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Bakgrund: Att skada sig själv är ingen ny företeelse utan tvärtom ett gammalt fenomen. I Sverige är det svårt att uppskatta antalet personer som skadar sig eftersom det finns få studier gjorda och för att det finns ett stort mörkertal som aldrig uppmärksammas. Att skära sig i huden är förmodligen det vanligaste sättet att skada sig på och orsakerna till självskadebeteendet varierar. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva omvårdnad av patienter med självskadebeteende. Metod: Studien är baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras ur två olika perspektiv, omvårdnad ur patientperspektiv och omvårdnad ur personalperspektiv. Patienterna ville bli behandlade med värdighet, och att någon fanns till hands upplevdes betydelsefullt. Personalen försökte se människan bakom skadan och menade att grunden till en god omvårdnad byggde på empati där förförståelsen skulle läggas åt sidan. Diskussion: Det mest betydelsefulla var att se patienten som en människa och inte bara som en person med problem. Om personalen var empatisk uppnåddes tillit och förtroende. / Background: Self-harm is not a new problem, it´s rather an old phenomenon. In Sweden, it is difficult to estimate the number of people who harm themselves. There are few studies done and there is a large dark figure that is difficult to estimate. To cut the skin is probably the most common way to inflict self-harm and the causes varies. Purpose: The purpose of the literature study was to describe nursing care of patients with self-injury behaviour. Method: The study is based on 10 scientific articles. Result: The result is presented from two perspectives; nursing care from the patient perspective and from the nursing staff perspective. Patients wishes to be treated with dignity, and that someone being available was important. The staff tried to see the person behind the injury, and the caring was based on empathy, where the understanding of the behaviour should be set aside. Discussion: The most important objective was to see the patient as a person and not just as a person with problems. If the staff were empathetic, trust and confidence was achieved.

In Lithuania, as well as in other countries, psychological studies on time perspective are still making their first steps. Currently, no theoretical paradigm is extensive enough to serve well as a basis for further fundamental and applied research in this field. The goal of this study was to explore the link between time perspective and personality traits in different gender and age groups. To analyse time perspective and personality traits, two independent studies were carried out (N=636 in Study 1, N=153 in Study 2, samples heterogeneous in terms of gender and age). The findings support the assumption that time perspective might be classified as a personality trait. Time perspective and personality traits were found to be closely related, moreover, the results have revealed certain characteristics of time perspective development. In addition, gender differences in time perspective were explored and, finally, an analysis of the relationship between time perspective and certain behavioural variables (alcohol use, smoking, subjective health rating, etc.) was conducted. / Tiek užsienyje, tiek Lietuvoje psichologiniai laiko perspektyvos tyrimai tik prasideda, nėra nė vienos išbaigtos teorinės paradigmos, kuria remdamiesi šios problemos tyrėjai galėtų telktis fundamentaliems ir taikomiesiems tyrimams. Šio tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti vyrų ir moterų laiko perspektyvos sąsajas su asmenybės bruožais skirtingais amžiaus tarpsniais. Buvo atlikti du tyrimai, kuriuose dalyvavo 636 ir 153 žmonės (abiejų lyčių, įvairaus amžiaus), buvo tirta jų laiko perspektyva ir asmenybės bruožai. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia daryti išvadą, kad laiko perspektyva, tikėtina, yra asmenybės bruožas. Nustatytos tamprios sąsajos tarp laiko perspektyvos ir asmenybės bruožų, tyrimo rezultatai leidžia spręsti apie kai kuriuos laiko perspektyvos raidos ypatumus. Išnagrinėti laiko perspektyvos skirtumai vyrų ir moterų grupėse, taip pat laiko perspektyvos sąsajos su asmens elgesio kintamaisiais (alkoholio vartojimu, rūkymu, subjektyviu sveikatos vertinimu ir kt.).

Wind power is often presented as a technique for energy production with many environmental benefits, especially since it does not emit any carbon dioxide. Most people are generally positive towards wind power. But when a wind farm is to be implemented on a local level, often resistance occurs. This study investigates how and why local perceptions of a wind farm differ. A qualitative method using interviews was chosen, and the focus has been on an area where a wind farm was planned. The results reveal that advocates have a users’ perspective on nature, while opponents have a conservation perspective. Advocates believe wind power can contribute to a better environment, while opponents believe that preserving natural areas is the best for the environment. Moreover, living in a calm landscape is part of the opponents’ identity, while the identities of the advocates, who often are active farmers, are connected to their ability to live from the land. Thirdly, whether a person recognizes the need for a change towards a renewable energy system or not also matters for the attitude. According to previous research, a person’s relationship to the landscape is of crucial importance for her/his attitude towards wind power implementation, and this is confirmed in the current study. Research also stresses that the visual impact of wind turbines is usually what creates most resistance, but this is not supported. The roles of information and citizen participation, which previous research found significant, are not confirmed as important either: Both were deficient, but this study cannot determine whether a better managed planning process would have made some of the interviewees more positive to it or not. Definitely, the claims from earlier research that Not-In-My-Back-Yard (NIMBY) motives are rarely the reason for resistance are supported.

The purpose of this thesis is to show how the theory and practice of credibility can bene t statistical modeling. The task was, fundamentally, to derive models that could provide the best estimate of the losses for any given class and also to assess the variability of the losses, both from a class perspective as well as from an aggregate perspective. The model tting and diagnostic tests will be carried out using standard statistical packages. A case study that predicts the number of deaths due to cancer is considered, utilizing data furnished by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Several credibility models are used, including Bayesian, B uhlmann and B uhlmann-Straub approaches, which are useful in a wide range of actuarial applications.

The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of a shortened version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in an African context. This self-report questionnaire, referred to as the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory -Revised Form (ZTPI-RF) consists of 20 items representing the five subscales of the original scale, namely: Past-Positive, Past-Negative, Present-Hedonistic, Present-Fatalistic and Future. The ZTPI-RF was completed by participants (N=1050) from urban (n=451) and rural (n=599) areas in the North-West Province of South Africa, together with a number of measures of psychological well-being. These scales, which were included for criterion-related validity purposes, were the Affectometer 2 (short version) (Kammann & Flett, 1983), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985), Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987, 1993) and the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). Results regarding the reliability and construct validity of the ZTPI-RF and its subscales were unsatisfactory. Qualitative data was also obtained, and analyzed by means of direct content analysis to help establish a picture of how time perspective prevails in an African context, and to determine whether time perspective is associated with psychological well-being. Qualitative results showed that participants from an African context were strongly oriented toward the present and that social support played the most prominent role regarding participants' attitude toward the present. It was concluded that the ZTPI-RF is, in its current form, not reliable for the determination of time perspective of individuals from an African context, and that a longitudinal qualitative approach might be best suited to obtain information about the nature and dynamics of time perspective in an African context. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of a shortened version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in an African context. This self-report questionnaire, referred to as the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory -Revised Form (ZTPI-RF) consists of 20 items representing the five subscales of the original scale, namely: Past-Positive, Past-Negative, Present-Hedonistic, Present-Fatalistic and Future. The ZTPI-RF was completed by participants (N=1050) from urban (n=451) and rural (n=599) areas in the North-West Province of South Africa, together with a number of measures of psychological well-being. These scales, which were included for criterion-related validity purposes, were the Affectometer 2 (short version) (Kammann & Flett, 1983), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985), Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987, 1993) and the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). Results regarding the reliability and construct validity of the ZTPI-RF and its subscales were unsatisfactory. Qualitative data was also obtained, and analyzed by means of direct content analysis to help establish a picture of how time perspective prevails in an African context, and to determine whether time perspective is associated with psychological well-being. Qualitative results showed that participants from an African context were strongly oriented toward the present and that social support played the most prominent role regarding participants' attitude toward the present. It was concluded that the ZTPI-RF is, in its current form, not reliable for the determination of time perspective of individuals from an African context, and that a longitudinal qualitative approach might be best suited to obtain information about the nature and dynamics of time perspective in an African context. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This paper presents a study of educational materials used in Swedish language education. The aim of the study is to understand in which way multimodal resources can be used in texts, to benefit in the process of meaning making among pupils in the nine-year compulsory school. The theoretical framework used as a basis for understanding and analysing these educational materials is the social semiotic multimodal perspective and the design theoretical multimodal perspective. The study is a multimodal text analysis but it also involves analyses of the syllabi connected to the subject of Swedish language education. The extended concept of text was introduced in the year of 2000 in the syllabus and today multimodal texts are supposed to be part of the Swedish language education. In course of this study the researcher found that multimodal resources can be used in different ways to benefit in the process of meaning making. The study shows that the use of resources is connected to the different aims among texts and to the affordances of meaning making resources.  The aim of texts differs among and in-between the educational materials connected to the different syllabi.  The researcher also found that the texts supposed to be included in Swedish language education has increased since the extended concept of text was introduced and according to the process of time. Pupils however, aren´t introduced to strategies for dealing with these new kinds of texts, in the same extent.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore and describe patients’ and healthcare providers’ experiences of the causes, management and interaction in the care of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Method: The thesis is based on four studies. Studies I and II contain data from an epidemiologic project involving patients who were recently diagnosed with RA. The patients answered an open-ended question about their conception of the cause of their RA (Study I). Qualitative data from 38 patients were analysed using the phenomenographic approach in order to identify variation in conceptions. The results of Study I formed the basis for categorizing the conceptions of 785 patients in the search for patterns of background factors (Study II). Study III aimed to explore how patients experienced their management of RA in everyday life. Data were collected by interviews with 16 patients and analysed according to Grounded Theory (GT). In study IV, the aim was to explore healthcare providers’ experiences of their interaction with patients’ management of RA. Data were collected by interviews with 18 providers representing different professions and analysed using GT. Findings:  Patients’ conceptions of the cause of their RA revealed new aspects from the patient perspective that can complement pathogenetic models. Two descriptive categories emerged: consequences beyond personal control and overloaded circumstances, which included six categories of conceptions (Study I). The most common conceptions of the cause of RA were unexpected effects of events followed by work and family-related stress (Study II). Background factors that influenced the conceptions of the cause were age, sex and educational level. Patient management of RA involved using personal resources together with grasping for support from others in their striving for a good life. When linking these aspects together, four ways of management emerged: mastering, struggling, relying and being resigned (Study III). Healthcare providers’ experiences of their interaction with patients’ management shed light upon the important issue of delivering knowledge and advice. The providers’ attitudes constituted one cornerstone and patients’ responses the other. The providers reported that the interaction led to different outcomes: completed delivery, adjusted delivery and failed delivery. Conclusions: The findings contribute new knowledge from both patients’ and healthcare providers’ perspectives, which could be used to develop a more person-centred approach in rheumatology care. Person-centred care involves taking patients’ beliefs and values into account in addition to creating a trusting relationship between patient and provider. A successful person-centred approach requires an organisation that supports the person-centred framework.

abstract: Recently there has been an increase in the number of people calling for the incorporation of relevant mathematics in the mathematics classroom. Unfortunately, various researchers define the term relevant mathematics differently, establishing several ideas of how relevancy can be incorporated into the classroom. The differences between mathematics education researchers' definitions of relevant and the way they believe relevant math should be implemented in the classroom, leads one to conclude that a similarly varied set of perspectives probably exists between teachers and students as well. The purpose of this exploratory study focuses on how the student and teacher perspectives on relevant mathematics in the classroom converge or diverge. Specifically, do teachers and students see the same lessons, materials, content, and approach as relevant? A survey was conducted with mathematics teachers at a suburban high school and their algebra 1 and geometry students to provide a general idea of their views on relevant mathematics. An analysis of the findings revealed three major differences: the discrepancy between frequency ratings of teachers and students, the differences between how teachers and students defined the term relevance and how the students' highest rated definitions were the least accounted for among the teacher generated questions, and finally the impact of differing attitudes towards mathematics on students' feelings towards its relevance. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Curriculum and Instruction 2012