Positive-strand RNA virus group are the most abundant among viruses affecting plants and animals. To successfully achieve replication, these viruses usurp or co-opt host proteins. To facilitate the discovery of host factors involved in Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), yeast has been developed as a surrogate model host. Genome-wide approaches covering 95% of yeast genes, has revealed approximately hundred factors that could affect virus replication. Among the identified host factors, there are fourteen yeast genes, which affect/regulate lipid metabolism of the host. One of the identified host gene is ERG25, which is an important factor for sterol biosynthesis pathway, affecting viral replication. Sterols present in eukaryotes affect the lipid composition of membranes, where tombusviruses, similar to other plus-strand viruses of tobacco, replicate. Since potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis are known, I have tested their effects on tombusvirus replication. We demonstrated that these sterolsynthesis inhibitors reduced virus replication in tobacco protoplasts. Virus replication is resumed to the wild type level by providing phytosterols in tobacco protoplasts confirming the role of sterols in RNA virus replication in tobacco. We have also identified INO2, a transcription factor for many phospholipid biosynthetic genes, reduces virus replication in its deletion background. When we provided this gene product in the mutant background, viral replication was back to normal, confirming the role of Ino2p in tombusvirus replication. Further biochemical assays showed that the viral inhibition is because of alteration in the formation of the viral replicase complex. Using confocal microscopy, we showed that the viral replication protein, termed p33, is forming large and few punctate structures rather than the small and many by overexpressing Ino2p in the wild type yeast cells. Over-expression of Opi1, an inhibitor of Ino2p led to greatly reduced viral replication, further supporting the roles of the phospholipid pathway in tombusvirus replication. One of the phospholipid, which is regulated by this pathway, is cardiolipin an important component of the mitochondrial as well as peroxisomal membranes. We further characterized how cardiolipin is playing an important role for tombusvirus replication by using different biochemical approaches.

N-acylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) with free fatty acids catalyzed by N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) synthase was reported in cotyledons of 24-h-old cotton seedlings. Here I report subcellular localization of this enzyme. Differential centrifugation, sucrose density gradient fractionation,aqueous two-phase partitioning and electron microscopy techniques were utilized to elucidate subcellular site(s) of NAPE synthase. Marker enzymes were used to locate organelles in subcellular fractions. Differential centrifugation indicated that NAPE synthase is present in more than one organelle and it is a membrane bound enzyme. Sucrose density gradient fractionations indicated that NAPE synthase is present in membranes derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER),Golgi and possibly plasma membrane (PM) but not mitochondria, glyoxysomes or plastids. Aqueous two-phase partitioning experiments with cotton and spinach tissues supported these results but Goigi appeared to be the major site of NAPE synthesis. Electron microscopy of subcellular fractions was used to examine isolated fractions to provide visual confirmation of our biochemical results. Collectively, these results indicate that NAPE is synthesized in plant ER, Golgi and possibly PM.

Surfactin, a secondary metabolite produced by Bacillus subtilis, is a surface active compound and antibiotic permeabilizing membrane bilayer. The aim of this study was to reveal the self-resistance strategy at the level of the lipid moiety of cytoplasmic membrane, which B. subtilis employs to combat surfactin in concentrations that are lethal for other bacterial species. Non-producing strain B. subtilis 168 was cultivated in the presence of two different sublethal concentrations of surfactin (350 a 650 µg/ml), which was isolated from the culture broth of B. subtilis ATCC 21332. Presence of surfactin in the medium resulted in a concentration dependent lag phase, which took 40 min (350 µg/ml) and 3 h (650 µg/ml), respectively. Afterwards, the culture grew with the altered doubling time of 44 min (350 µg/ml) and 126 min (650 µg/ml), respectively. Surfactin induced substantial changes in the phospholipid composition of the cytoplasmic membrane. The proportion of the major phospholipid component phosphatidylglycerol decreased and inversely, the level of phosphatidylethanolamine increased. Interestingly, the content of phosphatidic acid rose considerably in the presence of surfactin concentration causing stimulation of B. subtilis growth (350 µg/ml). Liposome leakage assay using phospholipids mimicking...

Le paludisme est responsable de la mort de près d'un million de personnes chaque année. Cette maladie est causée par le Plasmodium, parasite protozoaire appartenant à la famille des Apicomplexes. Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé des approches de biologie de systèmes pour l'étude du métabolisme des phospholipides (PL) métabolisme et de sa régulation chez Plasmodium. Ces voies métaboliques sont d'une importance primordiale pour la survie du parasite. À l'étape intra-érythrocytaire du développement, les espèces de Plasmodium exploitent un nombre important de voies de synthèse phospholipidique, qui sont rarement trouvées ensemble dans un seul organisme : (i) la voie dépendante ancestrale CDP-diacylglycerol des procaryotes ( ii) les voies eucaryotes de novo CDP- choline et CDP-éthanolamine (Kennedy) ( iii ) de plus P.falciparum et P. knowlesi emploient des réactions supplémentaires qui relient une à l'autre certaines de ces routes. Une voie de synthèse caractéristique aux plantes, qui utilise la sérine en tant que source supplémentaire de phosphatidyl-choline (PC) et de phosphatidyl-éthanolamine (PE), est nommée la voie méthyltransférase décarboxylase - phosphoéthanolamine sérine (SDPM). Pour comprendre la dynamique d'acquisition et le métabolisme des phospholipides chez Plasmodium, nous avons construit un modèle cinétique quantitatif basé sur des données fluxomiques. La dynamique in vitro d'incorporation de phospholipides révèle plusieurs voies de synthèse. Nous avons construit un réseau métabolique détaillé et nous avons identifié les valeurs de ses paramètres cinétiques (taux maximaux et constantes Michaelis). Afin d'obtenir une recherche globale dans l'espace de paramètres, nous avons conçu une méthode d'optimisation hybride, discrète et continue. Des paramètres discrets ont été utilisés pour échantillonner le cône des flux admissibles, alors que les constantes des Michaelis et les taux maximaux ont été obtenus par la minimisation locale d'une fonction objective. Cette méthode nous a également permis de prédire la répartition des flux au sein du réseau pour différents précurseurs métaboliques. Cette analyse quantitative a également été utilisée pour comprendre les liens éventuels entre les différentes voies. La principale source de PC est la voie Kennedy CDP-choline. Des expériences de knock-out in silico ont montré l'importance comparable des voies phosphoéthanolamine-N-méthyltransférase (PMT) et de la phosphatidyléthanolamine-N-méthyltransférase (PEMT) pour la synthèse de PC. Les valeurs des flux indiquent que plus grande partie de la PE dérivée de la sérine est formée par décarboxylation, alors que la synthèse de PS est majoritairement effectuée par des réactions d'échange de base. L'analyse de sensitivité de la voie CDP- choline montre que l'entrée de choline dans le parasite et la réaction cytidylyltransferase de la phosphocholine ont les plus grands co-efficients de contrôle sur cette voie, mais ne permet pas de distinguer une réaction comme l'unique étape limitante. Ayant comme objectif la compréhension de la régulation de l'expression génique chez Plasmodium falciparum et son influence sur le fonctionnement métabolique, nous avons effectué une étude bioinformatique intégrative des données du transcriptome et du métabolome pour les principales enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme PL. L'étude de la dépendance temporelle des variables métaboliques et transcriptomiques au cours du cycle intra-érythrocytaire, a mis en évidence deux modes d'activation des voies PL. Les voies Kennedy sont activées pendant la phase schizogonique et au début de la phase anneau, alors que les voies SDPM et d'échange de bases sont activées lors de la fin de la phase anneau cycle et lors de la phase tropozoïte. / Malaria is responsible of the death of up to one million people each year. This disease is caused by Plasmodium, a protozoan parasite. In this thesis we have developed systems biology approaches to the study of phospholipid (PL) metabolism and its regulation in Plasmodium. These pathways are of primary importance for the survival of the parasite. At the blood stage, Plasmodium species display a bewildering number of PL synthetic pathways that are rarely found together in a single organism (i) the ancestral prokaryotic CDPdiacylglycerol dependent pathway (ii) the eukaryotic type de novo CDP-choline and CDPethanolamine (Kennedy) pathways (iii) P. falciparum and P. knowlesi exhibits additional reactions that bridge some of these routes. A plant-like pathway that relies on serine to provide additional PC and PE, is named the serine decarboxylase-phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase (SDPM) pathway. To understand the dynamics of PL acquisition and metabolism in Plasmodium we have used fluxomic data to build a quantitative kinetic model. In vitro incorporation dynamics of phospholipids unravels multiple synthetic pathways. A detailed metabolic network with values of the kinetic parameters (maximum rates and Michaelis constants) has been built. In order to obtain a global search in the parameter space, we have designed a hybrid, discrete and continuous, optimisation method. Discrete parameters were used to sample the cone of admissible fluxes, whereas the continuous Michaelis and maximum rates constants were obtained by local minimization of an objective function.The model was used to predict the distribution of fluxes within the network of various metabolic precursors. The quantitative analysis was used to understand eventual links between different pathways. The major source of phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the CDP-choline Kennedy pathway. In silico knock-out experiments showed comparable importance of phosphoethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PMT) and phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT) for PC synthesis. The flux values indicate that, major part of serine derived phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is formed via serine decarboxylation, whereas the phosphatidylserine (PS) is mainly predominated by base-exchange reactions. Metabolic control analysis of CDP-choline pathway shows that the carrier-mediated choline entry into the parasite and the phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase reaction have the largest control coefficients in this pathway, but does not distinguish a reaction as an unique rate-limiting step.With a vision to understand regulation of gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum and its influence on the metabolite expression, we have performed an integrative bioinformatic studies. The study integrates transcriptome and metabolome data for the main enzymes involved in PL metabolism. The study of the correlated time dependence of metabolic and transcriptomic variables during the intraerythrocytic cycle showed that there are two modes of activation of PL pathways. Kennedy pathways are activated during schizogony and early ring stages, whereas SDPM and base exchange pathways are activated during late ring and tropozoite stages.

A temperatura é o fator ambiental mais importante que afeta a atividade de animais ectotérmicos, como peixes. Ajustes compensatórios à temperatura ocorrem em diferentes cursos temporais, que variam de menos de um minuto a mais de um mês, e as membranas são os primeiros alvos afetados pelas mudanças de temperatura, com resposta imediata dos componentes lipídicos a este desafio. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a capacidade alostática (na estrutura e funções de membrana) no contexto das variáveis climáticas relevantes e caracterizar o âmbito e os mecanismos de mudança, incluindo os mecanismos que concedem tolerância a mudanças de temperatura agudas e crônicas. Juvenis de Steindachneridion parahybae uma espécie de peixe nativa ameaçada de extinção, foram progressivamente resfriados de 30° C a 24, 17 e 12 ° C, nas quais foram mantidas por até 5 dias no tratamento agudo e por até 30 dias no tratamento crônico. Os tecidos hepático, encefálico e branquial foram amostrados, com análises subsequentes das principais frações fosfolipídicas (fosfatidilcolina (FC) e fosfatidiletanolamina (FE) e análises posicionais de cada fração), atividade da Na+/ K+-ATPase e histomorfologia branquial. Os animais mantidos na temperatura mais baixa mostraram uma elevada taxa de mortalidade, provavelmente devido à proximidade desta temperatura ao limite térmico inferior para esta espécie. A atividade da Na+/ K+-ATPase se mostrou aumentada nas temperaturas mais baixas, corroborando o aumento das lesões morfológicas branquiais e massa de fígado para estas temperaturas. Em geral o perfil de ácidos graxos de FC mantiveram-se mais estáveis do que o observado para FE. O teste agudo aparentemente afetou consideravelmente C20-22n3 (FC hepática e sn-1 ; FE encefálica e hepática), enquanto que no teste crônico, C20-22n6 foi o grupamento mais afetado (FC e FE hepático em sn-2 e sn-1). O ensaio agudo mostrou um padrão de manutenção da estrutura de membrana cerebral, com uma diminuição de C20-22n3 hepática e aumento destes ácidos graxos no encéfalo durante o tratamento. Em ambos os tecidos e frações analisados foi possível detectar evidências significativas de reestruturação da membrana, mostrando que o Surubim do Paraíba foi capaz de proporcionar ajustes compensatórios em respostas de aclimatação. / Temperature is the most important environmental factor affecting the activity of ectothermic animals such as fish. Compensatory adjustments to temperature occur with time courses ranging from less than a minute to more than a month, and membranes are the first targets affected by change of temperature, and their lipid components respond immediately to this challenge. This project aimed to estimate the allostatic capacity (in membrane structure and function) in the context of relevant climate variables, and to characterize the scope and the defense mechanisms available, including those yielding tolerance to acute and chronic temperature shifts. Steindachneridion parahybae juveniles, an endangered native fish species, were progressively cooled from 30°C to 24, 17 and 12°C, in which they were maintained for up to 5 days in the acute trial and for up 30 days in the chronic trial. Brain, liver and branchial tissues were sampled, with subsequent analyses of the main phospholipids fractions (phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and the positional analyses of each fraction), Na+/K+-ATPase activity and histomorphology of gills. The animals maintained atlower temperature showed a high rate of mortality, probably because this temperature is near the lower thermal limit for this species. The activity of Na+ K+ATPase increased at lower temperatures, the same pattern observed for morphological injuries in gills and increased liver mass. Generally the fatty acid profiles of PC remained more stable than those in PE. The acute test apparently had affected considerably C20-22n3 (liver PC and sn-1 PC; PE in brain and liver), while for the chronic test, C20-22n6 was more affected (PC and PE liver on sn-2 and sn-1). The acute trial showed a pattern of maintenance of brain membrane structure, with a decrease of PE-associated C20-22n3 in the liver and an increase of these fatty acids in brain during the test. In both tissues and fractions analyzed it was possible to detect significant evidences of membrane restructuring, showing that the Surubim do Paraiba was able to provide compensatory adjustments in acclimation responses

A fosfoetanolamina sintética (FO-S), um fosfomonoéster, apresenta relevante atividade antitumoral. Contudo, a utilização de um carreador para encapsular a FO-S em lipossomas poderia favorecer a sua disponibilidade no microambiente tumoral, possibilitando o aumento da sua eficácia. Desta forma, o presente estudo avaliou a eficiência de encapsulamento da FO-S em lipossomas de DODAC e o seu potencial antitumoral. Os lipossomas foram preparados por ultrasonicação e caracterizados físicoquimicamente. A citotoxidade foi avaliada nas linhagens tumorais B16F10 (melanoma murino), Hepa1c1c7 (hepatocarcinoma murino) e Skmel-28 (melanoma humano) e nas células normais HUVEC, após o tratamento com diferentes concentrações dos lipossomas DODAC/FO-S, no tempo de 24 horas. A internalização dos lipossomas e o potencial elétrico mitocondrial foram analisados por microscopia confocal a laser. Adicionalmente, a expressão das proteínas caspases 3 e 8 ativas, receptor DR4, citocromo c, p53, p21, Bax, p27, CD44, CD90, Bcl-2 e ciclina D1 foi quantificada por citometria de fluxo. Para os estudos in vivo, os camundongos C57BL/6J portadores de hepatocarcinoma foram tratados com FO-S, DODAC/FO-S e DODAC, pelas vias intraperitoneal (IP) e intrahepática (IH), durante 20 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que os lipossomas apresentaram aspecto esférico e alta eficiência de encapsulação da FO-S, como também promoveram maior citotoxicidade nas linhagens tumorais estudadas, em comparação com FO-S. Além disto, nas células B16F10 e Hepa1c1c7, ocasionou parada nas fases S e G2/M do ciclo celular. A linhagem Hepa1c1c7 foi a mais sensível ao tratamento com os lipossomas DODAC/FO-S, os quais foram internalizados em até 6 horas e promoveram a diminuição de CD90, CD44, ciclina D1 e Bcl-2, o aumento de p53, p21, p27, Bax e caspases 8 e 3 ativas e a liberação do citocromo c. O aumento significativo das caspases 8 e 3 ativas, expressão do receptor DR4 e a liberação do citocromo c também ocorreu nas linhagens B16F10 e Skmel-28. Os resultados in vivo mostraram que os lipossomas DODAC/FO-S e a FO-S não induziram hepatotoxicidade, nefrotoxicidade e caquexia. Os lipossomas DODAC/FO-S não ocasionaram mielossupressão e hemólise, apresentando menor toxicidade em relação a FO-S, administrada pelas vias IP e IH. Além disto, os tratamentos com DODAC/FO-S (IH) e FO-S (IH e IP) foram efetivos em diminuir o número de células na fase S. Contudo, apenas os lipossomas DODAC/FO-S (IH) reduziram significamente os focos tumorais, aumentando as áreas de necrose, promovendo também o aumento da expressão gênica da p53, ciclina B1 e caspases 8 e 3. O conjunto dos resultados in vivo e in vitro demonstraram que a formulação lipossomal DODAC/FO-S foi capaz de maximizar os efeitos antitumorais da FO-S, ativando as vias intrínsecas e extrínsecas da apoptose / Synthetic phosphoethanolamine (PHO-S) - a phosphomonoester - has shown relevant anticancer effects. However, the utilization of a carrier to encapsulate the PHOS in liposomes can maximize its availability in the tumor microenvironment, allowing an increase in its effectiveness. Thus, the present study has evaluated efficiency of PHO-S encapsulation in DODAC liposomes and its antitumor potential. The liposomes were prepared by ultrasonication and physico-chemically characterized. The cytotoxic effects were evaluated on B16F10 cells (murine melanoma), Hepa1c1c7 cells (murine hepatocellular carcinoma), Skmel-28 (human melanoma) and in endothelial cells HUVEC, after treatment with DODAC/PHO-S liposomes at different concentrations for 24 hours. The internalization of the liposomes and mitochondrial electrical potential were analyzed by confocal laser microscopy. Additionally, the expression of active caspases 3 and 8, receptor DR4, cytochrome c, p53 p53, p21, Bax, p27, CD44, CD90, Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 proteins was quantified by flow cytometry. For in vivo studies, C57BL/6J mice with hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with PHO-S, DODAC/PHO-S and DODAC, by intraperitoneal (IP) and intratumoral (IT) routes for 20 days. The results demonstrated that liposomes presented spherical aspect and high PHO-S encapsulation efficiency, as also promoted high cytotoxic effect - compared with PHO-S. Furthermore, in B16F10 and Hepa1c1c7 cells, the liposomes induced S and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Hepa1c1c7 cells showed greater sensitivity to the DODAC/PHO-S formulation, which were internalized until 6 hours and promoted a decrease in the expression of CD90, CD44, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, an increase of de p53, p21, p27, Bax and active caspases 8 and 3 and the liberation of cytochrome c. The significant increase in the expression of active caspases 3 and 8, DR4 receptor and liberation of cytochrome c also occurred in B16F10 and Skmel-28 cells. In vivo results showed that DODAC/PHO-S liposomes and PHO-S did not induce nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and cachexia. DODAC/PHO-S liposomes did not cause myelosuppression and hemolysis, presenting lower toxicity in relation to PHO-S - when administered by IP and IT routes. Moreover, treatment with DODAC/PHO-S (IT) and PHO-S (IT and IP) effectively decreased the number of cells in S phase. However, only DODAC/PHO-S liposomes significantly reduced the number of tumor foci, increasing area of necrosis, and also promoting an increase in gene expression of p53, cyclin B1 and caspases 8 and 3. The set of in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that DODAC/PHO-S liposomal formulation was capable of maximizing the PHO-S antitumor effects, activating the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the apoptosis

A fosfolipase A2 (PLA2) é uma enzima chave no metabolismo dos fosfolípides de membrana e é um dos principais componentes envolvidos na sinalização celular. Alterações da atividade da PLA2 tem sido descritas no cérebro e no sangue (soro, plasma e plaquetas) de pacientes com diversas doenças neuropsiquiátricas. Neste estudo foi desenvolvido um ensaio radioenzimático para detectar em plaquetas, a atividade dos três principais grupos de PLA2, que são PLA2 secretórias ou PLA2 extracelular dependente de Ca 2+ (sPLA2); PLA2 citósólicas dependentes de Ca 2+ (cPLA2) e as PLA2 intracelulares independentes de Ca 2+ (iPLA2). Para confirmar a presença desses grupos da enzima em plaquetas, algumas variáveis foram testadas, como as diferenças de preferência ao ácido graxo como substrato, o requerimento de cálcio e a inibição seletiva com os inibidores Bromoenol lactone (BEL) e o Methyl Arachidonyl Fluorophosphonate (MAFP). Os resultados obtidos demonstram a presença dos três principais grupos de PLA2 (sPLA2, cPLA2, and iPLA2) em plaquetas. Estes achados sugerem o uso de plaquetas, uma amostra biológica de fácil acesso, como possível modelo periférico de neurônios para o estudo do metabolismo de fosfolípides. / Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a key-enzyme in the metabolism of membrane phospholipids and is one of the major components involved in cell signaling. Alterations of PLA2 activity have been reported in brains and blood cells in several neuropsychiatric diseases. In this study we developed a radio-enzymatic assay to detect in platelets the activity of the three main groups of PLA2, which are secretory PLA2 or extracellular calcium dependent PLA2 (sPLA2), cytosolic calcium dependent PLA2 (cPLA2) and intracellular calcium independent PLA2 (iPLA2). To confirm the presence of these PLA2 groups some variables were tested, such as differences in the preferred fatty acid substrate, calcium dependence, and selective inhibition with Bromoenol lactone (BEL) and Methyl Arachidonyl Fluorophosphonate (MAFP). Our findings demonstrate the presence of the three main groups of PLA2 (sPLA2, cPLA2, and iPLA2) in platelets. In addition, this study is in line with others suggesting that platelets, a typical biological sample, can be used as a peripheral model for neurons.

No description available.

O acesso à permeabilidade é uma etapa crucial na definição da via de administração de um fármaco, além de ser um dos parâmetros utilizados para a avaliação e seleção de moléculas durante as fases iniciais da pesquisa por novos fármacos. Diversos modelos in vitro têm sido descritos para a realização dos estudos de permeabilidade, mas ainda é evidente a carência de padronização de seus protocolos. O modelo de Permeabilidade em Membrana Artificial Paralela (PAMPA) é rápido e simples, podendo ser facilmente incorporado à rotina de um laboratório. Não obstante, tem apresentado excelente correlação com modelos in vitro quando na avaliação da permeabilidade de fármacos transportados pela via passiva transcelular. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência das principais variáveis do método de PAMPA e seu impacto na permeabilidade de fármacos. Para tanto, foram selecionados 9 fármacos com características físico-químicas distintas, em função dos seguintes critérios: lipofilicidade (logP); Área de Superfície Polar (PSA); Volume Molecular (VM); pKa; Peso Molecular (PM); Número doadores de ligação de hidrogênio (HBD) e Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica (SCB). Os fármacos selecionados foram listados quanto à sua permeabilidade em jejuno humano (Peff) e em cultura de células Caco-2, além de Fração de Absorção (FA%) em humanos. Para o estudo das variáveis da técnica de PAMPA, a ferramenta de Desenho de Experimentos (DOE) foi utilizada e as seguintes condições de ensaio foram exploradas: gradiente de pH do meio do compartimento doador, presença ou ausência de ácido glicocólico no meio do compartimento receptor, variação do tempo de incubação, presença ou ausência de agitação das placas durante a incubação e variação da composição lipídica da membrana artificial. A combinação fatorial completa das condições de ensaio a serem exploradas resultou em 96 experimentos, os quais foram executados em triplicata. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que as variações do pH do meio do compartimento doador, do tempo de incubação e da composição do meio do compartimento receptor foram as condições do ensaio de PAMPA que mais impactaram a permeabilidade dos fármacos. Os resultados obtidos nos 96 experimentos do DOE foram relacionados, a partir de regressão linear, com os parâmetros fisico-químicos e dados de permeabilidade dos fármacos do estudo. O experimento de DOE que apresentou melhor correlação com os dados de permeabilidade em jejuno humano para os fármacos contemplados neste estudo teve um R2=0,858. As condições de ensaio consideradas para este experimento foram: pH 4,5 no compartimento doador, incubação de 15 horas, ausência de agitação das placas, membrana composta por fosfatidilcolina 10% (p/v) e colesterol 0,5% (p/v) e presença de ácido glicocólico 0,5% (p/v) no compartimento receptor. Dentre as propriedades físico-químicas, o PM, PSA e VM foram propriedades comuns a grupos de fármacos cuja permeabilidade foi favorecida pelas mesmas condições de ensaio de PAMPA. Os maiores valores de permeabilidade em PAMPA foram obtidos para fármacos com Peff entre 1 e 2 *10-4 cm/s, permeabilidade em células Caco-2 entre 20 e 27 *10-6 cm/s, faixa de logP entre 0 e 3 além de PM abaixo de 300 Da e PSA abaixo de 90Å2. / The permeability access is a critical step when defining the route of administration of a drug, besides from being one of the parameters considered for selecting the best candidates during the initial stages of new molecules discovery. For this reason, there is a need to implement high capacity and low cost models, which have a high correlation with in vivo permeability. Several in vitro models have been described for the studies of permeability, but the lack of standardization of protocols is still evident. Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) is fast and simple and can be easily incorporated into the routine of a laboratory. Nevertheless, it has shown excellent correlation with in vitro models when evaluating the permeability of drugs that are transported primarily by passive transcellular route. The aim of this project was to investigate the influence of key variables of PAMPA on the permeability of drugs. Therefore, nine drugs with different physicochemical characteristics were selected based on the following criteria: lipophilicity (logP), Polar Surface Area (PSA), Molecular Volume (MV), pKa, Molecular Weight (MW), number of Hydrogen Bond Donors (HBD) and Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). In addition, the drugs were listed for their permeability in human jejunum, Caco-2 and Fraction of Absorption (FA%) in humans. Design of Experiments (DOE) was considered to plan the PAMPA experiments, and the following assay conditions were explored: pH gradient in the donor compartment, glycocholic acid presence or absence in the acceptor compartment, variations in the incubation time, presence or absence of plate agitation and variations in the lipid composition of the artificial membranes. Full factorial combination of the assay variables resulted in 96 experiments, which were performed in triplicate. The results showed that the pH of the donor compartment, the incubation time and acceptor compartment composition were the assay conditions which most impacted the PAMPA results of drugs. The 96 DOE experiments results were then correlated, by linear regression, with both the physic-chemical and permeability data of the selected drugs. The DOE experiment that showed the best correlation with the permeability in human jejunum (R2 = 0.858) for the drugs included in this study had the following test conditions: pH 4.0 in the donor compartment, incubation of 15 hours, without plate agitation, artificial membrane composed of phosphatidylcholine 10% (w/v) and cholesterol 0.5% (w/v) in dodecane and presence of glycocholic acid 0.5% (w/v) in the receptor compartment. Among the studied physicochemical properties, the molecular weight (MW), polar surface area (PSA) and molecular volume (VM) were the best drivers for determining PAMPA most suitable assay conditions. The highest PAMPA values were obtained for drugs with Peff between 1 and 2 *10-4 cm/s and Caco-2 permeability between 20 and 27 *10-6 cm/s, besides from logP between 0 and 3, MW below 300 Da and PSA below 90Å2.

A fosfoetanolamina sintética é uma molécula fosforilada artificialmente, com síntese inédita realizada pela primeira vez pelo nosso grupo, diferindo-se das moléculas atuais pelo seu nível de absorção de aproximadamente 90%, com diversas propriedades antiinflamatórias e apoptóticas. O objetivo principal desse estudo e avaliar os efeitos antitumorais \"in vitro\" e \"in vivo\" da fosfoetanolamina sintética em células de melanoma B16F10 implantados em camundongos Balb-c. Foram utilizados grupos de 60 camundongos Balb-c, fêmeas com aproximadamente 20 g, tratados com água e ração \"ad libidum\". A atividade citotóxica do composto foi testada em linhagens tumorais pelo método colorimétrico MTT, e determinada à concentração inibitória (IC50%), sua toxicidade foi também testada em linfócitos T normais, em ensaios de proliferação celular, estimulados por mitógeno. Os animais portadores de tumores foram tratados após o 14º dia do implante tumoral com solução aquosa (i.p) de fosfoetanolamina sintética e o grupo controle recebeu solução salina, e foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: volume tumoral, área e número de metástases em órgãos internos. Foi também realizada a comparação da fosfoetanolamina sintética em relação aos quimioterápicos comerciais Taxol e Etoposideo separados nas diferentes fases do ciclo celular. Os resultados do tratamento com a fosfoetanolamina sintética \"in vitro\" mostraram que o composto induz citotoxicidade seletiva para as células tumorais com IC50% de 1.69 ug/ml sem afetar a capacidade proliferativa de células normais. Os animais portadores de tumores dorsais de melanoma B16F10 apresentaram significativa redução carga tumoral, mostrando inibição da capacidade de crescimento e a metastatização. A avaliação hematológica não demonstrou alterações relevantes após a administração da fosfoetanolamina sintética pela via intraperitoneal nos animais portadores de melanoma. Conclui-se que a fosfoetanolamina sintética diminuiu significativamente o tamanho de tumores de forma seletiva, sem alterações em células normais, com vantagem em relação aos quimioterápicos comerciais, pois a mesma não apresentou os terríveis efeitos colaterias dos mesmos. Neste trabalho ficou evidente a capacidade inibitória da fosfoetanolamina sintética na inibição da progressão e disseminação das células tumorais. / The synthetic phosphoethanolamine is a phosphorilad artificially molecule, with unknown synthesis carried through for the first time for our group, differing itself from current molecules for its level of absorption of approximately 90%, with diverse anti-inflammatory and apoptotic as properties. The main objective of this study and to evaluate the anti tumor effect \"in vitro\" and \"in vivo\" of the synthetic phosphoethanolamine in cells of melanoma B16F10 implanted in mice Balb-c. Groups of 60 Balb-c mice had been used, females with approximately 20 g, treated with water and ration \"ad libidum\". The cytotoxic activity of the composition was tested in lives tumor or normal cells for colorimetric method MTT, and determined to the inhibitory concentration (IC50%) its toxicid also it was tested in normal linphocytes T, in assays of cellular proliferation, stimulated for mitogen. The bearing animals of tumors had been dealt with after 14º day the tumor inoculation with watery solution (i.p) of synthetic phosphoethanolamine and the group control received solution saline, and had been evaluated the following parameters: tumor volume, area and number of metastases in internal agencies. Also the comparison of the synthetic phosphoethanolamine in relation to the convencionaly treatment with quimioterapics separate Taxol and Etoposideo in the different phases of the cellular cycle was carried through. The results of the treatment with the synthetic phosphoethanolamine \"in vitro\" had shows that the composition induces selective citotoxicity for the tumor cells with IC50% of 1.69 ug/ml without affecting the proliferative capacity of normal cells. The bearing animals of dorsal tumors of melanoma B16F10 had presented significant reduction tumor load, showing to inhibition of the capacity of growth and the metastatization. The hematological evaluation did not show alterations the administration of the synthetic phosphoethanolamine by the intraperitoneal way in the bearing animals of melanoma. The synthetic phosphoethanolamine significantly reduced the size of tumors of selective form, without alterations in normal cells; with advantage in relation to the commercial quimioterapics therefore the same one did not present the terrible collaterals effect of the same ones. In this work it was evident the inhibitory capacity of the synthetic phosphoethanolamine in the inhibition of the progression and dissemination of the tumor cells.