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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Avaliação da atividade tipo ansiolítica do óleo essencial das folhas de Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. - possível mecanismo envolvido / Anxiolytic-like activity of essential oil from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. leaves possible mechanism evolved

GALDINO, Pablinny Moreira 28 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Pablinny Moreira Galdino.pdf: 1146107 bytes, checksum: 58e708281ca08cb06607e4fd41169d8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Anxiety is among the most common chronic disease in the world. In Brasília city (capital of Brazil), anxiety disorders affect 12.1 % of population and are the most prevalent psychiatry disease. Since the introduction of benzodiazepines in the 1960s, they have been the most commonly prescribed treatment for anxiety disorders. However, their side-effects such as sedation, myorelaxation, ataxia, amnesia, and pharmacological dependence are prominent. Thus, new therapies are necessary in the treatment of anxiety di-sorders and the study of medicinal plants could provide new therapeutic options. Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hillaire (Rutaceae), popularly known in Brazil as manacá, is a shrub found in the Brazilian Cerrado region. It is used in folk medicine to treat renal and hepatic diseases, stomachache, headaches and rheumatism. The aim of this work was to evaluate the pharmacological activity of essential oil from S. odoratissima leaves (EO) on the CNS activities in mice, with special attention to an anxiolytic-like effect as well as the underlying mechanism involved. EO increased the crossing of central areas and time spent in central area without altering the locomotor parameters in the open field and rota-rod tests. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep, EO decreased the latency and increased the sleeping time. In the anxiety paradigms, EO also increased the number of head-dipping behaviors in the hole-board test, the entries and time spent on open arms in the elevated plus maze test (EPM), and the number of transitions and time spent in the light compartment on the light-dark box test (LDB). We further investigated the anxiolytic-like mechanism of EO by pre-treating animals with antagonists of benzodiazepine (flumazenil) and 5HT1A (NAN-190) receptors on the EPM and LDB. The anxiolytic-like effect of EO was only blocked by NAN-190, but not by flumazenil. In conclusion, these results suggest that the essential oil from S. odoratissima produces anxiolytic-like effect without altering the motor parameters, and probably acts via 5HT1A receptor but not via GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor. NOTE: As programs do not copy or copy with some formatting errors, clik PDF - dissertation at the bottom of the screen. / A ansiedade está entre as patologias crônicas mais comuns em todo o mundo. Em Brasília (capital federal do Brasil) os transtornos de ansiedade afetam 12,1 % da população, sendo o diagnóstico psiquiátrico mais prevalente. Desde a introdução dos benzodiazepínicos na década de 60, eles têm sido os fármacos mais prescritos no tratamento da ansiedade, porém seus efeitos colaterais são proeminentes, tais como sedação, miorelaxamento, ataxia, amnésia e dependência farmacológica. Sendo assim, novas terapias são necessárias no tratamento dos transtornos de ansiedade e o estudo com plantas medicinais pode prover novas opções terapêuticas. A Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hillaire (Rutaceae), popularmente conhecida como manacá, é um arbusto encontrado em região de Cerrado utilizado na medicina popular para tratar doenças renais, hepáticas, dores de estômago e cabeça, e reumatismo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as atividades farmacológicas do óleo essencial extraído das folhas de S. odoratissima (OEM) no sistema nervoso central, em camundongos, direcionando para o estudo do efeito tipo ansiolítico e possíveis mecanismos envolvidos. O OEM aumentou o número de cruzamentos e o tempo de permanência no centro do campo aberto sem alterar o número total de áreas cruzadas neste teste e o desempenho no teste da barra giratória. No teste do sono induzido por pentobarbital, o OEM reduziu a latência e aumentou o tempo de sono. Nos modelos experimentais de ansiedade, o OEM aumentou o número de comportamentos de mergulhos no teste da placa perfurada, as entradas e o tempo de permanência nos braços abertos no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Além de aumentar também o número de transições e o tempo de permanência no compartimento claro no teste da caixa claro/escuro (CCE). Foi investigado o mecanismo de ação deste efeito tipo ansiolítico através do pré-tratamento com um antagonista benzodiazepínico (flumazenil) ou um antagonista de receptor 5HT1A (NAN-190) nos testes de LCE e CCE. O efeito tipo ansiolítico do OEM foi antagonizado apenas pelo pré-tratamento com o NAN-190. Em conclusão, estes resultados sugerem que o óleo essencial de S. odoratissima possui efeito tipo ansiolítico sem alterar os parâmetros locomotores, sendo esse efeito mediado via receptor 5HT1A, mas não via sítio benzodiazepínico do receptor GABAA. OBS: Como programas não copiam ou copiam com erros certas formatações, clik em PDF - dissertação na parte de baixo da tela.
242

Do laboratório ao campo virtual: desenvolvimento de um banco de dados de venenos de serpentes brasileiras e análise computacional de estruturas primárias de fosfolipases A2 / From the laboratory to the virtual field: development of a Brazilian-snake venom database and computational analysis of phospholipase A2 primary structures

Saulo França Amui 25 October 2006 (has links)
Os avanços tecnológicos vêm contribuindo cada vez mais nas áreas biológicas e científicas oferecendo ferramentas computacionais e sistemas específicos que em análise de dados in silico fornecem resultados rápidos e confiáveis. O presente projeto propõe o desenvolvimento de um portal na Internet para instalação e utilização de um banco de dados laboratoriais das principais serpentes brasileiras com seus respectivos venenos e antivenenos naturais, e a análise dos dados obtidos em ensaios farmacológicos, e bioquímicos. Utilizando a via de comunicação e interação mais simples atualmente, a Internet permite o compartilhamento de dados entre comunidades de pesquisadores, viabilizando recursos e tempo, além de permitir uma significante interação entre pesquisadores de todo o mundo, principalmente brasileira, na troca de informações e compartilhamento de dados. Dados elementares relacionados às serpentes foram armazenados no banco de dados, bem como as atividades tóxicas, farmacológicas e enzimáticas dos componentes dos venenos, e ainda, as aplicações biotecnológicas dos produtos que podem ser obtidos destes venenos, abrangendo ainda dados clínicos e valores estatísticos dos acidentes ofídicos. Aspectos bioquímicos dos ensaios realizados em laboratório permitiram a construção de uma ferramenta para análise comparativa de estruturas primárias de PLA2s, depositadas em bancos de dados internacionais. Além da interatividade entre pesquisadores, em Fóruns de Discussões, o sistema conta com listas dos principais artigos publicados em periódicos indexados, e devidamente atualizados periodicamente, com revisões bibliográficas. / Technological advances have been contributing, more and more, with biological and scientific areas, offering computational tools and specific systems which in silico data analysis supply reliable and fast results. The present project considers the development of an Internet portal for installation and use of laboratory data base for the main Brazilian serpents, with its respective venom and natural anti-venom, and the analysis of obtained data in pharmacological assays and biochemists. Using the easiest way of communication and interaction, the Internet allows sharing of data and information between communities of researchers around the world, especially for Brazilian researchers, making resources and time possible. Elementary data about serpents have been stored in the data base, as well as toxic, pharmacological and enzymatic activities of venom components, besides biotechnological applications of the products that can be obtained from these venom, enclosing clinical data and statistical values of ophidian accidents. Biochemists aspects of the assays carried through in laboratory allowed the construction of a comparative analysis tool for primary structures of PLA2s, deposited in international data bases. Beyond interactivity between researchers, in discussion forums, the system counts with lists of main articles published in indexed periodic, duly and constantly updated with bibliographical revisions.
243

Revisão sistemática do tratamento farmacológico de pacientes com transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade associado ao transtorno de ansiedade / Systematic review of pharmacological treatment of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder associated with anxiety disorder

Villas Boas, Camila Borges 06 March 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-15T18:52:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Camila Borges Villas Boas.pdf: 1194832 bytes, checksum: 0d293fa14c23d9d546fc5cd44cffa2b6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T18:52:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Camila Borges Villas Boas.pdf: 1194832 bytes, checksum: 0d293fa14c23d9d546fc5cd44cffa2b6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined as a persistent condition of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity which promotes interference in the development of the subject. It is estimated that between 65 and 89% of adult ADHD patients suffer from one or more life-long psychiatric disorders. This high percentage of comorbidities is also similar in the child population, where ADHD may be associated with other disorders in 60-100% of cases. One of the often associated disorders is anxiety, which reaches rates close to 25% in many samples of patients with ADHD. Therapies considered first-line for the treatment of ADHD and for Anxiety Disorder (ANX) alone are relatively well established through use of stimulants and cognitive-behavioral therapy, respectively. However, evidence for the most appropriate treatment when both disorders are present is quite controversial. Objectives: Perform systematic review about pharmacological options used to treat ADHD associated with ANX in order to generate evidence about the most effective, safe and tolerable therapeutic option. Methods: Systematic review was performed following the methodological standards recommended by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) in the PubMed, Scopus and Directory of Open Access Journals databases in August 2016 and by manual search. Randomized, double-blind, parallel-design trials evaluating efficacy, safety and/or tolerability outcomes were considered. The methodological quality and risk of bias of included studies were assessed using the Jadad Scale and the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Relevant data from all included studies were collected using a previously developed form. At this stage, pertinent information from each study, according to the objective of the study, was extracted and analyzed. Results: A total of 1590 articles were found from databases searched, 218 were evaluated in full text for eligibility and finally 5 studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Two of the included studies used atomoxetine compared to placebo, in which one population was composed of adult patients and the other was pediatric. Desipramine was also one of the medications used, which was studied to treat children from 6 to 17 years old. The others two studies included methylphenidate as pharmacological treatment for pediatric patients, but in one of them fluvoxamine was combined with methylphenidate. Regarding the methodological quality, studies obtained scores of 3, 4 and 5 on the Jadad scale, being considered of moderate to high quality, respectively. The bias risk analysis found that 60% of the articles were supported by the pharmaceutical industry and therefore classified as having a high bias risk in the "Other bias" domain. All studies in the domains "Blinding of participants and professionals" and "Blinding of outcome assessors" presented low risk of bias. Regarding the domain "Incomplete outcomes", 80% obtained low and 20% high risk of bias. The "Random Sequence Generation", "Allocation Concealment" and "Selective outcome reporting" obtained the following proportions of low vs uncertain risk of bias: 60% vs 40%, 20% vs 80% and 60% vs 40%. Due to the high heterogeneity of eligible studies, it was not possible to combine the results for generation of meta-analyzes. This was mainly due to the diversity of drugs studied and the disparity between the outcomes measures employed. Conclusion: Although few studies have been found, the results obtained through this systematic review point to a more expressive benefit of atomoxetine in the treatment of ADHD with ANX, because it was studied in a wider age group and the studies evaluated atomoxetine through more specific scales for both disorders. It is not possible to say that atomoxetine is superior to the other pharmacological options and only larger clinical trials and with sufficiently fed populations will be able to answer this question. / O Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH) é definido como um quadro persistente de desatenção e/ou hiperatividade/impulsividade que promove interferências no desenvolvimento do indivíduo. Estima-se que entre 65 a 89% dos pacientes adultos com TDAH sofram um ou mais transtornos psiquiátricos ao longo da vida. Esta alta porcentagem de comorbidades também é semelhante na população infantil, onde o TDAH pode estar associado com outros distúrbios em 60-100% dos casos. Um dos transtornos frequentemente associados é a ansiedade, a qual atinge taxas próximas a 25% em muitas amostras de pacientes com TDAH. As terapias consideradas de primeira linha para o tratamento do TDAH e para o Transtorno de ansiedade (TA) de forma isolada estão relativamente bem estabelecidas, por meio da utilização de estimulantes e terapia cognitivo-comportamental, respectivamente. Porém, as evidências sobre o tratamento mais apropriado para quando ambos os transtornos estão presentes são bastante controversas. Objetivos: Realizar revisão sistemática de literatura sobre as opções farmacológicas utilizadas no tratamento do TDAH associado ao TA com o intuito de gerar evidências sobre a opção terapêutica mais eficaz, segura e tolerável. Metodologia: A revisão sistemática foi realizada seguindo padrões metodológicos recomendados pelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e Directory of Open Access Journals em agosto de 2016 e por busca manual. Ensaios clínicos randomizados, duplo-cego com design paralelo que avaliavam desfechos de eficácia, segurança e/ou tolerabilidade foram considerados. A qualidade metodológica e o risco de viés dos estudos incluídos foram avaliados por meio da Escala de Jadad e pela ferramenta da Colaboração Cochrane. Dados relevantes de todos os estudos incluídos foram coletados utilizando formulário previamente elaborado. Nesta etapa, as informações pertinentes de cada estudo, segundo o objetivo do trabalho, foram extraídas e analisadas. Resultados: Um total de 1590 artigos foi encontrado nas bases de dados pesquisadas, 218 foram avaliados em texto completo para elegibilidade e, por fim, cinco estudos preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Dois dos estudos incluídos utilizaram a atomoxetina comparada ao placebo, sendo que em um deles a população era composta por pacientes adultos e no outro pediátrica. A desipramina foi também um dos medicamentos utilizados, a qual foi estudada para tratar crianças de 6 a 17 anos. Os outros dois trabalhos incluídos utilizaram o metilfenidato como tratamento farmacológico de pacientes pediátricos, porém, em um deles, a fluvoxamina foi combinada ao metilfenidato. Em relação à qualidade metodológica, os estudos obtiveram pontuações de 3, 4 e 5 na escala de Jadad, sendo considerados de qualidade moderada a elevada, respectivamente. A análise do risco de viés verificou que 60% dos artigos receberam suporte da indústria farmacêutica e, por isso, foram classificados com um alto risco de viés no domínio “Outros vieses”. Todos os estudos nos domínios “Cegamento dos participantes e profissionais” e “Cegamento dos avaliadores do desfecho” apresentaram baixo risco de viés. Em relação ao domínio “Desfechos incompletos”,80% obtiveram baixo e 20% alto risco de viés. A “Geração da sequência aleatória”, “Ocultação da alocação” e “Relato de desfecho seletivo” obtiveram as seguintes proporções de baixo vs incerto risco de viés: 60% vs 40%, 20% vs 80% e 60% vs 40%. Devido à alta heterogeneidade dos estudos elegíveis, não foi possível combinar os resultados para geração de meta-análises. Isso ocorreu principalmente pela diversidade de medicamentos estudados e pela disparidade entre as medidas de desfecho empregadas. Conclusões: Embora poucos estudos tenham sido encontrados, os resultados obtidos por meio desta revisão sistemática apontam para um benefício mais expressivo da atomoxetina no tratamento do TDAH com TA, tanto por ter sido estudada em faixa etária mais abrangente bem como por escalas mais específicas de avaliação para ambos os transtornos terem sido utilizadas. Não é possível afirmar que a atomoxetina é superior às demais opções farmacológicas e apenas ensaios clínicos maiores poderão responder a esta questão.
244

Adolescentes, o aprimoramento cognitivo farmacológico e o acesso ao ensino superior / Teenagers, pharmacological cognitive enhancement and the access to university education

Emilia Suitberta de Oliveira Trigueiro 04 August 2017 (has links)
O aprimoramento cognitivo farmacológico refere-se ao uso de medicamentos por pessoas saudáveis para melhorar o funcionamento do cérebro e aprimorar o desempenho cognitivo. Um dos medicamentos mais utilizados no Brasil com esta finalidade é o cloridrato de metilfenidato, comercializado com o nome de Ritalina ou Concerta. Ele tem sido utilizado por universitários, empresários e profissionais da saúde que visam aumentar a capacidade produtiva para cumprir prazos e metas. Considerando que esta prática está se disseminando na sociedade e chegando aos alunos do ensino médio, optou-se por fazer um estudo cujo objetivo foi caracterizar a percepção de alunos do 3º ano do ensino médio de escolas públicas, privadas e profissionalizantes e de cursinhos públicos e privados das cidades de Juazeiro do Norte (CE), Fortaleza (CE) e São Paulo (SP), sobre o uso de medicamentos para aprimoramento cognitivo, buscando identificar condições preditoras ao uso dessas substâncias. Para atingir tal objetivo o procedimento de coleta de dados foi composto de duas etapas: a primeira desenvolveu-se por meio de um estudo quali-quantitativo, com aplicação de questionários, que buscou evidenciar um panorama geral sobre o tema, sendo realizada com 534 sujeitos oriundos do 3º ano do ensino médio de escolas públicas, privadas e profissionalizantes e de cursinhos públicos e privados das cidades de Juazeiro do Norte (CE), Fortaleza (CE) e São Paulo (SP). A partir dos dados colhidos foi realizada uma segunda etapa com 13 alunos da escola profissionalizante da cidade de Juazeiro do Norte (CE), com abordagem qualitativa e realização de grupo focal, que buscou aprofundar o entendimento dessas questões. No tratamento de dados da primeira etapa utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico Qui-quadrado, e na segunda etapa a Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados apontaram que os alunos querem ingressar no ensino superior, mais do que outras opções, consideram esta a principal função da escola e se consideram preparados para tal. Trabalhar não é seu desejo imediato e por isso não consideram importante que a escola os prepare para tanto. A compreensão de fundamentos científico-tecnológicos e o aprimoramento como pessoa humana foram considerados aspectos importantes. Medicamentos para aprimoramento foram vistos como algo positivo que poderia ser usado às vésperas do vestibular; para ajudar nos momentos de pressão por parte dos pais e da escola, em que se sentem sobrecarregados pelas suas obrigações; para conseguir realizar múltiplas atividades; para garantir energia e concentração. Verificou-se ainda que dispor de informações sobre medicamentos e conhecer usuários predispõe a um possível uso. A possibilidade de consumir os medicamentos está presente em todas as cidades analisadas e em todas as instituições. Quando tiveram a oportunidade de pensar melhor sobre o tema e falar sobre ele nos grupos focais, os alunos conseguiram perceber os fatores envolvidos na adesão ao uso de substâncias, e o que leva os estudantes a consumi-las. Os dados levantados evidenciaram que os participantes se mostraram curiosos em relação a uma substância ainda desconhecida para muitos, mas que em suas fantasias pode ser interessante para ajudar a atingir seus objetivos. Conclui-se que este é um tema relevante e preocupante; por isso, sua discussão em diferentes meios deve ser aprofundada / Pharmacological cognitive enhancement refers to the use of drugs by healthy individuals aiming at brain functioning improvement and cognitive performance enhancement. One of the widely used drugs in Brazil with these aims is methylphenidate hydrochloride, marketed under the name of Ritalina or Concerta. It has been used by college students, businessmen and health professionals aiming at enhancing their productive capacity to meet deadlines and goals. Considering the dissemination of this practice reaching high school students, this study was held aiming at characterizing the perception of high-school final-year students from public, private and vocational schools and public and private pre-college preparatory courses in the cities of Juazeiro do Norte (CE), Fortaleza (CE) and São Paulo (SP) on the use of drugs for cognitive enhancement, searching to identify predictive conditions to the use of such substances. For such, the procedure for data collection comprised two stages: the first was developed through a quali-quantitative study, searching to demonstrate a general panorama on the theme, with questionnaires applied to 534 individuals in the final year of high school in public, private and vocational schools and public and private pre-college preparatory courses in the cities of Juazeiro do Norte (CE), Fortaleza (CE) and São Paulo (SP). A second stage was held using the collected data for a qualitative approach and focus group with thirteen students from the vocational school in Juazeiro do Norte (CE), searching to deeply comprehend such issues. For data processing, non-parametric chi-square test was used in the first stage, and Content Analysis in the second one. Results indicated that the students wish to apply for university education, more than other options, consider this the main function of the school, and consider themselves prepared for this goal. Working is not their immediate wish and, for this reason, they do not deem important that the schools provide them with training for it. Comprehension of scientific-technological fundamentals and their enhancement as human beings were considered as important aspects. Enhancement drugs were deemed something positive that could be used on the eve of entrance examinations; to help in moments of pressure from parents and school when they feel overwhelmed by their duties; to be able to perform multiple activities; to ensure energy and focus. It was verified that they are predisposed to a possible use when provided with information and acquainted to other users. The possibility to consume such medicines is present in all analyzed cities and institutions. When faced with the opportunity to think more on the theme and talk about it in focus groups, students could perceive the factors involved in the adhesion to the use of substances and what drives them to its consumption. Collected data revealed that the participants were curious about a substance yet unknown to many of them, but imagined that it might be interesting to use it to reach their goals. It is concluded that the theme is relevant and worrisome; for this reason, the discussion about it in different backgrounds must be deepened
245

Caracterização química e atividades farmacológicas de Hortia brasiliana Vand. ex DC.

Magalhães, Carlos Cerqueira 13 July 2012 (has links)
Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-08T13:50:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carloscerqueiramagalhaes.pdf: 3616569 bytes, checksum: 800a65f64df624962bc369b208264534 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T13:43:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carloscerqueiramagalhaes.pdf: 3616569 bytes, checksum: 800a65f64df624962bc369b208264534 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T13:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carloscerqueiramagalhaes.pdf: 3616569 bytes, checksum: 800a65f64df624962bc369b208264534 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Hortia brasiliana Vand. Ex DC (Rutaceae), conhecida como "para-tudo" ou "casca-d'anta", tem sido usada na medicina popular como depurativa do sangue, para problemas estomacais, controle da diabetes, para combater febre, diarreia, vômito, doenças do fígado, cólicas renais e possui atividades anti-inflamatória, antimicrobiana e hipotensora. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma caracterização química e avaliar as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória dos extratos de H. brasiliana. Folhas, cascas do ramo lateral e cascas do tronco foram coletadas em Muriaé e Juiz de Fora, MG, para obtenção de óleos essenciais e extratos hexânicos, metanólicos e aquosos. Uma amostra de folhas foi utilizada para análise morfo-anatômica. A caracterização química dos extratos foi feita por CG-EM, CLAE-UV e CCD. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada pelos testes de contorções abdominais, formalina e placa quente, enquanto a atividade anti-inflamatória pelos métodos de edema de pata e pleurisia. Os dados foram demonstrados como média±erro padrão e análise de variância seguida do teste de Newman-Keuls para medir o grau de significância (p < 0,05). A avaliação morfo-anatômica foliar demonstrou a presença de cavidades secretoras em vários tamanhos e estruturas com afloramento. Entre os componentes dos óleos essenciais destacaram-se: Epi-α-cadinol, zingibereno, Z-α-trans-bergamotol, E-β-guaieno, α-bisabolol, E-hidrato de sesquisabineno, β-sesquifelandreno, oplopanona, α-curcumeno, guaiol e óxido de cariofileno ainda não relatados na espécie. Os espectros de UV indicaram a presença de derivados do ácido cinâmico e flavonoides. Terpenoides, ácidos graxos, esteroides, ácidos fenólicos e cumarinas foram detectados por CCD. Os extratos hexânicos apresentaram atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória pelos métodos empregados. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que H. brasiliana é uma fonte de substâncias bioativas com atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, o que pode justificar o uso popular para algumas disfunções orgânicas. / Hortia brasiliana Vand. Ex DC (Rutaceae), known as "para-tudo" or "casca-d'anta" has been used in folk medicine as blood depurative, for stomach disorders, diabetes control, to combat fevers, diarrhea, vomiting, liver disease, renal colic and has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hypotensive activities. The present work aims to perform a chemical characterization and evaluate the pharmacological activities of the extracts of H. brasiliana. Leaves, lateral branch barks and trunk barks were collected in Muriaé and Juiz de Fora, MG, to obtain essential oils and hexane, methanolic and aqueous extracts. A sample of leaves was used to analyze morphological and anatomical. The chemical characterization of the extracts was performed by GC-MS, HPLC-UV and TLC. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by writhing, formalin and hot plate tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity by paw edema and pleurisy methods. The data are expressed as mean± standard error and analysis of variance followed by Newman-Keuls test to measure the degree of significance (p <0.05). The assessment of morphological and anatomical leaf showed the presence of secretory cavities in various sizes and glands with outcrop. Among the components of essential oils were identified: Epi-α-cadinol, zingiberene, Z-α-trans-bergamotol, E-β-guaiene, α-bisabolol, E-hidrato de sesquisabinene, β-sesquiphellandrene, oplopanone, α-curcumene, guaiol and caryophyllene oxide, not yet reportded in this species. UV spectra indicated the presence of cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoid. Terpenoids, fatty acids, steroids, coumarins and phenolic acids were detected by TLC. The hexane extracts showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory for the employed methods. The results suggest that H. brasiliana is a source of bioactive compounds with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, which may justify the popular use in some organ dysfunctions.
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Mécanismes physiopathologies de la dégénérescence rétinienne dans le syndrome de Bardet-Biedl / Physiopathological mechanisms of retinal degeneration in the Bardet-Biedl syndrom

Mockel, Anaïs 13 September 2012 (has links)
Le syndrome de Bardet-Biedl (BBS) est considéré comme l’une des causes les plus fréquentes de rétinopathie pigmentaire dite syndromique. Il a été démontré une connexion entre les protéines BBS et les structures du cil primaire. Le cil primaire est un organelle formé par une fine évagination de la membrane plasmique soutenu par une ossature de microtubules. Dans la rétine, le photorécepteur (PR) est une cellule ciliaire composée d’un segment interne et d’un segment externe reliés par un cil primaire modifié. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence que le stress du réticulum endoplasmique est à l’origine du processus apoptotique car un défaut ciliaire dans le PR entraine l’accumulation de protéines dans le segment interne et déclenche une réponse au stress cellulaire appelé unfolded protein response. Nous avons développé un traitement pharmacologique modulant ce stress cellulaire afin de ralentir l’apoptose des PR dans un modèle murin BBS. Cette approche pharmacologique a montré son efficacité dans le maintien et la fonctionnalité des PR. Elle pourrait potentiellement être applicable à d’autres ciliopathies rétiniennes. / Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is one of the most frequent cause of syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. BBS proteins are related to primary cilium structure and function. The primary cilium is microtubule-based antenna-like structure at the surface of the cell. In the retina, the photoreceptor (PR) is a ciliated cell composed of an inner and an outer segment linked by a modified primary cilium. In this study, we demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum stress induces unfolded protein response due to protein accumulation in the inner segment in case of ciliary defect in the PR leading to apoptosis. We designed a pharmacological treatment to alleviate PR apoptosis in a BBS mouse model. This pharmacological approach was efficient to protect PR from apoptosis and maintain their functionality. This treatment could be applicable to others retinal ciliopathies.
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Human δ opioid receptor Phe27 and Cys27 variants:the role of heteromerization and pharmacological chaperones in receptor processing and trafficking

Leskelä, T. (Tarja) 29 November 2011 (has links)
Abstract The opioid receptors (&#948;, &#954; and &#956;) are family A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have an important role in the regulation of pain. Like all GPCRs they have a common structure that consists of seven transmembrane domains with an extracellular amino (N)-terminus and an intracellular carboxyl-terminus. The human &#948; opioid receptor (h(&#948;OR) has two polymorphic variants. A single-nucleotide polymorphism causes replacement of Phe with Cys at the amino acid position 27 in the receptor N-terminus. The allelic frequency of h&#948;ORCys27, the less common variant, is about 10% in Caucasians. In this study, the two h&#948;OR variants were expressed in heterologous expression systems and their biosynthesis was characterized in detail using various cell biological and biochemical techniques. In particular, the role of receptor heteromerization and opioid receptor pharmacological chaperones in processing, maturation and trafficking of the variants was assessed. The h&#948;OR variants showed significant differences in maturation and trafficking. The h&#948;ORCys27 had a significantly lower maturation efficiency compared with h&#948;ORPhe27. In addition, long-term receptor expression led to the accumulation of h&#948;ORCys27 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and also impaired receptor targeting to ER-associated degradation. The h&#948;OR variants also differed at the cell surface, as the h&#948;ORCys27 variant was internalized constitutively in a faster and more extensive manner than h&#948;ORPhe27. However, the variants had similar pharmacological properties and activated G proteins in an identical manner. This study also showed that h&#948;ORCys27 acted in a dominant negative manner and redirected some h&#948;ORPhe27 precursors to degradation. This resulted in impaired plasma membrane expression of h&#948;ORPhe27 in co-transfected cells. The h&#948;OR variants were found to form heteromers early in the secretory pathway, which is the most likely reason for the dominant negative behavior of h&#948;ORCys27 on h&#948;ORPhe27. The mechanism of action of opioid receptor pharmacological chaperones, membrane-permeable opioid ligands, was investigated in detail using h&#948;ORCys27 and its mutant form h&#948;ORCys27-(Asp95Ala) as models. Opioid antagonists were found to be able to bind to and stabilize receptor precursors in the ER and enhance their dissociation from the ER molecular chaperone calnexin. This led to an increase in the number of receptors at the plasma membrane. In addition, h&#948;ORPhe27, like h&#948;ORCys27, was responsive to antagonist treatment whether the variants were expressed together or individually. / Tiivistelmä Opioidireseptorit kuuluvat G-proteiinikytkentäisiin reseptoreihin, ja niillä on tärkeä rooli kipuaistimuksen säätelyssä. Ne ovat solukalvoproteiineja, joiden aminohappoketju läpäisee kalvon seitsemän kertaa. Reseptorien aminoterminaalipää sijaitsee solun ulkopuolella ja karboksiterminaalipää solun sisällä. Ihmisen &#948;-opioidireseptori esiintyy kahtena polymorfisena muotona, Phe27:nä ja Cys27:nä, joissa aminohappo 27 on joko fenyylialaniini (Phe) tai kysteiini (Cys). Cys27 on harvinaisempi muoto, ja sen yleisyys on noin 10 % eurooppalaista alkuperää olevalla väestöllä. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena oli tutkia &#948;-opioidireseptorin varianttimuotojen biosynteesiä reseptoriproteiinia tuottavissa heterologisissa solumalleissa (HEK293- ja SH-SY5Y-solut) solubiologisilla ja biokemiallisilla menetelmillä.. Väitöskirja osoittaa, että &#948;-opioidireseptorin varianttimuotojen välillä on eroa prosessoinnissa. Cys27-varianttia kuljetetaan endoplasmakalvostosta solun pinnalle vähemmän kuin Phe27-varianttia, ja pitkäaikainen reseptorituotanto johtaa vastasyntetisoituneiden reseptorien kerääntymiseen solun sisälle. Samalla reseptorien ohjaus proteasomihajotukseen heikkenee. Soluissa, jotka tuottavat molempia varianttimuotoja samanaikaisesti, Cys27-variantin havaittiin ohjaavan myös Phe27-varianttia proteasomihajotukseen vähentäen sen kuljetusta solun pinnalle. Tämä Cys27-variantin dominanttinegatiivinen ominaisuus johtuu todennäköisesti siitä, että variantit muodostavat dimeerisen rakenteen endoplasmakalvostossa. Havaittiin myös, että Cys27-varianttireseptorit ohjataan solun pinnalta lysosomihajotukseen tehokkaammin kuin vastaavat Phe27-varianttimuodot. Prosessointieroista huolimatta variantit eivät poikkea toisistaan farmakologisilta ominaisuuksiltaan, ja ne aktivoivat G proteiineja samalla tavalla. Väitöskirjassa tutkittiin myös farmakologisten kaperonien toimintamekanismeja käyttämällä mallina &#948;-opioidireseptorin Cys27-varianttia ja sen pistemutaatiota (Asp95Ala). Farmakologisten kaperonien eli reseptorispesifisten ligandien todettiin sitoutuvan reseptoreihin endoplasmakalvostossa ja stabiloivan niiden rakennetta, mikä vähentää reseptorin ja proteiinien laadunvalvontaan osallistuvan kaperonin, kalneksiinin, välistä vuorovaikutusta. Tämä johtaa reseptorien määrän kasvuun solun pinnalla.
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Implication des interneurones cholinergiques striataux dans la physiopathologie de la maladie de Parkinson : étude optogénétique, pharmacologique et comportementale / Involvement of striatal cholinergic interneurons in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease : optogenetics, pharmacological and behavioral approaches

Ztaou, Samira 18 November 2016 (has links)
La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est caractérisée par une perte dopaminergique dans le striatum, structure sous-corticale impliquée dans le contrôle moteur, la mémoire et les comportements émotionnels. Les interneurones cholinergiques (ChIs) striataux jouent un rôle clef dans cette réorganisation pathologique du striatum en modulant l’activité des neurones de projection striataux (MSNs). Ce travail vise à étudier l’implication des ChIs et des récepteurs muscariniques (mAChRs) dans les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l’expression des déficits moteurs, cognitifs et émotionnels dans différents modèles de la MP chez la souris. L’inhibition optogénétique des ChIs réduit les déficits moteurs (akinésie, asymétrie posturale, déficit sensori-moteur). Les enregistrements électrophysiologiques montrent que l’inhibition des ChIs réduit l’excitabilité des MSNs et rétablit l’équilibre d’activité des deux voies de sortie striatale. Ces effets antiparkinsoniens sont reproduits par le blocage pharmacologique striatal des mAChRs M1 et M4. Ils sont dus à une action préférentielle de l’ACh sur les mAChRs au niveau des MSNs à l’origine de la voie striatonigrale puisqu’ils disparaissent chez des souris invalidées pour les récepteurs M4 exprimés dans ces neurones. La photoinhibition des ChIs réduit les déficits mnésiques et l’anxiété. L’antagoniste des mAChRs M1 réduit l’anxiété mais est inefficace sur les déficits mnésiques, suggérant que d’autres récepteurs cholinergiques striataux puissent être engagés dans les fonctions mnésiques. L’ensemble de nos résultats apporte un éclairage nouveau sur l’implication des ChIs striataux dans le fonctionnement physiologique et pathologique du striatum. / Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a dopamiergic loss into the striatum, a subcortical structure involved in motor control, memory and emotional behaviors. Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) play a key role in this pathological reorganization of the striatal circuitry by modulating striatal projection neurons (MSNs). This study aims to investigate the involvement of ChIs and muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) in the mechanisms underlying the expression of motor, cognitive and emotional deficits observed in different models of PD in mice. ChIs optogenetic inhibition reduced motor deficits (akinesia, postural asymmetry, sensorimotor deficit). Electrophysiological recordings show that ChIs photoinhibition reduces MSNs excitability and restores the balance between the two striatal output pathways. These antiparkinsonian effects are reproduced by pharmacological intrastriatal blockade of M1 and M4 mAChRs. They are due to a preferential action of ACh on mAChRs expressed on striatonigral MSNs since the deficits disappear in mutant mice that lack M4 mAChRs only in these neurons. ChIs photoinhibition also reduces memory deficits and anxiety. M1 mAChRs antagonist reduces anxiety but is inefficient on memory deficits, suggesting that other cholinergic receptors might be involved in striatal memory functions. Overall, these results give new insights on the role of cholinergic interneurons in the normal and pathological functioning of the striatum.
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Le Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ( FGF-2 ) et la neuropiline-1 (NRP-1) : nouveaux partenaires moléculaires de Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide ( HARP) / The Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) and the neuropiline-1 (NRP-1) : new molecular partners of Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (HARP)

Elahouel, Rania 13 December 2012 (has links)
HARP (Heparin Affin regulatory peptide) est un facteur de croissance qui constitue avec la midkine une sous-famille des Heparin Binding Growth Factors (HBGFs). HARP est impliqué dans de nombreux processus physiologiques comme la neurogenèse et la vasculogenèse mais aussi dans des processus physiopathologiques comme l’angiogenèse et la progression tumorale. HARP interagit avec différents récepteurs (N-syndécan, RPTPβ/ζ, et ALK). Plus récemment, il a été montré au laboratoire que la nucléoline, protéine navette entre le noyau, le cytoplasme, et la surface cellulaire est un nouveau récepteur à HARP. Malgré les avancées dans ce domaine, l’interaction de HARP avec ses récepteurs n’est pas totalement élucidée. L'objectif de ce projet de thèse était la recherche de nouveaux partenaires moléculaires qui interagissent avec HARP, de comprendre le mécanisme de leurs interaction et d’analyser les effets biologiques. A ce titre, j’ai participé à l’étude de l’interaction de HARP avec le facteur de croissance des fibroblastes, le FGF-2. Ce facteur liant l’héparine est également mitogène et angiogène. En utilisant des techniques de biocapteurs optiques et d’interaction protéine-protéine, nous avons montré une interaction directe entre HARP et le FGF-2 et qui implique les domaines C-TSR-I et C-terminale de HARP. De plus, cette interaction inhibe la migration et la prolifération des cellules endothéliales, induites par le FGF-2 ou par HARP seuls. En parallèle, j’ai mis en évidence l’interaction entre HARP et la NRP-1. NRP-1 est une protéine transmembranaire, ayant comme ligands principaux, les sémaphorines de classe 3 (SEMA 3A), le facteur de croissance endothélial vasculaire (VEGF) et le FGF-2. En plus de son rôle crucial dans le développement des systèmes nerveux et cardiovasculaires, la NRP-1 est impliquée dans les processus physiopathologiques tels que l’angiogenèse et l’invasion tumorale. Ainsi, la NRP-1 présente un profil biologique similaire à HARP. En utilisant des tests d’ELISA, d’immunoprécipitation et de « pull-down », nous avons montré que HARP interagit avec la NRP-1. Cette interaction semble être directe et s’effectue via les domaines de liaison à l’héparine TSR-I. HARP induit l’internalisation de la NRP-1 au bout de 15 minutes et son recyclage partiel à la surface cellulaire au bout d’une heure. L’internalisation de la NRP-1 s’accompagne par la phosphorylation des voies MAPK (ERK1/2), Akt et FAK. L’interaction HARP/NRP-1 est cruciale pour la migration des cellules endothéliales et l’invasion des cellules tumorales. En conclusion, ces résultats apportent de nouvelles avancées concernant les partenaires moléculaires de HARP en particulier et montrent également la complexité des interactions des facteurs de croissance entre eux et avec leurs récepteurs. Plus généralement, cette étude permet d'envisager des stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant l’interaction de la NRP-1 avec HARP et aussi les autres facteurs de croissance. / HARP (Heparin Affin regulatory peptide) is a growth factor that constitutes with midkine a subfamily of Heparin Binding Growth Factors (HBGFs). HARP is involved in many physiological processes such as neurogenesis and vasculogenesis but also in pathophysiological processes such as angiogenesis and tumor progression. HARP interacts with different receptors (N-syndecan, RPTPβ / ζ and ALK). More recently, it has been shown in the laboratory that nucleolin, a protein shuttle between the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell surface, is a new HARP receptor. Despite the advances in this field, the interaction of HARP with its receptors is not fully understood. The aim of this thesis was the search for new molecular partners that interact with HARP, to understand the mechanism of their interaction and analyze the biological effects. My work was firstly to participate to the study of the interaction of HARP with the fibroblast growth factor-2, FGF-2. This factor is also an heparin-binding factor, with mitogenic and angiogenic activities. Using techniques of optical biosensors and protein-protein interaction, we have shown a direct interaction between HARP and FGF-2 that involves C-TSR-I and C-terminus domains of HARP. In addition, HARP inhibits the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells induced by FGF-2. In parallel, I highlighted the interaction between HARP and NRP-1. NRP-1 is a transmembrane protein having as main ligands, semaphorins class 3 (SEMA 3A), the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and FGF-2. In addition to its crucial role in the development of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, the NRP-1 is involved in physiopathological processes such as angiogenesis and tumor invasion. Thus, NRP-1 has a biological profile similar to HARP. Using ELISA, immunoprecipitation and "pull-down" tests, we have shown that HARP interacts with NRP-1. This interaction appears to be direct and occurs via heparin binding domains of HARP: TSR-I. HARP induces internalization of NRP-1 after 15 minutes and partial recycling to the cell surface after one hour. The internalization of the NRP-1 is accompanied by the phosphorylation of MAPK pathways (ERK1 / 2), Akt and FAK. HARP/NRP-1 interaction is crucial for endothelial cell migration and invasion of tumor cells. In conclusion, these results provide new advances on molecular partners of HARP in particular and also show the complexity of the interactions between these growth factors and their receptors. More generally, this study allows considering therapeutic strategies targeting the interaction of NRP-1 with HARP as well as other growth factors.
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Comparação do potencial neutralizante dos soros antibotrópico comercial e experimental frente às atividades biológicas dos venenos de Bothrops jararaca e Bothrops erythromelas / Comparison of the neutralizing potential of the commercial and experimental anti-botropic serum front the biological activities of the Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops erythromelas venom.

Norberto Carone Castro Junior 29 August 2008 (has links)
Na região nordeste é registrado o maior índice de letalidade por acidentes ofídicos do Brasil. As serpentes Bothrops erythromelas (Be) são as responsáveis pela maioria dos acidentes na região, e o veneno dessa serpente não integra o pool de antígenos utilizado pata a obtenção do soro antibotrópico (SAB). Nesse estudo avaliou-se a potência do SAB na neutralização de algumas atividades do veneno (V) de Be. Os resultados mostraram que o SAB neutraliza as atividades do VBe, mas, exceto para a atividade coagulante e letalidade, a potência do SAB foi significativamente menor, quando comparado à neutralização das mesmas atividades do veneno de B. jararaca. A utilização de um soro obtido após a inclusão do VBe ao pool de antígenos não melhorou significativamente a potência do SAB. O SAB neutralizou também o edema inflamatório induzido pelo VBe, mas a associação do SAB à dexametasona inibiu o edema quando aplicado até 45 min após o envenenamento. Nesse tempo, SAB ou dexametasona aplicados isoladamente não foram efetivos em diminuir esse edema. / In the northeast region is registered the higher lethality index by snakebites in Brazil. Bothrops erythromelas (Be) snakes are responsible for the larger number of snakebites in that region, and the venom of these snakes do not integrate the pool of antigens used to obtaining the Bothrops antivenom (BAV). In the present study, the potency of this serum in neutralizing some activities of Be venom (V) was evaluated. Results showed that BAV neutralizes BeV activities, but, except for coagulant activity and for lethality, the potency of the BAV was significantly lower, when compared to the neutralization of the same parameters of the Bothrops jararaca venom. The use of antivenom obtained after inclusion of BeV to the pool of antigens did not ameliorate the BAV potency. The BAV also neutralizes the inflammatory edema induced by BeV, but the association of BAV and dexamethasone decreased the edema when applied up to 45 min after the venom. At this time, antivenom or dexamethasone administered alone were ineffective in inhibiting this edema.

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