<p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>Att skada sig själv är ingen ny företeelse utan tvärtom ett gammalt fenomen. I Sverige är det svårt att uppskatta antalet personer som skadar sig eftersom det finns få studier gjorda och för att det finns ett stort mörkertal som aldrig uppmärksammas. Att skära sig i huden är förmodligen det vanligaste sättet att skada sig på och orsakerna till självskadebeteendet varierar. <strong>Syfte</strong>: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva omvårdnad av patienter med självskadebeteende. <strong>Metod</strong>: Studien är baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar. <strong>Resultat</strong>: Resultatet presenteras ur två olika perspektiv, omvårdnad ur patientperspektiv och omvårdnad ur personalperspektiv. Patienterna ville bli behandlade med värdighet, och att någon fanns till hands upplevdes betydelsefullt. Personalen försökte se människan bakom skadan och menade att grunden till en god omvårdnad byggde på empati där förförståelsen skulle läggas åt sidan. <strong>Diskussion</strong>: Det mest betydelsefulla var att se patienten som en människa och inte bara som en person med problem. Om personalen var empatisk uppnåddes tillit och förtroende.</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Self-harm is not a new problem, it´s rather an old phenomenon. In Sweden, it is difficult to estimate the number of people who harm themselves. There are few studies done and there is a large dark figure that is difficult to estimate. To cut the skin is probably the most common way to inflict self-harm and the causes varies. <strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the literature study was to describe nursing care of patients with self-injury behaviour. <strong>Method: </strong>The study is based on 10 scientific articles. <strong>Result</strong><strong>: </strong>The result is presented from two perspectives; nursing care from the patient perspective and from the nursing staff perspective. Patients wishes to be treated with dignity, and that someone being available was important. The staff tried to see the person behind the injury, and the caring was based on empathy, where the understanding of the behaviour should be set aside. <strong>Discussion</strong>: The most important objective was to see the patient as a person and not just as a person with problems. If the staff were empathetic, trust and confidence was achieved.</p><p> </p>

The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of a shortened version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in an African context. This self-report questionnaire, referred to as the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory -Revised Form (ZTPI-RF) consists of 20 items representing the five subscales of the original scale, namely: Past-Positive, Past-Negative, Present-Hedonistic, Present-Fatalistic and Future. The ZTPI-RF was completed by participants (N=1050) from urban (n=451) and rural (n=599) areas in the North-West Province of South Africa, together with a number of measures of psychological well-being. These scales, which were included for criterion-related validity purposes, were the Affectometer 2 (short version) (Kammann & Flett, 1983), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985), Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1987, 1993) and the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). Results regarding the reliability and construct validity of the ZTPI-RF and its subscales were unsatisfactory. Qualitative data was also obtained, and analyzed by means of direct content analysis to help establish a picture of how time perspective prevails in an African context, and to determine whether time perspective is associated with psychological well-being. Qualitative results showed that participants from an African context were strongly oriented toward the present and that social support played the most prominent role regarding participants' attitude toward the present. It was concluded that the ZTPI-RF is, in its current form, not reliable for the determination of time perspective of individuals from an African context, and that a longitudinal qualitative approach might be best suited to obtain information about the nature and dynamics of time perspective in an African context. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Aims: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore and describe radiographers‟ professional competence based on patients‟ and radiographers‟ experiences and to develop a context-specific instrument to assess the level and frequency of use of radiographers‟ professional competence. Methods: The design was inductive and deductive. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The data collection methods comprised interviews (Studies I-II) and questionnaires (Studies III-IV). The subjects were patients in study I and radiographers in studies II-IV. In study I, 17 patients were interviewed about their experiences of the encounter during radiographic examinations and treatment. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. In study II, 14 radiographers were interviewed to identify radiographers‟ areas of competence. The critical incident technique was chosen to analyse the interviews. Studies III and IV were based on a national cross-sectional survey of 406 randomly selected radiographers. Study III consisted of two phases; designing the Radiographer Competence Scale (RCS) and evaluation of its psychometric properties. A 42-item questionnaire was developed and validated by a pilot test (n=16) resulting in the addition of 12 items. Thus the final RCS comprised a 54-item questionnaire, which after psychometric tests was reduced to 28 items. In study IV, the 28-item questionnaire served as data. The level of competencies was rated on a 10-point scale, while their use was rated on a six-point scale. Results: In study I, the female patients‟ comprehensive understanding was expressed as feelings of vulnerability. The encounters were described as empowering, empathetic, mechanical and neglectful, depending on the radiographers‟ skills and attitudes. Study II revealed two main areas of professional competence, direct patient-related and indirect patient-related. The first focused on competencies in the care provided in close proximity to the patient and the second on competencies used in the activities of the surrounding environment. Each of the two main areas was divided into four categories and 31 sub-categories that either facilitated or hindered good nursing care. In study III the analysis condensed the 54-item questionnaire in two steps, firstly by removing 12 items and secondly a further 14 items, resulting in the final 28-item RCS questionnaire. Several factor analyses were performed and a two factor-solution emerged, labelled; “Nurse initiated care” and “Technical and radiographic processes”. The psychometric tests had good construct validity and homogeneity. The result of study IV demonstrated that most competencies in the RCS received high ratings both in terms of level and frequency of use. Competencies e.g. „Adequately informing the patient‟, „Adapting the examination to the patient‟s prerequisites and needs‟ and „Producing accurate and correct images‟ were rated the highest while „Identifying and encountering the patient in a state of shock‟ and „Participating in quality improvement regarding patient safety and care‟ received the lowest ratings. The total score of each of the two dimensions had a low but significant correlation with age and years in present position. The competence level correlated with age and years in present position in both dimensions but not with the use of competencies in the “Nurse initiated care” dimension. Conclusion: This thesis has shown that professional competence is important in the encounter between patient and radiographer. It has also demonstrated that radiographers‟ self-rated professional competence is based on nursing, technological and radiographic knowledge. From a radiographer‟s perspective, „Nurse initiated care‟ and „Technical and Radiographic processes‟ are two core dimensions of Radiographer Competence Scale. The 28-item questionnaire regarding level and frequency of use of competence is feasible to use to measure radiographers‟ professional competence.

Vår undersökning behandlar läsinlärning och läsförståelse. Utifrån ett pedagog- och elevperspektiv har vi undersökt begreppet läsförståelse, vad det innebär att kunna läsa och förstå text, vilka förutsättningar det kräver och hur lärandet sker kring detta. Vi har som utgångspunkt för vår undersökning använt oss av olika forskningsperspektiv på läsinlärning samt berört olika läsinlärningsmetoder. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagoger och elever har vi undersökt deras uppfattningar om hur man lär sig läsa och vad detta innebär för läsförståelsen. Resultaten har gett oss en insikt i att pedagogen bör vara lyhörd och stödja eleven genom olika verktyg, för att hjälpa eleven i läsutvecklingen. Med det menar vi att det underlättar om pedagog och elev är aktiv i läsinlärningen. / Our investigation treats learning by reading and reading comprehension. On the basis of a pedagogues and a pupils perspective we have investigated the concept of reading comprehension, what it means to know how to read and understand a text, which prerequisite it demands and how learning take place around this. As a starting point to our investigation we have use different research perspectives on learning by reading and touching different learning by reading methods. Through qualitative interviews with pedagogues and pupils we have investigate their understanding about how you learn to read by yourself and what it means for your reading comprehension. The results have given us knowledge of that the pedagogue should be sensitive and support the pupil with different tools, because the pedagogue must help the pupil in their reading evolution. We mean that it would facilitate if pedagogue and pupil are active in learning by reading.

Around the world many people are affected by war, persecution, rebellion, famine, etc. and are therefore forced to move and start a new life elsewhere under new conditions. The struggle for survival is one of the factors that force children to escape. Being forced into emigration and immigration is evident in people's lives and affect how their identities are constructed. My study is focused on how refugee young people are constructing their identities in the complex context in which they live. The intersectional perspective – maintaining that power relations are created and recreated in interaction with factors such as gender, age, ethnicity and location – is the basis for my study. I have tried to understand how these factors affect refugee youth identity construction. In order to answer my questions and get an idea of whether the refugee youth identity constructions constitute a transition to better opportunities or creating identification problems, I have conducted an ethnographic study in a multicultural school in a suburb in Stockholm. The selected group of study consisted of six refugee young people between 14 and 19 years of age who attend a so-called preparatory class. All of them live with their families and they all have been living in Sweden for less than one year. I have focused on six thematic categories: background, gender, and ethnicity, social network, future and positioning. My choice of perspective on identity constructions is based on the premise that people are constantly looking for social recognition. When meeting other persons they are positioning themselves in different ways, by testing limits and facing the consequences, thereby constructing their identities. Exercise of power and powerlessness are expressed in different ways in their daily lives in which they are seeking their positions in a restricted social network. The result of my study shows that the informants are located in a field of tension between the quest for liberation and identification problems in the paradoxical context that they are in. The dilemma, on the one hand their wish to maintain their ethnic identity and on the other hand to question it, is expressed in their relation to “Swedishness” and the Swedish language. The informants are also using different strategies when they try to construct and maintain their gender identities. Their life chances vary depending on the options available. My informants did actually create an immigrant identity that stands as an antithesis of being Swedish. They all agree that they are striving for self-realization and a brighter future, a future that not least could render them some symbolic capital. But the path towards such goals does not seem to be an easy task. / Ute i världen drabbas många människor av krig, förföljelse, uppror, svält m.m. och tvingas därför att flytta och starta ett nytt liv någon annanstans under nya villkor. Kampen för överlevnad är en av de faktorer som tvingar barn till flykt. Att tvingas till utvandring och invandring sätter spår i människors liv och påverkar hur deras identiteter konstrueras. Min studie tar sin utgångspunkt i hur flyktingungdomar konstruerar sina identiteter i den komplexa kontext som de befinner sig i. Det intersektionella perspektivet – som går ut på att maktrelationer skapas och omskapas i samspelet med faktorer såsom kön, ålder, etnicitet och plats – ligger till grund för min studie. Jag har försökt förstå hur dessa faktorer påverkar flyktingungdomarnas identitetskonstruktioner. För att besvara mina frågeställningar och få en uppfattning om huruvida flyktingungdomars identitets­konstruktioner utgör en övergång till bättre möjligheter eller skapar identifika­tionsproblem har jag genomfört en etnografisk studie i en mångkulturell skola i en av Stockholms förorter. Urvalsgruppen bestod av sex flyktingungdomar mellan 14 och 19 år som går i en så kallad förberedelseklass. Alla bor med sina familjer och alla har vistats i Sverige i mindre än ett år. Jag har utgått från sex tematiska kategorier: bakgrund, kön, etnicitet, nätverk, framtid och positionering. I mitt val av perspektiv på identitetskonstruktioner är utgångspunkten att människor ständigt söker socialt erkännande. I mötet med de andra positionerar de sig på olika sätt genom att testa gränser och möta konsekvenser, därigenom konstruerar de sina identiteter. Maktutövning och maktlöshet uttrycks på olika sätt i deras vardag där de söker sina platser i ett begränsat nätverk. Resultatet visar att informanterna befinner sig i ett spänningsfält mellan å ena sidan strävan efter bättre möjligheter och å andra sidan identifikationsproblem i den paradoxala kontext som de befinner sig i. Dilemmat med att å ena sidan vilja vidmakthålla sin etniska identitet och å andra sidan ifrågasätta den uttrycks i förhållandet till svenskhet och till det svenska språket. Informanterna använder sig också av olika strategier för att iscensätta och upprätthålla sina könsidentiteter. Deras livschanser varierar beroende på vilka möjligheter som erbjuds. Ungdomarna har konstruerat en invandraridentitet som står som motpol till svenskhet. De var alla eniga om att de strävar efter självförverkligande och en ljusare framtid, en framtid som inte minst kan skänka dem symboliskt kapital, men vägen dit tycks inte enkel.

Presenting the curriculum from an Aboriginal perspective and/or including Aboriginal content in the curriculum is an important alternative to perspectives many students are accustomed to. In the past, the Aboriginal perspective has not been a recognized or perhaps respected way of teaching; however this is beginning to change. This study explores student and teacher identity when the curriculum is either presented from an Aboriginal perspective or when Aboriginal content is included in lessons; it also explores potential benefits for all students. This study addressed the following questions: 1) What differences are made, if any, for Aboriginal and non Aboriginal students when the curriculum is presented from an Aboriginal perspective? 2) What differences are made, if any, for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students when Aboriginal content is included in the curriculum? 3) How are teacher and student identities affected when either the curriculum is presented from an Aboriginal perspective or Aboriginal content is included? Using the case study qualitative research method teachers and students were interviewed to gain an understanding of how their identities may or may not have been affected. The research from this study indicated that from the teachers perspective all students, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal alike, benefit in many ways when either the curriculum was presented form an Aboriginal perspective or when Aboriginal content is included in classroom lessons. The research also indicated that teacher and student identities shift over time and may possibly be, although not necessarily, affected when the curriculum is presented in this manner. The results of this study indicated that there were benefits for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students when the curriculum is presented from an Aboriginal perspective or when Aboriginal content is included. The results of this study also indicated that when student and teacher identities are affected, they are affected in a positive manner.

The purpose of my study is to determine students’ attitudes to the Natural Science subject. I want to contribute to scientific discourse about different learning styles that can respond to childrens’ requirements in teaching as well as to determine the student’s experience of learning styles. The studies were carried out at an upper secondary school in Stockholm (spring term 2011) for three different classes. I have used qualitative interviews to determine student's experiences and quantitative analysis of student's evaluations of science subjects they have been taught. In my research I concluded that pupils’ attitudes to science are quite common. I also suggest that students with negative attitudes to science have a basis in the student's difficulties with science learning. I also found that the students have different ways of learning. By making the students aware of their best way to learn they can develop individual strategies for attaining new information. The traditional teaching methods that exist in today's education system impart knowledge in the form of finished facts. This can lead to pupils having difficulties in learning. Therefore teachers must adapt their teaching styles and methods to a way that fits all of the students’ different ways of processing information and learning. Schools need to find different approaches to the teaching of its pupils. My conclusion is that if teachers adjust their methods of teaching the Natural science subjects to suit each student learning - styles, this can increase their ability to learn and therefore increase their comprehension of the subjects.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur barnrättsperspektivet utifrån Barnkonventionen uppfattas i förskolan. Frågeställningarna bygger på Barnkonventionens fyra huvudartiklar. Hur uppfattar för-skollärarna att alla barn har samma rättigheter och lika värde? Hur uppfattar förskollärarna att barnets bästa ska komma i främsta rummet vid alla beslut som rör barn? Hur uppfattar förskollärarna barnets rätt att utvecklas? Hur uppfattar förskollärarna barnets rätt att komma till tals? Studien är en kvalitativ studie med en hermeneutisk ansats. Fokusgrupper har använts för att samla in empirin. Studiens resultat visar att förskolan i hög grad beaktade barnrättsperspektivet men att förskollärarna inte hade så hög kännedom om att barnrättsperspektivet hör hemma i Barnkonventionen. Skol-lagen och den reviderade läroplanen för förskolan hade implementerats på förskolorna och det framkom tydligt att förskollärarna kunde sin läroplan. Förskollärarna använde sig av medvetna strategier för att följa värdegrunden i förskolan. Det framkom att förskolan arbetade medvetet för att värna om barnens rättigheter och lika värde samt för att skapa möjligheter för varje barn att få komma till tals. Förskolans pedagoger arbetade med att lyssna på barnen och försökte ge dem in-flytande i verksamheten. Förskollärarna beskrev att det var en svår balansgång att tillgodose varje barns behov samtidigt som de i sin pedagogroll behövde ha hela barngruppen i åtanke. Studien visar att det relationella samspelet mellan barn-barn och mellan barn-vuxen är viktigt för att främja barnets utveckling. Förskollärarna i studien var väl medvetna om att deras förhållningssätt påverkade barnen och att det flexibla arbetssättet på förskolan är betydelsefullt för att möta barnen där de är samt fånga deras motivation. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how the Child Rights Perspective from the Children’s Convention is perceived in the pre-school. The research questions are built upon the four main articles of the Children’s Convention. How does the pre-school teachers perceive that every child’s same rights and equal value should be brought out? How does the pre-school teachers perceive that every decision concerning a child should be taken with the child’s best interest in mind? How does the pre-school teachers perceive every child’s right to develop? How does the pre-school teachers perceive every child’s right to be heard? The study is a qualitative study with a hermeneutic approach. The empirical data collection was performed in focus groups. The results show that the pre-school to a large extent takes the Child Rights Perspective into consideration. However, the pre-school teachers did in many cases not know that the Child Rights Perspective belongs in the Children’s Convention. The education act and the modified pre-school program had been implemented in all pre-schools in focus of the study and it was clear that the pre-school teachers knew the pre-school program well. The pre-school teachers used strategies to follow the basic values in the pre-school. The pre-schools further proved to work with the inten-tion to protect every child’s equal rights and same value as well as to give every child opportunities to be heard. Pedagogues of the pre-school worked with listening to the children and tried to give them influence in the pre-school operations. The pre-school teachers described that meeting the individual needs of every child in combination with having the entire children group in mind is hard to balance. The study further shows that the relational connections between the children and between the children and the adults are both important to nourish the development of the individual child. The pre-school teachers was well aware of that their approach affects the children and that the flexible way to operate in the pre-school is meaningful in terms of meeting the children where they are and to capture their motivation.

Kommunikation är en viktig funktion i en organisation vilken berör hela verksamheten och används för att sprida information samt kunskap. En organisations kommunikation kan vara antingen intern eller extern beroende på mot vem som informationen riktar sig mot. Intern kommunikation inom organisationer kan innebära informationsöverföring mellan olika nivåer och avdelningar och att kommunikation är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för en fungerande organisation finns att hitta inom flera vetenskapliga discipliner. Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom en fallstudie studera den interna miljökommunikationen på HSB Östergötland. Med kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder ämnar studien att redogöra för kommunikationen av det interna miljöarbetet ur två olika perspektiv, dels genom djupare intervjuer med fyra anställda med insyn i och/eller ansvar för miljöarbetet och dels genom enkäter för övriga medarbetare. Uppsatsen syftar även till att jämföra resultatet med vetenskaplig litteratur. Resultatet från den kvalitativa och kvantitativa studien visar att miljökommunikationen sker på olika sätt, både horisontellt och vertikalt, och anpassas efter mottagaren samt situation. Kommunikationsvägarna kan i vissa fall användas mer konsekvent än vad de gör idag och det kan även finnas anledning att uppmuntra mer informell kommunikation. Resultatet visar även att företaget använder tvåvägskommunikation, och att ledningen har en betydelse för hur kommunikationen används. Kommunikationen kan förbättras till exempel genom att relatera miljöåtgärder till ekonomiska fördelar samt att relatera medarbetarnas roll till miljöarbetet.

Presenting the curriculum from an Aboriginal perspective and/or including Aboriginal content in the curriculum is an important alternative to perspectives many students are accustomed to. In the past, the Aboriginal perspective has not been a recognized or perhaps respected way of teaching; however this is beginning to change. This study explores student and teacher identity when the curriculum is either presented from an Aboriginal perspective or when Aboriginal content is included in lessons; it also explores potential benefits for all students. This study addressed the following questions: 1) What differences are made, if any, for Aboriginal and non Aboriginal students when the curriculum is presented from an Aboriginal perspective? 2) What differences are made, if any, for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students when Aboriginal content is included in the curriculum? 3) How are teacher and student identities affected when either the curriculum is presented from an Aboriginal perspective or Aboriginal content is included? Using the case study qualitative research method teachers and students were interviewed to gain an understanding of how their identities may or may not have been affected. The research from this study indicated that from the teachers perspective all students, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal alike, benefit in many ways when either the curriculum was presented form an Aboriginal perspective or when Aboriginal content is included in classroom lessons. The research also indicated that teacher and student identities shift over time and may possibly be, although not necessarily, affected when the curriculum is presented in this manner. The results of this study indicated that there were benefits for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students when the curriculum is presented from an Aboriginal perspective or when Aboriginal content is included. The results of this study also indicated that when student and teacher identities are affected, they are affected in a positive manner.