• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 247
  • 126
  • 50
  • 33
  • 9
  • 9
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 556
  • 556
  • 123
  • 112
  • 90
  • 62
  • 62
  • 52
  • 45
  • 43
  • 41
  • 41
  • 40
  • 38
  • 38
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Structural Studies of Lanthanide Double Perovskites

Saines, Paul James January 2008 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / This project focuses on the examination of the structures of lanthanide containing double perovskites of the type Ba2LnB'O6-d (Ln = lanthanide or Y3+ and B' = Nb5+, Ta5+, Sb5+ and/or Sn4+) using synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. The first part of this project examined the relative stability of R3 rhombohedral and I4/m tetragonal structures as the intermediate phase adopted by the series Ba2LnB'O6 (Ln = lanthanide (III) or Y3+ and B' = Nb5+, Ta5+ or Sb5+). It was found that I4/m tetragonal symmetry was favoured when B' was a transition metal with a small number of d electrons, such as Nb5+ or Ta5+. This is due to the presence of p-bonding in these compounds. In the Ba2LnNbO6 and Ba2LnTaO6 series R3 rhombohedral symmetry was, however, favoured over I4/m tetragonal symmetry when Ln = La3+ or Pr3+ due to the larger ionic radius of these cations. The incompatibility of the d0 and d10 B'-site cations in this family of compounds was indicated by significant regions of phase segregation in the two series Ba2Eu1-xPrxNb1-xSbxO6 and Ba2NdNb1-xSbxO6. In the second part of this project the compounds in the series Ba2LnSnxB'1-xO6-d (Ln = Pr, Nd or Tb and B' = Nb5+ or Sb5+) were examined to understand the relative stability of oxygen vacancies in these materials compared to the oxidation of the lanthanide cations and to determine if any oxygen vacancy ordering occurred. It was found, using a combination of structural characterisation, X ray Absorption Near Edge Structure and Ultra-Violet, Visible and Near Infrared spectroscopies, that with Ln = Pr or Tb increased Sn4+ doping results in a change in the oxidation state of the Ln3+ cations to Ln4+. This leads to those series containing little or no oxygen vacancies. A loss of B site cation ordering was found to accompany this oxidation state change and phase segregation was found to occur in the Ba2PrSnxSb1-xO6-d series most likely due to the Pr3+ and Pr4+ cations segregating into different phases. The Nd3+ cations in the series Ba2NdSnxSb1-xO6-d, however, can not oxidise to the tetravalent state so the number of oxygen vacancies rises with increasing x. It was found that oxygen vacancies concentrate onto the axial site of the compounds with x = 0.6 and 0.8 at ambient temperature. In Ba2Sn0.6Sb0.4O5.7 the oxygen vacancies were found to change to concentrating on the equatorial site at higher temperatures and it is suggested that this oxygen vacancy ordering plays a role in the adoption of I2/m monoclinic symmetry.
142

Modelagem computacional de óxidos da família das perovskitas

Nicoleti, Nélio Henrique [UNESP] 08 April 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nicoleti_nh_dr_bauru.pdf: 3712162 bytes, checksum: 6942f5d7d03330b99115c0d7f453f3fd (MD5) / Ministerio de Assuntos Exteriores e Cooperacao (Maec) / Neste trabalho, aplicamos cálculos mecânicos-quânticos em sistemas periódicos utilizando a Teoria Funcional da Densidade (DFT) na descrição das propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas de óxidos metálicos tipo perovskitas: PbTiO3, PbZr0.5Ti05O3, PbZrO3 e LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. Este estudo possibilitou a identificação dos átomos que mais contribuem para a estrutura de bandas e também as energias na região entre a banda de valência e a banda de condução (band gap). Além de permitir a identificação de possíveis transições de fase no PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 e do mecanismo de condução iônica na LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. Os resultados são comparados com dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura e discutidos em termos da densidade de estados (DOS), estruturas de banda (EB), densidade de carga e parâmetros estruturais / In this work, we apply quantum-mechanical calculations in periodic system, using the Density Functional Theory (DFT), to the description of structural and eletronic properties of metal oxides type perovskites: PbTiO3, PbZr0.5Ti05O3, PbZrO3 e LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. This study enabled the identification of the atoms that contribute most to the structure bands and also the energies in the region between the valence band and the conduction band (band gap). Allowing the identification of possible phase transitions in PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 and the mechanism of ion conduction in LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. The results are compared with experimental data available in literature and discussed in terms of density of states (DOS), band structures (EB), charge density and structural parameter
143

Modelagem computacional de óxidos da família das perovskitas /

Nicoleti, Nélio Henrique. January 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Júlio Ricardo Sambrano / Banca: Elson Longo da Silva / Banca: Maria Aparecida Z. Bertochi / Banca: Rogério Custódio / Banca: Sergio Ricardo de Lazaro / O programa de Pós graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais PosMat, tem carater institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da UNESP / Resumo: Neste trabalho, aplicamos cálculos mecânicos-quânticos em sistemas periódicos utilizando a Teoria Funcional da Densidade (DFT) na descrição das propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas de óxidos metálicos tipo perovskitas: PbTiO3, PbZr0.5Ti05O3, PbZrO3 e LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. Este estudo possibilitou a identificação dos átomos que mais contribuem para a estrutura de bandas e também as energias na região entre a banda de valência e a banda de condução (band gap). Além de permitir a identificação de possíveis transições de fase no PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 e do mecanismo de condução iônica na LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. Os resultados são comparados com dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura e discutidos em termos da densidade de estados (DOS), estruturas de banda (EB), densidade de carga e parâmetros estruturais / Abstract: In this work, we apply quantum-mechanical calculations in periodic system, using the Density Functional Theory (DFT), to the description of structural and eletronic properties of metal oxides type perovskites: PbTiO3, PbZr0.5Ti05O3, PbZrO3 e LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. This study enabled the identification of the atoms that contribute most to the structure bands and also the energies in the region between the valence band and the conduction band (band gap). Allowing the identification of possible phase transitions in PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 and the mechanism of ion conduction in LaAl0.75Mg0.25O2.875. The results are compared with experimental data available in literature and discussed in terms of density of states (DOS), band structures (EB), charge density and structural parameter / Doutor
144

Análise computacional da disseminação de epidemias considerando a diluição e a mobilidade dos agentes / Analysis of epidemic dissemination considering dilution and mobility of the agents

Cruz, Vicente Silva January 2013 (has links)
Pesquisas sobre a propagação de epidemias são uma constante devido a sua relevância para a contenção de doenças. Porém, devido aos diversos tipos de doenças existentes, a observação de um comportamento genérico e aproximado torna-se impraticável. Neste âmbito, a elaboração de modelos matemáticos epidêmicos auxiliam no fornecimento de informações que podem ser usadas por orgãos públicos para o combate de surtos epidêmicos reais. Em paralelo, por causa do grande volume de dados que são processados na execução da simulação desses modelos, o constante aumento dos recursos computacionais desenvolvidos vem em auxílio desta tarefa. O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar o comportamento da disseminação de uma epidemia simulada computacionalmente através do modelo epidêmico SIR em reticulados quadrados considerando duas propriedades: a existência de vértices vazios e a movimentação aleatória dos agentes. Essas propriedades são conhecidas por taxas de diluição e mobilidade, respectivamente. Para alcançar esse objetivo, algumas técnicas físico-estatística, tais como a análise das transições de fase e fenômenos críticos, foram aplicadas. Através destas técnicas, é possível observar a passagem do sistema da fase em que ocorre um surto epidêmico para a fase em que a epidemia é contida, bem como estudar a dinâmica do modelo quando ele está na criticidade, ou seja, no ponto de mudança de fase, conhecido por ponto crítico. Foi constatado que a taxa de diluição influencia a disseminação das epidemias porque desloca a transição de fase negativamente, reduzindo o valor crítico da imunização. Por sua vez, a taxa da movimentação dos agentes favorece o espalhamento da doença, pois a transição de fase é positivamente deslocada e seu ponto crítico, aumentado. Além disso foi observado que, apesar desse incremento, ele não é completamente restaurado devido às restrições de mobilidade dos agentes e ao alto grau de desconectividade da rede causado pelas altas taxas de diluição. Neste trabalho nós mostramos as razões deste comportamento. / Research on the spreading of epidemics are frequent because of their relevance for the containment of diseases. However, due to the variety of existing illnesses, the observation of an approximated generic behavior becomes impractical. In this context, the development of mathematical models of epidemics assists in providing information that can be used to make strategic decisions for the combat of real epidemic outbreaks. In parallel, because of the large volume of data which has to be processed in the simulation of these models, the increase of computational performance helps with this task. The objective of this thesis is to study the behavior of the spreading of an epidemic, by computationally simulating an SIR epidemic model on square lattices, considering two properties: the existence of empty vertices and random movement of agents. These properties are known as dilution rate and mobility rate, respectively. To achieve this goal, techniques of statistical physics, such as the analysis of phase transition and power laws, were applied. With these techniques, it is possible to observe the transition of the system from the phase in which an outbreak occurs to the phase where the epidemic is contained. Additionally, we studied the dynamics of the model when it is in criticality, that is, at the point of phase transition, known as the critical point. It was found that a higher dilution rate reduces the spreading of epidemics because it shifts the phase transition negatively, reducing the value of its critical point. On the other hand, increasing the rate of movement of the agents favors the spreading of the disease, because the phase transition is shifted positively and its critical point is increased. It was noticed that, despite of this increasing, this point is not completely restored due to restricted mobility of agents and the high degree of the network disconectivity caused by the high dilution rates. In this work we show the reasons for this behavior.
145

Estudo da cafeína anidra sob condições extremas através de espectroscoia Raman. / Study of anhydrous caffeine under extreme conditions through Raman spectroscopy

Maia, José Robson January 2010 (has links)
MAIA, José Robson. Estudo da cafeína anidra sob condições extremas através de Espectroscopia Raman. 2010. 82 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2010. / Submitted by francisco lima (admir@ufc.br) on 2014-06-30T17:14:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jrmaia.pdf: 2070388 bytes, checksum: 91f8d25cd08ec0e46e3c280ebd10e9d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-08-06T17:23:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jrmaia.pdf: 2070388 bytes, checksum: 91f8d25cd08ec0e46e3c280ebd10e9d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T17:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jrmaia.pdf: 2070388 bytes, checksum: 91f8d25cd08ec0e46e3c280ebd10e9d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / In this work anidrous cafeine (C8H10N4O2) crystals were investigated through the Raman spectroscopy technique, with change of temperature and pressure, in the spectral region between 30 and 3200 cm-1 In the temperature experiments the thermodynamic parameter changed from 23 and 170 0C. From them it was possible to realize that anidrous cafeine undergoes a structural phase transition at about 140 0C, as pointed by the disappearance of three bands associated to external modes. After sample goes back to room temperature, it is observed that the original Raman spectrum was not recovered, indicating that the transition is not reversible. Thermal analysis experiment confirms the structural phase transition undergone by cafeine. In order to perform high pressure experiments we have used a diamond anvil cell, being possible to arrive to pressures up to 10.6 GPa. In the high pressure Raman experiments it was possible to observe a phase transition at about 1 GPa, as indicated by the appearance of a band at 37 cm-1 as well as a second phase transition between 6.2 and 7.5 GPa. This last phase transition was characterized by the discontinuity in the frequency band of two low energy. In the pressure range 7.3-10.6 GPa, the Raman scattering experiments performed on anidrous cafeine showed indicious of lost of long range order, which was interpreted as a possible amorphization of the sample. / No presente trabalho policristais de cafeína anidra (C8H10N4O2), foram investigados por meio de experimentos de espectroscopia Raman, com variação dos parâmetros termodinâmicos temperatura e pressão, em uma região espectral entre 30 e 3200 cm-1. Nos experimentos de espectroscopia Raman realizados variando a temperatura entre 23 e 170 °C, verificou-se que a cafeína anidra sofreu uma transição de fase estrutural em torno de 140 °C, acompanhada pelo desaparecimento de três dos modos externos. A análise dos espectros Raman obtidos após o retorno a temperatura ambiente revelaram que a cafeína não recupera a fase beta. O experimento de análise térmica confirma a transição de fase estrutural sugerida pelos experimentos de espectroscopia Raman a altas temperaturas. Nos experimentos de altas pressões utilizando-se uma célula de pressão a extremos de diamantes os cristais foram submetidos a pressões de até 10,6 GPa. Em tais experimentos pode-se observar uma transição de fase, em torno de 1 GPa devido ao surgimento de uma banda Raman em aproximadamente 37 cm-1 e uma outra transição em um intervalo de pressão compreendido entre 6,2 e 7,5 GPa, relacionado a uma descontinuidade na freqüência de duas bandas de baixa energia. Para o intervalo de pressão entre 7,3 e 10,6 GPa os experimentos de espectroscopia Raman realizadas sobre policristais de cafeína anidra mostraram fortes indícios de perda da ordem de longo alcance o que foi interpretado como uma possível amorfização da amostra.
146

Conductance hors-équilibre dans les Jonctions métal-supraconducteur : application à l’étude de Ba(Fe,Ni)2As2 / Experimental study of the magnetic and electronic properties of low-dimensional superconductors

Grasland, Hadrien 26 November 2015 (has links)
Comprendre la supraconductivité des pnictures et séléniures de fer nécessite de bien connaître leurs propriétés électroniques et magnétiques. Dans ce cadre, j'ai aidé à réaliser et j'ai automatisé un dispositif cryogénique capable d'étudier ces propriétés, à basse température (jusqu'à ~1 K) et sous application d'un champ magnétique statique (jusqu'à 2 T) ou oscillant. Les techniques implémentées sont la spectroscopie de pointe et la microscopie à sonde de Hall, et le dispositif est conçu de sorte qu'il soit possible de basculer de l'une à l'autre sans manipuler l'échantillon.J'ai ensuite utilisé ce dispositif pour étudier par spectroscopie de pointe les gaps supraconducteurs du pnicture Ba(Fe,Ni)2As2, puis rechercher la signature du couplage de ses électrons de conduction à des modes bosoniques. Ce faisant, il a été observé dans la conductance différentielle de jonctions métal-supraconducteur un signal oscillant dont la période varie en température comme le gap supraconducteur de l'échantillon. Ce signal dépend de la résistance de contact de la jonction d'une façon qui prouve clairement qu'il est issu d'effets hors équilibre.J'ai modélisé ce signal en étudiant théoriquement la physique de jonctions métal-métal-supraconducteur, dont la seconde région métallique serait formée par transition locale du supraconducteur vers l'état normal. Le modèle que j'ai ainsi construit permet de prédire la conductance différentielle d'une telle jonction, moyennant une connaissance préalable de la loi L(V) reliant la taille de la seconde région métallique à la tension aux bornes de la jonction. J'ai ensuite proposé plusieurs modèles pour cette loi.Après comparaison avec l'expérience, il semble possible que la région métallique se forme par dépassement local de la densité de courant critique Jd du supraconducteur associée à la brisure de paires de Cooper, ou "courant de depairing". Mais il serait aussi vraisemblable que l'injection d'électrons perturbe localement la distribution électronique f(E) de l'échantillon, au point de déstabiliser l'état supraconducteur. Cette dernière interprétation suppose une forte dépendance en température du couplage électron-boson à basse énergie.Enfin, je présente en annexe les fonctionnalités de microscopie magnétique du dispositif réalisé, ainsi que les premiers résultats scientifiques qu'elles ont permis d'obtenir : la mise en évidence du rôle joué par le fluage quantique dans la relaxation des vortex piégés au sein de Fe(Se,Te). / Reaching a good understanding of the superconductivity of iron pnictides and selenides requires an accurate knowledge of their electronic and magnetic properties. To this end, I helped building and I automated a cryogenic device that is suitable for the study of these properties, at low temperatures (down to ~1 K) and under the application of a magnetic field, either static (up to 2 T) or oscillating. The device implements the experimental techniques of point contact spectroscopy and scanning hall probe microscopy, and it allows switching between them without requiring sample manipulations.I subsequently used this device to study the superconducting gaps of Ba(Fe,Ni)2As2 by point contact spectroscopy, before I began looking for signatures of the coupling of conduction electrons to bosonic modes. However, in this process, the differential conductance of metal-superconductor junctions turned out to exhibit oscillating features, whose period evolves in temperature like the superconducting gap of the sample. This signal also depends on a junction's contact resistance in such a manner that it appears unmistakably out-of-equilibrium in nature.I derived a model of this signal by undertaking a theoretical study of metal-metal-superconductor junctions. In these junctions, the second metallic region would emerge from a local transition of the superconductor to the normal state. The resulting model is able to predict the differential conductance of such a junction, given prior knowledge of the L(V) law linking the size of the second metallic region to the voltage being applied across the junction. I subsequently derived several models for this law.Comparing these models to experimental data, it appears that the observed phenomenology could emerge from a local increase of current density above the "depairing current" Jd associated to Cooper pair breaking in the superconductor. Alternatively, electron injection could also locally alter the electron energy distribution f(E) of the sample to the point of destabilizing the superconducting state. This last explanation requires a strong temperature dependence of the electron-boson coupling at low energies.Finally, in an appendix, I describe the magnetic microscopy capabilities of the experimental device. Those capabilities enabled us to understand the role played by quantum creep in the relaxation of trapped vortices within Fe(Se,Te).
147

Síntese e Caraterização de MgxPb(1-x)TiO3

Nóbrega, Jaldair Araújo e 14 August 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2018-02-01T16:29:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJAN.pdf: 5398076 bytes, checksum: 23f1bcf63802cdec3d1b5caf6731eca8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-02-01T19:07:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJAN.pdf: 5398076 bytes, checksum: 23f1bcf63802cdec3d1b5caf6731eca8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-02-01T19:08:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJAN.pdf: 5398076 bytes, checksum: 23f1bcf63802cdec3d1b5caf6731eca8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-01T19:11:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJAN.pdf: 5398076 bytes, checksum: 23f1bcf63802cdec3d1b5caf6731eca8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / We report the investigation of structural, optical and electrical properties of the MgxPb(1- x)TiO3 ceramic system produced by mechanosynthesis. The solid state reaction manufacturing method has been proved to be an efficient alternative to manufacture this type of material. By using Raman spectroscopy techniques it was possible observe the effects induced by pressure, from 0 up to 14 GPa, and by temperature from 10 up to 723 K for the samples with x ranging from 0.2 to 1.0. Complementary characterization techniques were also used, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Optical Absorption Spectroscopy and Electrical Impedance. XRD enabled the study of structural changes related to the increase in Mg concentrations. Raman analysis allowed the study of vibrational modes, in particular the transversely optical mode E(1TO) of lower frequency in order to characterize the phase transition from tetragonal-ferroelectric to cubic-paraelectric phases. From these results it was possible to construct a phase diagram that relates Mg concentration, temperature and hydrostatic pressure, yielding determine critical temperature (Tc) and critical pressure (Pc) in which phase transition occurs for each sample. Permittivity dielectric measurements were performed for each material, through which it was possible to compare the effects of Mg ratios in the modification of the values of these properties. Finally, a study of optical absorption as a function of Mg concentration was conducted, evidencing changes in gap energies related to the increase of Mg incorporation. The lowest values, 2.86 and 2.9 eV correspond to samples with concentrations of 0.4 and 0.2, respectively. Thus, from a technological point of view, these characteristics are interesting for applications in devices operating in the microwave region. / Neste trabalho foram investigados os efeitos estruturais, ópticos e elétricos do sistema cerâmico MgxPb(1-x)TiO3 produzido por mecano-síntese. O método de fabricação de reação de estado sólido mostrou-se uma alternativa eficiente de fabricação do material. Utilizandose de técnicas de espectroscopia Raman, foram observados os efeitos da pressão, de 0 a 14 GPa, e temperatura, de 10 a 723 K, para as amostras com x variando de 0,2 a 1,0. Também foram usadas técnicas complementares de caracterização entre elas a Difração de Raio-X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Absorção Óptica e de Espectroscopia de Impedância Elétrica. A técnica de DRX possibilitou o estudo da alteração estrutural relacionada ao aumento das concentrações de Mg. As análises Raman permitiram o estudo dos modos vibracionais, em especial o modo transversal óptico E(1TO) de mais baixa frequência, a fim de caracterizar a transição de fase, da fase tetragonal ferroelétrica para a cúbica paraelétrica. A partir desses resultados foi possível construir um diagrama de fase relativo à concentração de Mg, com a temperatura e pressão hidrostática, obtendo-se temperatura crítica (Tc) e pressão crítica (Pc) nas quais ocorrem transição de fase para cada amostra. Foram realizadas medidas de permissividades dielétricas para cada material, por meio das quais foi possível a comparação dos efeitos das proporções Mg na alteração dos valores dessas propriedades. Por fim, foi realizado um estudo de absorção óptica em função da concentração de Mg, onde mostrou-se que há alteração do gap relacionada ao aumento da concentração de Mg. Os valores mais baixos, 2,86 e 2,9 eV correspondem a amostras com concentração de 0,4 e 0,2, respectivamente. Assim, do ponto de vista tecnológico, as características encontradas mostram-se úteis para dispositivos que operam na região das micro-ondas.
148

Produção de oscillons durante restaurações e quebras espontâneas de simetrias / Oscillon production during restoration and spontaneous symmetry breaking

Romulo Ferreira Tavares 07 March 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na natureza há vários fenômenos envolvendo transições de fase com quebra ou restauração de simetrias. Tipicamente, mudanças de fase, são associadas com uma quebra ou restauração de simetria, que acontecem quando um determinado parâmetro de controle é variado, como por exemplo temperatura, densidade, campos externos, ou de forma dinâmica. Essas mudanças que os sistemas sofrem podem levar a formação de defeitos topológicos, tais como paredes de domínios, vórtices ou monopolos magnéticos. Nesse trabalho estudamos particularmente mudanças de fase associadas com quebras ou restaurações dinâmicas de simetria que estão associadas com formação ou destruição de defeitos do tipo paredes de domínio em modelos de campos escalares com simetria discreta. Nesses processos dinâmicos com formação ou destruição de domínios, estudamos a possibilidade de formação de estruturas do tipo oscillons, que são soluções não homogêneas e instáveis de campo, mas que podem concentrar nelas uma quantidade apreciável de energia e terem uma vida (duração) suficientemente grande para serem de importância física. Estudamos a possibilidade de formação dessas soluções em modelos de dois campos escalares interagentes em que o sistema é preparado em diferentes situações, com a dinâmica resultante nesses sistemas estudada numa rede discreta. / In nature there are several phenomena involving phase transitions with symmetries breaking or restoration. Typically,the phase state changes associated with a break or a restoration of the sistem's symmetry, that occur when a particular control parameter is varied, such as as temperature, density, external fields or dynamically. These systems undergo changes which can lead to formation of defects, such as domain walls, vortices or magnetic monopoles. In this work we study particularly phase changes, breaks or restorations, associated with dynamic symmetry that are associated with the formation or destruction of defects, as domain walls in models of scalar fields with discrete symmetry. In these dynamical processes with formation or destruction of domains we studied the possibility of forming oscilons type structures, which are not homogeneous and unstable field solutions, but can concentrate there in an appreciable amount of energy and have a lifetime (duration) large enough to have physical importance. We study the possibility of formation of oscillon kind solutions in models with scalar fields interacting in which the system is prepared for different situations, with the resulting dynamics of these systems studied in a discrete lattice.
149

Análise computacional da disseminação de epidemias considerando a diluição e a mobilidade dos agentes / Analysis of epidemic dissemination considering dilution and mobility of the agents

Cruz, Vicente Silva January 2013 (has links)
Pesquisas sobre a propagação de epidemias são uma constante devido a sua relevância para a contenção de doenças. Porém, devido aos diversos tipos de doenças existentes, a observação de um comportamento genérico e aproximado torna-se impraticável. Neste âmbito, a elaboração de modelos matemáticos epidêmicos auxiliam no fornecimento de informações que podem ser usadas por orgãos públicos para o combate de surtos epidêmicos reais. Em paralelo, por causa do grande volume de dados que são processados na execução da simulação desses modelos, o constante aumento dos recursos computacionais desenvolvidos vem em auxílio desta tarefa. O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar o comportamento da disseminação de uma epidemia simulada computacionalmente através do modelo epidêmico SIR em reticulados quadrados considerando duas propriedades: a existência de vértices vazios e a movimentação aleatória dos agentes. Essas propriedades são conhecidas por taxas de diluição e mobilidade, respectivamente. Para alcançar esse objetivo, algumas técnicas físico-estatística, tais como a análise das transições de fase e fenômenos críticos, foram aplicadas. Através destas técnicas, é possível observar a passagem do sistema da fase em que ocorre um surto epidêmico para a fase em que a epidemia é contida, bem como estudar a dinâmica do modelo quando ele está na criticidade, ou seja, no ponto de mudança de fase, conhecido por ponto crítico. Foi constatado que a taxa de diluição influencia a disseminação das epidemias porque desloca a transição de fase negativamente, reduzindo o valor crítico da imunização. Por sua vez, a taxa da movimentação dos agentes favorece o espalhamento da doença, pois a transição de fase é positivamente deslocada e seu ponto crítico, aumentado. Além disso foi observado que, apesar desse incremento, ele não é completamente restaurado devido às restrições de mobilidade dos agentes e ao alto grau de desconectividade da rede causado pelas altas taxas de diluição. Neste trabalho nós mostramos as razões deste comportamento. / Research on the spreading of epidemics are frequent because of their relevance for the containment of diseases. However, due to the variety of existing illnesses, the observation of an approximated generic behavior becomes impractical. In this context, the development of mathematical models of epidemics assists in providing information that can be used to make strategic decisions for the combat of real epidemic outbreaks. In parallel, because of the large volume of data which has to be processed in the simulation of these models, the increase of computational performance helps with this task. The objective of this thesis is to study the behavior of the spreading of an epidemic, by computationally simulating an SIR epidemic model on square lattices, considering two properties: the existence of empty vertices and random movement of agents. These properties are known as dilution rate and mobility rate, respectively. To achieve this goal, techniques of statistical physics, such as the analysis of phase transition and power laws, were applied. With these techniques, it is possible to observe the transition of the system from the phase in which an outbreak occurs to the phase where the epidemic is contained. Additionally, we studied the dynamics of the model when it is in criticality, that is, at the point of phase transition, known as the critical point. It was found that a higher dilution rate reduces the spreading of epidemics because it shifts the phase transition negatively, reducing the value of its critical point. On the other hand, increasing the rate of movement of the agents favors the spreading of the disease, because the phase transition is shifted positively and its critical point is increased. It was noticed that, despite of this increasing, this point is not completely restored due to restricted mobility of agents and the high degree of the network disconectivity caused by the high dilution rates. In this work we show the reasons for this behavior.
150

Contribution à l'étude des propriétés mécaniques du combustible nucléaire : Modélisation atomistique de la déformation du dioxyde d'uranium / Contribution to the study of mechanical properties of nuclear fuel : atomistic modelling of the deformation of uranium dioxide

Fossati, Paul 20 November 2012 (has links)
Les propriétés mécaniques du combustibles nucléaire sont un problème complexe qui fait intervenir de nombreux mécanismes différents à des échelles diverses. Afin de faire progresser notre connaissance de ce matériau, nous avons effectué des simulations utilisant des modèles de Dynamique Moléculaire. Ces simulations permettent l'étude de différents mécanismes de déformation du dioxyde d'uranium à l'échelle atomique. Nous avons mis en place une procédure permettant de calculer les chemins de transition entre différents polymorphes de l'UO2 de manière statique et dynamique. Ces calculs ont confirmé la stabilité des structures fluorine à pression ambiante et cotunnite en compression, vers laquelle une transition reconstructive a été observée. Ils ont aussi montré l'importance de la direction de sollicitation principale pour déterminer la transition activée en tension, soit vers une structure scrutinyite, soit vers une structure rutile. D'autre part, les propriétés élastiques de l'UO2 ont été déterminées en température à partir d'une approche multi-modèles. L'accord relatif entre les potentiels existants pour l'UO2 a été utilisé pour déterminer des paramètres pour des modèles mésoscopiques. La propagation d’une fissure dans un monocristal a ensuite été étudié. Lors de ces simulations nous avons mis en évidence l'apparition de phases secondaires en pointe de fissure. Ce mécanisme prédit par les modèles atomistiques pourrait jouer un rôle important lors de la propagation d’une fissure aux échelles supérieures. Finalement, certaines propriétés des dislocations coin stabilisées dans le cristal UO2 ont été étudiées. La structure de cœur de ces dislocations dans différents plans de glissements a été comparée. Leur contrainte critique de glissement en fonction de la température a été calculée. Ces derniers calculs suggèrent un lien direct entre le désordre chimique observé au cœur de dislocations et leur mobilité. / Mechanical properties of nuclear fuel are a complex problem, involving many coupled mechanisms occurring at different length scales. We used Molecular Dynamics models to bring some light on some of these mechanisms at the atomic scale. We devised a procedure to calculate transition pathways between some UO2 polymorphs, and then carried out dynamics simulations of these transitions. We confirmed the stability of the cotunnite structure at high pressure using various empirical potentials, the fluorite structure being the most stable at room pressure. Moreover, we showed a reconstructive phase transition between the fluorite and cotunnite structures. We also showed the importance of the major deformation axis on the kind of transition that occur under tensile conditions. Depending on the loading direction, a scrutinyite or rutile phase can appear. We then calculated the elastic behaviour of UO2 using different potentials. The relative agreement between them was used to produce a set of parameters to be used as input in mesoscale models. We also simulated crack propagation in UO2 single crystals. These simulations showed secondary phases nucleation at crack tips, and hinted at the importance thereof on crack propagation at higher length-scales. We then described some properties of edge dislocations in UO2. The core structures were compared for various glide planes. The critical resolved shear stress was calculated for temperatures up to 2000 K. These calculations showed a link between lattice disorder at the dislocations core and the dislocations mobility

Page generated in 0.1654 seconds