The composition of society is rapidly changing as the elderly population is increasing dramatically. In South Africa, black grandmothers play an important role in intergenerational relationships as they take on the responsibility of caring for their young grandchildren because of HIV/Aids, migration of the parents or other economic difficulties. As the grandmothers and the children are raised in different time–periods, it can be difficult for them to understand one another. Since healthy relationships with older persons in the early years lead to secure attachments, the relationship between grandmother and grandchild holds serious implications for the development and view of the world of the child. Research of this nature can help to develop healthy connections with a younger generation which again can help older adults to feel a greater sense of fulfilment. In fact, linking older adults with youth can provide advantages for both generations to thrive as people. Understanding the developmental life tasks and cognitive development of the generations can also assist to effectively deal with different perspectives of the interactions and communication processes between grandmothers and their grandchildren, thus helping both generations to thrive as people. Healthy interaction between grandmothers and grandchildren are guided by clear structure, which means that grandmothers can provide a trustworthy and predictable interpersonal environment to assist their grandchildren to define and clarify their experiences, whislt nurturance implies that grandmothers are warm, tender, soothing, calming, and comforting. When engaging with the grandchildren, one can say that grandmothers provide excitement, surprise and stimulation and simultaneously challenge the children which means that grandmothers encourage grandchildren to expand their behavioural repertoire and become more independent. Grandmother ? grandchildren interactions are informed by specific parenting styles which are referred to as a group of attitudes toward children that create an emotional climate in which the intergenerational relationships between the two generations are expressed. The manner, therefore in which grandmothers and grandchildren communicate with each other, as well as the content of the conversations, help to shed light on the nature of the relationship between the two generations. This research aims to gain a better understanding as well as different perspectives of the interactions and communication processes between grandmothers and their grandchildren. A convenience sample was employed to obtain 17 grandparents between 71 and 96 years and older, and their grandchildren in their care, boys and girls between ages 4 and 13 years old. The criterion was the availability of participants on the specific day of data gathering. The intergenerational reflective listening technique (IGRT) was used for data gathering while both generations are present. In terms of the IGRT, the researcher requested the children to sit in an inner circle and answer questions about the important places that their grandmothers tell them about. The researcher also explored the manner in which this information was communicated to the children. As the study involved older persons and very young children, special attention was paid to ethical considerations. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the North–West University, Potchefstroom Campus, as part of a larger project, being: “An exploration of enabling contexts (05K14).” The main finding of the study is that type of information which is transferred from the grandmother to the younger generation is educational in nature with instrumental support as a sign of love and care. The grandmothers teach the children norms, values and life principles. During the younger age, children conform to the teachings of the grandmothers, which evoke feelings of pride and appreciation from the grandmothers. This confirms solidarity in the relationship. On the other hand, the same relational definition does not apply to the young adults and the grandmothers explained their strained relationship with the young adults as out of their control. It is also clear that the way the two generations display love and affection are instrumental in nature. Although the IGRT is considered as an effective method of collecting data of this nature, the limited time available for this study resulted in the collecting of only one data set. One of the recommendations is further study with more than one group of participants. This includes grandmothers with young grandchildren as well as grandmothers with younger adults. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

L’indagine svolta si è proposta di realizzare un’analisi sistematica dell’illecito della persona giuridica, così come delineato dal decreto legislativo 231/2001, con lo scopo di ricercare, da un lato, un ordine metodologico funzionale alla lettura critica del concetto di colpa organizzativa e di evidenziare, dall’altro, i tratti di eccentricità – o di continuità strutturale – rispetto al modello della colpa penale pensato per la persona fisica. Il lavoro – che si è avvalso altresì del raffronto con la nozione di corporate criminal liability elaborata nell’ordinamento inglese – ha dimostrato come l’illecito della corporation ricalchi, benché con le peculiarità proprie del paradigma, le caratteristiche strutturali del tipo colposo d’evento, presentandosi anzitutto come inadempimento di un dovere prudenziale al quale segue la verificazione di un fatto lesivo in cui si concretizza il rischio specifico che lo standard cautelare era volto a scongiurare. All’analisi degli elementi costitutivi dell’illecito della persona giuridica hanno fatto seguito alcune proposte di revisione del sistema, sulla base delle problematiche e degli spunti emersi in relazione al meccanismo ascrittivo della responsabilità, ai criteri di verificabilità empirica del modello organizzativo, nonché all’ambito di estensione soggettiva della disciplina. / This research proposal aims to analyse the specific paradigm of corporate criminal responsibility with special regard to its consistency with the requirements of criminal negligence. The analysis has shown that the corporate crime foreseen by Legislative Decree No. 231/2001 should be considered as a “special” offense of negligence which essentially acts as a breach of a precautionary duty: namely, a violation of a rule with precautionary objectives that imposes to the corporation the adoption of compliance programs aimed to prevent the occurrence of harmful events. The research aspires – from a de jure condendo viewpoint and by using a comparative approach focused on the English system of corporate criminal liability – to elaborate some reform proposals in order to modulate the culpability criteria on the type of offense that may actually occur and in relation to the judicial determination of adequacy of compliance programs.

Intergenerational relationships can be defined as interactions between members of different generations. There are two different groups of intergenerational relationships, historical and familial. The familial relationship consists of members who are familially related, while historical generations can be viewed as a cohort, or a group of people who have experienced similar historical events, because they are the same age or have lived through the same historical period. Most research in South Africa has focused on intergenerational relationships among African families. Research into these families highlights the role of grandparents as people with wisdom, life experience and the educative relationship they have with their grandchildren. Grandchildren, on the other hand, have to take care of their grandparents and respect them as older people. Members of the different generations provide social support, despite the fact that they are not familially-related. The norms that guided the interactions between these two generations provide individuals with a sense of continuity and stability. Social theories regarding intergenerational relationships are: the solidarity model, the solidarity and conflict model, and ambivalence. Current theories from the psychological perspective are: intergenerational intelligence and self-interactional group theory (SIGT). Little research has been conducted into intergenerational relationships among white familial generations in South Africa even though the phenomenon has been widely researched internationally. In order to establish the nature of the intergenerational relationship, young adults’ lived experiences of their relationships with older people was the focus of this research. This focus has been motivated by the fact that young adults and older people can benefit from effective intergenerational relationships; young adults provide a source of physical and emotional care for older people, where the older person in turn provide a source of affirmation and shared experience for young adults. This research is further motivated by the fact that it cannot be assumed that white generations in South Africa are necessarily following international trends. The study was conducted at the North-West University, at Potchefstroom in South Africa. Psychology Honours students were purposively selected to participate because of their age group as young adults, and their knowledge of human behaviour. It was thought that their description of their relational experiences would be of particular interest. Nineteen young adults (eighteen women and one man) aged 21 to 30 formed part of the study. Ethical approval for the research was obtained from North-West University. The participants gave informed consent that their participation was voluntary, and that they had been made aware that they could withdraw from the study at any time for whatever reason without any negative consequences. They were provided with the materials of the Mmogo-method®, which consist of clay, straws and colourful beads, and were invited to make a visual representation of their relationship with a person older than 60 years. When all the participants had completed their visual presentations, the researcher asked what each had made and why they had made it. An informal group discussion was conducted after each participant had told the others what they had made. During the discussion participants shared their subjective view of their experiences of their relationship with older people. The researcher employed visual data analysis and discourse analysis to analyse the data. Different guidelines were applied to ensure the trustworthiness of the research process and the findings. The results revealed that young adults experienced four types of relationships, which are presented as typologies. The two axes which describe the four types of relationships are: intimacy (physical and emotional) or distance and empathy or judgemental. The four types of intergenerational relationships that emerged from the combination of the different axes were: effective, normative-guided, ineffective, and double-bind. These findings can be used to develop programmes and interventions to promote intergenerational relationships. They also provide an opportunity for cross-cultural and international data to be compared with the four different relationship types. / MA (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Intergenerational relationships can be defined as interactions between members of different generations. There are two different groups of intergenerational relationships, historical and familial. The familial relationship consists of members who are familially related, while historical generations can be viewed as a cohort, or a group of people who have experienced similar historical events, because they are the same age or have lived through the same historical period. Most research in South Africa has focused on intergenerational relationships among African families. Research into these families highlights the role of grandparents as people with wisdom, life experience and the educative relationship they have with their grandchildren. Grandchildren, on the other hand, have to take care of their grandparents and respect them as older people. Members of the different generations provide social support, despite the fact that they are not familially-related. The norms that guided the interactions between these two generations provide individuals with a sense of continuity and stability. Social theories regarding intergenerational relationships are: the solidarity model, the solidarity and conflict model, and ambivalence. Current theories from the psychological perspective are: intergenerational intelligence and self-interactional group theory (SIGT). Little research has been conducted into intergenerational relationships among white familial generations in South Africa even though the phenomenon has been widely researched internationally. In order to establish the nature of the intergenerational relationship, young adults’ lived experiences of their relationships with older people was the focus of this research. This focus has been motivated by the fact that young adults and older people can benefit from effective intergenerational relationships; young adults provide a source of physical and emotional care for older people, where the older person in turn provide a source of affirmation and shared experience for young adults. This research is further motivated by the fact that it cannot be assumed that white generations in South Africa are necessarily following international trends. The study was conducted at the North-West University, at Potchefstroom in South Africa. Psychology Honours students were purposively selected to participate because of their age group as young adults, and their knowledge of human behaviour. It was thought that their description of their relational experiences would be of particular interest. Nineteen young adults (eighteen women and one man) aged 21 to 30 formed part of the study. Ethical approval for the research was obtained from North-West University. The participants gave informed consent that their participation was voluntary, and that they had been made aware that they could withdraw from the study at any time for whatever reason without any negative consequences. They were provided with the materials of the Mmogo-method®, which consist of clay, straws and colourful beads, and were invited to make a visual representation of their relationship with a person older than 60 years. When all the participants had completed their visual presentations, the researcher asked what each had made and why they had made it. An informal group discussion was conducted after each participant had told the others what they had made. During the discussion participants shared their subjective view of their experiences of their relationship with older people. The researcher employed visual data analysis and discourse analysis to analyse the data. Different guidelines were applied to ensure the trustworthiness of the research process and the findings. The results revealed that young adults experienced four types of relationships, which are presented as typologies. The two axes which describe the four types of relationships are: intimacy (physical and emotional) or distance and empathy or judgemental. The four types of intergenerational relationships that emerged from the combination of the different axes were: effective, normative-guided, ineffective, and double-bind. These findings can be used to develop programmes and interventions to promote intergenerational relationships. They also provide an opportunity for cross-cultural and international data to be compared with the four different relationship types. / MA (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Esta tese se propõe a analisar a extensão do compliance no direito penal na perspectiva da Lei de Lavagem de Dinheiro, de forma restrita ao setor das instituições financeiras. Partindo de considerações sobre a origem das medidas de combate à lavagem, demonstraremos a sua evolução até o ponto em que resultaram nas normas de compliance. Assim, uma vez que o assunto será examinado sob o ângulo criminal será tratado como criminal compliance, sendo mantida a terminologia na língua inglesa para que o direito penal possa ter uma maior ingerência no setor das instituições financeiras. Acerca da Lei de Lavagem de Dinheiro não serão feitas indagações tradicionais, ocupando-se esta tese em analisar o tema no viés da globalização, e dos efeitos que a evolução tecnológica impulsionada principalmente pelo surgimento da internet imprimiu às transações realizadas pelas instituições financeiras, que provaremos ser o ambiente propício para o processo de lavagem. O objetivo central desta pesquisa é individualizar a responsabilidade criminal por omissão decorrente do descumprimento dos deveres de compliance impostos aos bancos pela Lei de Lavagem de Dinheiro. O protagonista dos deveres de compliance na instituição financeira é o compliance officer, que em razão do cargo é o responsável por velar por um especial círculo de interesses nas instituições financeiras, e por afastar do perigo os bens jurídicos de terceiros e da coletividade; nesse aspecto, serão delimitadas as consequências jurídico-penais dessa função de garante. A criação de um tipo penal para o descumprimento das regras legais de compliance, a tipificação da lavagem culposa, e o acréscimo ao crime de lavagem de dinheiro de uma atenuante específica são trazidos à discussão. / Questa tesi si occupa di analizzare la dimensione del compliance nel diritto penale sulla prospettiva delle leggi di riciclaggio di denaro nel settore delle istituzioni finanziarie. Iniziando dall\'origine delle misure di contrasto al reato di riciclaggio del denaro, verrà dimostrato il loro sviluppo sino alle norme di complence. Cosi, una volta che questo punto diventerà osservato sotto lAngulo del diritto penale, saranno trattati come criminal complience, mantenendo la terminologia nella lingua inglese affinché il diritto penale possa avere una maggiore ingerenza nel settore delle istituzioni finanziarie. Non verranno effettuate indagini tradizionali sulla legge di riciclaggio, occupandosi il presente studio (tesi) di analizzare l\'argomento dal punto di vista della globalizzazione, delle innovazioni tecnologiche soprattutto dopo l\'avvento di internet che verrà dimostrato essere l\'ambiente più favorevole per il procedimento di riciclaggio del denaro. L\'obiettivo centrale di questa ricerca sarà quello di individuare la responsabilità penale per omissione derivante dalla violazione dei doveri di compliance nell\'ambito delle leggi contro il riciclaggio del denaro. Il responsabile dei doveri di compliance nelle istituzioni finanziarie è il compliance officer che svolge il ruolo di tutelare gli interessi delle anzidette istituzioni finanziarie tenendo lontano dal pericolo i beni della istituzione stessa. Su questo aspetto verranno quindi definite le conseguenze penali per il \"garante\" in caso di violazione di norme. La creazione di un reato specifico per la violazione delle norme sul compliance, la creazione della fattispecie colposa nell\'ambito del diritto penale, l\'aumento del riciclaggio del denaro successivo all\'avvento dell\'era di internet oltre che delle specifiche attenuanti normativamente previste.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:46:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla_Silva_Avila_Dissertacao.pdf: 16712733 bytes, checksum: 8b897056f191336bf22775608c103cc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-15 / Ce travail traite des organisations religieuses et politique de la ville de Pelotas. On a plongée intense dans les maisons de la religion africaine, fréquentée par les activistes noirs du mouvement. Afin de réaliser l'interface entre les domaines de la participation politique au champ de la religion. On a accompagné des pratiques rituelles quotidiennes qui servent de base d'une compréhension de la philosophie politique de la pratique de la religion. On a commencé avec la notion du mileu pour comprendre les points d'intersection de l'action sociale et politique avec les pratiques religieuses entre militants du mouvement noir, comme les fils et filles de la religion, les spectateurs des centres religieux. Plus conclusions peuvent être remarquées comme les points et les stratégies d'action politique qui vont au-delà de la lutte contre la discrimination ethnique et raciale ou la lutte contre le racisme. Ainsi, on a trouvé une philosophie politique qui imprègne des secteurs particuliers de la société, notamment sur l'intolérance religieuse et la défense de la santé / O presente trabalho parte das organizações afro-políticas da cidade de Pelotas até o mergulhar intensamente no universo das casas de religião de matriz africana freqüentadas por militantes do movimento negro. No intuito de perceber a interface entre os campos da participação política com o campo da religião, acompanhou-se o dia a dia de práticas rituais que servem como base do entendimento de uma filosofia política da prática desta religiosidade. Parte-se da noção de encruzilhada para compreender os pontos de intersecção da ação social e política com práticas religiosas, tantos dos militantes do movimento negro, como dos filhos e filhas de religião, freqüentadores dos centros afro-religiosos. Mais que conclusões, notam-se pontos e estratégias de ação política que vão para além das lutas contra a discriminação étnicoracial ou pelo combate ao racismo. Desse modo, percebe-se uma filosofia política particular que permeia setores da sociedade, principalmente no que tange à saúde, ao meio ambiente e à intolerância religiosa

La ricerca rappresenta lo studio delle prospettive e dei limiti delle strategie di contrasto alla criminalità agroalimentare, in particolare su larga scala, in una prospettiva anche sovrannazionale. Lo studio suggerisce alcune proposte in tema di criminalità economica agroalimentare e responsabilità delle persone giuridiche. / The research represents the study of the perspectives and limits of strategies to combat agri-food crime, in particular on a large scale, also in a supranational perspective. The study suggests some proposals regarding agri-food economic crime and corporate liability.

La tesi propone una ricognizione dei principali contributi sulla riflessione sviluppatasi attorno al nesso tra cittadinanza attiva, partecipazione e volontariato delle persone di origine straniera.  Il quadro teorico di riferimento integra il paradigma della sociologia relazionale e quello dell’approccio delle capabilities - i quali sono stati usati in un’ottica di complementarietà - nell’idea di unire la dimensione sociale, partecipativa e relazionale della cittadinanza alla richiesta di quest’ultima di essere continuamente sostenuta affinché possa configurarsi in termini di cittadinanza competente. L’analisi è stata condotta con metodologia qualitativa e, nello specifico, attraverso la realizzazione due studi di caso afferenti a esperienze di attivazione di persone di origine straniera all’interno di realtà di volontariato organizzato, nell’intento di identificare gli elementi facilitanti e ostacolanti la messa in atto di pratiche di cittadinanza attiva. I risultati più significativi riguardano: a) l’esigenza di approfondire la presenza di impliciti culturali stanti la diversa semantizzazione della pratica del volontariato delle persone di origine straniera, affinché la promozione di azioni di cittadinanza attiva trovi senso e spazio all’interno di una cornice di riferimento condivisa, b) l’importanza di policy integrate e condivise che riconoscano il ruolo chiave della società di accoglienza nel processo di integrazione. / The present study focuses on the nexus between active citizenship, social participation and Third Country Nationals volunteering in non-ethnic organizations. The theoretical framework integrates the paradigm of relational sociology and the capability approach with the specific aim to integrate the social, participatory and relational dimension of citizenship with its request to be continuously supported by the different actors of the civil society, so that it can configure itself as a competent citizenship. The analysis is done by conducting two case studies focusing on the experience of engagement of Third Country Nationals in non-ethnic voluntary organization, in order to identify factors and conditions promoting or hindering the implementation of active citizenship practices. Main results concern: a) the importance to take into consideration the diverse concepts of and attitude towards volunteering and the implicit cultural understandings of volunteering which affect the way in which volunteering is practiced and understood within society and b) the key role of the receiving society into the integration process of migrant.

Ageing in Africa and the world over is a phenomenon that affects individuals and societies. The expanding older population (people aged 60+) in South Africa led to this research, which represents an attempt to explore the experiences of loneliness of older persons in Africa and thereby gain some understanding of the subjective experiences of loneliness of a group of older African persons in their socio–cultural context. Defining loneliness from the existing literature was challenging since it became evident that loneliness in the literature is defined and researched largely in terms of individual meanings attached to the concept, and the applicability of such individual meanings to an African context remains unconfirmed. Experiences of loneliness are not well known among older Setwana–speaking persons, and few studies have focused on collectivistic experiences as such. Loneliness is considered a complex, contextual experience that goes beyond the individual and also includes culture as an inseparable aspect of people’s lives. Conceptualising loneliness as a socially constructed phenomenon places this study within the paradigm of phenomenology exploring people’s experiences. The philosophy of ubuntu relates to being in the world among others thus creating the concept of a social self. In essence, to be a self, one has to belong to a community, and one is always contextualised as an existence among others in interaction. A qualitative design was used together with a purposive convenience sampling method whereby the participants were selected on the basis of their availability during the research period. The participants’ ages ranged from 61 up to 73, and the sample included 16 female and two male participants. Two data sets were collected at different times from members of the Day Care Centre for the Aged in Ikageng, Potchefstroom, South Africa, as well as community residents who did not attend the centre. Various qualitative techniques were used to collect the data including the Mmogo–methodTM, in–depth individual interviews and focus groups. Multiple methods were employed for analysing the data including phenomenological analysis, key–words–in–context and analysis strategies as stipulated by the Mmogo–methodTM. The rigour of the data was enhanced through the use of diverse qualitative data–gathering methods as well as an array of qualitative analysis methods in a process known as crystallisation. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the North–West University, Potchefstroom Campus, under a larger project, “An exploration of enabling contexts (05K14)”. The researchers constructed two main themes from the findings: descriptions of loneliness and coping with loneliness. Loneliness related to the self and to others, and coping with loneliness involved actively engaging with the environment, being with others and using coping strategies. Some of the findings are linked to the existing literature, and some are unique relating to being with others and including social embeddedness as a multi–layered phenomenon connected to experiences of loneliness - it is here where the literature falls short in clarifying the findings within our context. Suggestions are made for future research, and some of the limitations of the study are pointed out. To conclude: Loneliness is a multi–dimensional phenomenon that older Batswana people experience on many levels of engagement with and disengagement from the self and others. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Ageing in Africa and the world over is a phenomenon that affects individuals and societies. The expanding older population (people aged 60+) in South Africa led to this research, which represents an attempt to explore the experiences of loneliness of older persons in Africa and thereby gain some understanding of the subjective experiences of loneliness of a group of older African persons in their socio–cultural context. Defining loneliness from the existing literature was challenging since it became evident that loneliness in the literature is defined and researched largely in terms of individual meanings attached to the concept, and the applicability of such individual meanings to an African context remains unconfirmed. Experiences of loneliness are not well known among older Setwana–speaking persons, and few studies have focused on collectivistic experiences as such. Loneliness is considered a complex, contextual experience that goes beyond the individual and also includes culture as an inseparable aspect of people’s lives. Conceptualising loneliness as a socially constructed phenomenon places this study within the paradigm of phenomenology exploring people’s experiences. The philosophy of ubuntu relates to being in the world among others thus creating the concept of a social self. In essence, to be a self, one has to belong to a community, and one is always contextualised as an existence among others in interaction. A qualitative design was used together with a purposive convenience sampling method whereby the participants were selected on the basis of their availability during the research period. The participants’ ages ranged from 61 up to 73, and the sample included 16 female and two male participants. Two data sets were collected at different times from members of the Day Care Centre for the Aged in Ikageng, Potchefstroom, South Africa, as well as community residents who did not attend the centre. Various qualitative techniques were used to collect the data including the Mmogo–methodTM, in–depth individual interviews and focus groups. Multiple methods were employed for analysing the data including phenomenological analysis, key–words–in–context and analysis strategies as stipulated by the Mmogo–methodTM. The rigour of the data was enhanced through the use of diverse qualitative data–gathering methods as well as an array of qualitative analysis methods in a process known as crystallisation. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the North–West University, Potchefstroom Campus, under a larger project, “An exploration of enabling contexts (05K14)”. The researchers constructed two main themes from the findings: descriptions of loneliness and coping with loneliness. Loneliness related to the self and to others, and coping with loneliness involved actively engaging with the environment, being with others and using coping strategies. Some of the findings are linked to the existing literature, and some are unique relating to being with others and including social embeddedness as a multi–layered phenomenon connected to experiences of loneliness - it is here where the literature falls short in clarifying the findings within our context. Suggestions are made for future research, and some of the limitations of the study are pointed out. To conclude: Loneliness is a multi–dimensional phenomenon that older Batswana people experience on many levels of engagement with and disengagement from the self and others. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.