozca también su alma infantil. Solo así, la docente será capaz de comprender el sentido de la autonomía. / Tesis

This thesis is on competent individuals the essential organisational resource, particularly for knowledge work. Managers need to attend to the development of incompetent individuals. What constitutes individuals’ competency (IC), how can it be developed through better human resource management (HRM), and how is it implemented for knowledge management (KM) all needs theoretical explanation. There is disagreement in the research literature on the effect of factors such as education, training, personal characteristic, and environment on IC. The aim of this research is to explore these factors in the context of KM as facilitated by HRM. An exploratory sequential mixed methods and triangulation approach is used. The first phase qualitative research explores IC from employees’ perspective. The findings of this phase are used in the second quantitative phase to develop quantifiable variables. That needs to be further explored. The findings of both phases are triangulated; data consistency between the two phases indicates that the measuring instruments are accurate, which strengthened the thesis argument. The research data is collected from Kuwait, which like any other country suffers from incompetent employees. Forty one interviews were conducted for the qualitative phase and 763 survey questionnaires were collected for the quantitative phase. Knowledge of IC as revealed in the literature suggests four contentious factors that affect it: education, training, personal characteristics and environment, each of which has a prior and on-job occurrence. This thesis postulates: (a) that rather than individual factors, these four factors affect IC holistically; (b) that these four factors apply to each of the four modes of the knowledge creation model (KCM); and (c) that HRM has a significant role in developing IC for KM. Empirical results of the hypothesis show a statistically significant positive effect for each of the four factors on IC and that the effect is holistic. This finding supports the developed model of IC. Therefore, the research hypotheses are accepted and the IC model is proven to be fit. Also, when statistically operationalizing the four factors on the KCM, it was found that not all four factors are absorbed by each of the four modes of the KCM, thus revealing its limitation in practice. Finally, HRM is proven to affect IC and the KCM positively. Nevertheless, this relies on HRM being empowered by the organisation. This thesis makes several contributions. It contributes empirical evidence of the positive and holistic effect of education, training, personal characteristics and environment on IC. This leads to the second contribution that these four factors of IC, as new knowledge, cannot all be processed within a particular mode of the KCM; rather it selectively absorbs particular factors better than others. Thus, the theoretical knowledge creation argument differs from the actual empirical findings. These findings lead to significant contribution to HRM practice. For instance, in hiring or promoting individuals, managers should consider the four theoretically derived and empirically confirmed IC factors, education, training, personal characteristics (PC) and environment.

Government initiatives called for electronic health records for each individual healthcare consumer by 2014. the purpose of the initiatives is to provide for the common exchange of clinical information between healthcare consumers, healthcare providers, third-party payers and public healthcare officials.This exchange of healthcare information will impact the healthcare industry and enable more effective and efficient application of healthcare so that there may be a decrease in medical errors, increase in access to quality of care tools, and enhancement of decision making abilities by healthcare consumers, healthcare providers and government health agencies. an electronic personal health record (ePHR) created, managed and accessed by healthcare consumers may be the answer to fulfilling the national initiative. However, since healthcare consumers potentially are in control of their own ePHR, the healthcare consumer’s concern for privacy may be a barrier for the effective implementation of a nationwide network of ePHR. a technology acceptance model, an information boundary theory model and a trust model were integrated to analyze usage intentions of healthcare consumers of ePHR. Results indicate that healthcare consumers feel there is a perceived usefulness of ePHR; however they may not see ePHR as easy to use. Results also indicate that the perceived usefulness of utilizing ePHR does not overcome the low perceived ease of use to the extent that healthcare consumers intend to utilize ePHR. in addition, healthcare consumers may not understand the different components of usage: access, management, sharing and facilitating third-party ePHR. Also, demographics, computer self-efficacy, personal innovativeness, healthcare need and healthcare literacy impact a healthcare consumer’s privacy concerns and trusting intentions in the context of ePHR and intent to utilize ePHR. Finally, this research indicates that healthcare consumers may need a better understanding of the Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) regulations of ePHR as well as a better understanding of the impact HIPAA has on websites that may facilitate ePHR.

La investigación presente, se ha centrado en analizar la percepción de la intención de la rotación de los colaboradores de una empresa que elabora productos de molinería en el departamento de Lambayeque. El interés en el estudio parte desde el querer conocer el comportamiento de los trabajadores a partir de una serie de problemas que se han ido suscitando con renuncias y el incremento de la rotación de personal. El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar el nivel de la percepción de la intención de rotación; para el desarrollo se tomó una muestra de 61 trabajadores que respondieron a un cuestionario diseñado, adaptado y elaborado para medir las dimensiones de estudio. El tipo de investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo de nivel descriptivo, se realizaron los análisis de resultados correspondientes y se mostraron lo hallado en las cuatro dimensiones: falta de apoyo organizacional, condiciones laborales, trato de la jefatura, remuneración y crecimiento. Los resultados indicaron que uno de los principales problemas por el cual existe intención de rotación se debe a los salarios inadecuados y a la falta de crecimiento en la organización, además que las condiciones laborales no son las convenientes y no hay apoyo de la empresa según los trabajadores. Luego del análisis y discusión de resultados, se dejan algunas recomendaciones por cada una de los problemas encontrados para mejorar la situación de la empresa. / Tesis

En Chiclayo existe una oferta de mercado con demanda creciente y con competencia limitada dentro del rubro de desarrollo personal para la correcta orientación vocacional, ya que la recibida actualmente por los colegios no es suficiente, el servicio está orientado a estudiantes de los últimos años de secundaria interesados en conocer su adecuada elección profesional de acuerdo a su perfil. Este plan de negocio tiene como objetivo evaluar la viabilidad de mercado, operativa – técnica, organizacional y financiera para la creación de una empresa dedicada a brindar servicio de desarrollo personal en la ciudad de Chiclayo, la cual además de ofrecer la prestación a estudiantes cursando los últimos grados de secundaria, también ofrece charlas a padres de familia y asesoría de psicología. Para determinar la viabilidad del plan de negocio se desarrolló un estudio de mercado aplicando encuestas a 385 estudiantes de tercero, cuarto y quinto de secundaria de colegios privados, obteniendo como resultado en promedio que el 90% de los estudiantes aceptarían asistir a las sesiones de desarrollo personal para una adecuada orientación vocacional, y también se encuestó a los padres o tutores de dichos estudiantes. Asimismo, se determinó que la inversión inicial en la constitución de la empresa es de S/47, 440.00 el ingreso generado por las ventas el primer año sería de s/428 400.00, por lo tanto, el monto de la inversión se recuperaría antes. Por ello se considera ser un negocio viable en el mercado. / Tesis

The aim of this Master thesis is to make a survey of the public library staff-relations at work and discuss relationship marketing as it applies to public libraries. Relationship marketing involves the establishment, maintenance and development of users and other library-related relationships, including the relations among the library staff itself. Good relations among the library staff is a necessary condition for good relations with others. The focus of relationship marketing is at the user’s needs, wants and demands instead of the library collections and services. The method used is qualitative case study: semi-structured interviews with the library staff (librarians, assistants and a library manager), observation of the public library’s physical environment and analysis of documents directing the library activities. Among other things the study points out that the public library is appropriate for relationship marketing, partly because the library staff daily handles many relations and partly because the library staff is very service minded. However to live up to all the principles of relationship marketing they have to go further and implement a relationship marketing culture that puts the user in first place and encourages cooperation with each other and other professions. The library staff was not familiar with relationship marketing and to begin with they have to discuss what a relation is and what difference it could make working consciously with relationship marketing. / Uppsatsnivå: D

During recessions, fiscal, monetary and other credit provision policies are used together to combat falling consumption levels and stabilize output. Most such counter-cyclical stabilization policies are deemed effective when households use provided credit or cash towards raising consumption. Hence, a deep understanding of consumer finance is central to understanding how and when such counter-cyclical stabilization policies work, and when they do not. In my dissertation, I focus primarily on one set of stabilization policies; namely fiscal stimulus. I provide particular empirical and theoretical insight into how consumers manage their finances and in particular liquidity levels, and how this behavior is connected to the effectiveness of fiscal policy during balance sheet recessions. I also discuss how the definition of effectiveness itself may need to undergo some revisions as applied to a balance sheet recession. Chapter 1 ``Heterogeneity in effectiveness of fiscal stimulus: The Economic Stimulus Payments of 2008" empirically investigates regional heterogeneity in the effectiveness of fiscal rebates during recessions characterized by housing crises. While general estimates of the effectiveness have been measured in previous literature, the state dependence of such effectiveness to the particular type of business cycle state (for example depth of regional housing crisis) is unknown. I first provide a description of the 2008 recession, and the history of recent fiscal policies along with the institutional arrangement of the fiscal stimulus policies enacted during the time. I next review the relevant empirical literature on fiscal policy effectiveness. I then describe the empirical methodology to estimate the effectiveness of fiscal rebate policies in 2008 and their regional heterogeneity. Using a special module of the Nielsen Consumer Panel which surveys households about their 2008 Economic Stimulus Payments, I show that households' marginal propensity to consume (MPC) out of these rebates was significantly lower in zipcodes with larger declines in housing prices. This pattern holds for both households with liquid assets and for those without. This highlights a novel finding compared to the previous literature; fiscal policy effectiveness is not explained solely by the behavior of households without liquid assets. These findings are not caused by differences in socio-economic and other observable characteristics and are robust to the use of a topology based instrument for housing price changes. Finally, I show that the results are driven by the difference in reported vs. revealed preference for reported savers and deleveragers in the hardest hit areas. Chapter 2 ``Policy and Theoretical Implications of Regional Heterogeneity in Fiscal Stimulus Effectiveness" investigates how the findings in Chapter 1 square with policy implications and consumption theory. On the policy side, I discuss how this result creates a policy dilemma, where fiscal stimulus may have been least effective in stimulating nondurable consumption in precisely the regions experiencing the worst recession. This underscores potential tradeoffs between the utilitarian and aggregate demand stabilization motives for rebate provision and the need to add nuance to the definition of fiscal policy effectiveness. On the theory side, I revisit the theoretical consumption literature and describe its predictions for MPC in a time of lower incomes and wealth. In particular, I look at how the negative relation between MPC and house price decline is at odds with the predictions of canonical buffer-stock models, which predict a higher MPC in worse affected regions. Next, I build a state of the art heterogeneous agent life cycle model, which features adjustment costs, long term debt and a default option, and calibrate it to regional variation in housing price declines, unemployment risk and income declines. I discuss newer mechanisms which could potentially match the empirical results. In reality, I show that even such a model substantially overestimates the effectiveness of fiscal stimulus in the worst affected regions. I explore the reasons behind such a mismatch, including the lack of marginal deleveraging in the model. Finally, I use data from the Michigan Survey of Consumers to rule out regional variation in permanent expectations as a key variable which could reconcile the findings in the data. Overall, the findings remain unreconciled with standard consumption theory, even after the augmentation of modern and realistic elements. Chapter 3 ``Evolution of Hand to Mouth Households (2007-09) and Lessons" continues on the theme of household liquidity which has been analyzed significantly to understand fiscal policy. A key parameter in the previous literature has been the proportion of illiquid households with housing wealth (also called wealthy hand to mouth households) who are important in understanding fiscal policy effectiveness. Two separate strands of the literature have emphasized either the role of permanent characteristics or income and wealth shocks (circumstance) in determining such status. In light of this, I document three new and robust findings. First, the overall proportion of such wealthy hand to mouth households stayed constant during the early years of the Great Recession. Second, there was massive underlying movement between various groups underneath the overall numbers. Third, households who built liquidity buffers had significantly larger losses to housing wealth and smaller losses to permanent income expectations. They also achieved this improvement in liquidity through methods other than the extraction of illiquid assets. This implies households who build liquidity buffers during housing crisis recessions do so through cutting consumption sharply. Taken together, these findings imply a) that both circumstantial and characteristics views on household liquidity are important, and b) that consumption models with net illiquid assets cannot match central facts for balance sheet recessions. This is because they predict households building liquidity buffers through extraction of illiquid wealth, which is unavailable during such recessions. In contrast, models with asset valuation effects do a better job of matching the liquidity management decisions of households. The goal of my research is to inform debates on fiscal policy effectiveness and the linkages to household liquidity. Future recessions with limitations on conventional monetary policy will especially be important times when these debates will play out. I hope this research provides useful information in the design and analysis of future counter-cyclical fiscal policies.

This thesis explores the material and non-material transfers from and to two rural settings in Andean Ecuador. Within the broad realm of the research on remittances, it explores in depth the type, nature, composition, uses, meanings, re-workings and negotiations of the transfers between migrant and non-migrant villagers. Two villages in the Ecuadorian highland provinces of Azuay and Loja are the main research locations. These two provinces receive high remittance transfers, albeit from different origins: remittances to Azuay mainly originate in the US, whereas remittances to Loja are very likely to come from Spain and Italy. Due to very different socio-cultural features and different forms of migrants' integration in the two destination areas, these two highland Ecuadorian provinces provide an excellent comparative context to research material and social remittances. Fieldwork was carried out in migrants' villages of origin as well as in their new places of residence. This multi-sited ethnography was supported by a mixed-method approach involving a questionnaire (to gather information about material remittances), interviews (to shed light on social remittances) and participant observation (to provide the broader context for comprehending nuances in the data). This research incorporates socio-demographic variables, such as gender, family structure and generation, in the analysis of material remittances. The relationship between remittance senders and receivers, that is usually overlooked, is regarded as a very important locus of power and negotiations. A refined typology of material remittances, taking into account remittance senders, receivers and non-receivers, is also provided. Finally, there is a microethnographic account of material remittances' uses which problematizes over-simplistic pictures of remittance expenditure by embedding remittances into broader socio-cultural contexts. Surprisingly, given the large amount of academic work on remittances, there are still unexplored areas. Social remittances are one such area. By systematically researching social remittances, this thesis adds to the limited existing theoretical knowledge on social remittances, providing new information on their creation and content.

La investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los factores críticos que afectan el desarrollo de la competencia de los registradores civiles, estudiando el proceso de la capacitación realizado por el Reniec en el período 2014, con el propósito de formular una propuesta que contribuya a mejorar la ejecución del programa de capacitación, a fin de reducir los errores en que puedan incurrir los registradores civiles durante el ejercicio de su función. Para este estudio, se utilizaron diferentes técnicas que facilitaron la recopilación de la información y se analizaron los resultados producto de la investigación. La información permitió verificar si el programa de capacitación respondía a las necesidades de los registradores civiles. En ese sentido, uno de los hallazgos de la investigación evidencia las características socioculturales de los registradores civiles para adecuar una metodología educativa oportuna y acorde a sus necesidades de aprendizaje. Desde el campo de la Gerencia Social que estudia las políticas, programas y proyectos sociales, se toma en consideración los conocimientos, habilidades y herramientas para evaluar la calidad, eficiencia y eficacia del programa de capacitación; por ende, la importancia de esta investigación radica en valorar el potencial humano del registrador civil que se traslucirá en el servicio ofrecido tanto en la consignación de los hechos vitales y modificatorios del estado civil, así como en la calidad de atención al ciudadano, cuyo propósito es formalizar la identidad que conllevará al ejercicio de los deberes y derechos del individuo. El plan de mejora propuesto incorpora los elementos relacionados a la metodología de la enseñanza, al contenido de los materiales educativos y al perfil del docente. / Tesis