Electrospinning and electrospraying are electrohydrodynamic processes used for the fabrication of nano- and microfiber membranes and the deposition of particles on the membrane. Despite the numerous research papers found in the literature on electrospun polymers and their application in water treatment, not much is reported on the functionalization of electrospun nano- or microfibers and the deposition of ceramic nanoparticles on their surface by electrospraying. The use of these two processes may increase the efficiency of membranes in removing contaminants. In the present research, the processes of electrospinning and electrospraying are described and the factors affecting electrospinning are investigated. All parameters affecting the production of smooth NFs and NPs are discussed. A literature review of the recent advances in electrospinning and electrospray applications, as well as the application of NFs membranes in water treatment, has been described. This research has been designed based on the knowledge gaps identified in the literature. Detailed experiments were carried out on the preparation of PAN_P and Cs_P NFs membranes by electrospinning technique, the NFs membranes were then functionalized with different functional groups. The membranes were used for removal (Chapter 3) and degradation (Chapters 4 and 5) of dyes synthetic solutions. In the case of degradation, the membranes were electrosprayed with TiO2 NPs. All membranes were characterized by standard spectroscopic, microscopic, surface analytical, and thermal methods. Adsorption of MB, RB, and ST from a synthetic aqueous solution on the membranes PAN and EA-g-PAN NFs decreased in the order PAN<EA-g-PAN. The adsorption isotherm for the dyes fitted well with the models of Langmuir and Freundlich. The values of the correlation coefficient (r2) for Langmuir varied from 0.940 to 0.995 and for Freundlich from 0.941 to 0.998. The slightly increased values of the correlation coefficient in the case of Freundlich indicate that condensation (physical adsorption) of dyes on the NFs membranes also occurred in addition to the formation of monolayers. PAN_P NFs membranes prepared by electrospinning were functionalized with DETA to produce a functionalized PAN _F NFs membrane. TiO2 NPs synthesized in the laboratory were anchored to the surface of the PAN_F NFs membrane by electrospray to prepare PAN _Coa. A second PAN_Co was prepared by embedding TiO2 NPs into the PAN_P NFs by electrospinning. A similar strategy was also used for the Cs and TiO2 NPs system. The PAN_Coa NFs membrane was used for the degradation of MO while the Cs_Coa NFs membrane was used for the degradation of MB. The higher photocatalytic activity of PAN _Coa NFs membranes (92%, 20 ppm, and 99.5%, 10 ppm) compared to PAN_Co NFs membranes (41.64%) was due to the smaller band gap, high surface roughness, and large surface area. Also, the higher photocatalytic activity of the Cs_Coa NFs membrane (89%) compared to TiO2/Cs composite (Cs_Co) NFs membranes (40%) was due to a balance between the band gap, high surface roughness, and lower surface area. BET showed that the isotherms and hysteresis were similar for all NFs membranes, and they were classified as isotherm type IV and hysteresis H3 (IUPAC), corresponding to mesopores and slit-shaped pores.

<p>Ispitana je direktna i indirektna fotoliza alprazolama (ALP) i amitriptilina (AMI)<br />primenom UV, vidljivog&nbsp; i simuliranog sunčevog zračenja (SSZ). Takođe, praćena je stabilnost vodenih rastvora ALP i AMI u mraku.&nbsp; U okviru ispitivanja fotokatalitičke&nbsp; razgradnje ALP,ispitana je efikasnost ZnO i TiO_2&nbsp;Degussa P25 primenom UV i SSZ.&nbsp; Takođe, proučavan je&nbsp; utica jmasene koncentracije fotokatalizatora, pH, kao i<br />uticaj hvatača radikala/&scaron;upljina&nbsp; i elektron-akceptora.&nbsp; Praćen je stepen mineralizacije<br />merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i primenom&nbsp; jonske hromatografije. Takođe,<br />detaljno su ispitani reakcioni intermedijeri.&nbsp; Dalje,ispitano&nbsp; je ponovno kori&scaron;ćenje ZnO u tri uzastopna procesa razgradnje ALP. U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti ALP, ispitan je&nbsp; in vitro rast dve ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a i MRC-5. Zatim,proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih ZnO (ZnO modifikovani mlevenjem i kalcinacijom, ZnO dopirani jonima Mg(II), ternarni i&nbsp; me&scaron;ani&nbsp; cink-kalaj-oksidi) i TiO₂&nbsp; (anatas&nbsp; TiO₂&nbsp; nedopirani&nbsp; i dopirani La(III)-jonima, brukitni TiO2) nanoprahova u razgradnji ALP primenom UV i SSZ. U okviru fotokatalitičke razgradnje AMI, ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; efikasnost&nbsp; razgradnje&nbsp; pri različitim eksperimentalnim uslovima&nbsp; (uticaj vrste fotokatalizatora i zračenja, masene&nbsp; koncentracije fotokatalizatora, početne koncentracije supstrata, uticaj prisustva&nbsp; kako&nbsp; hvatača radikala i &scaron;upljina, tako&nbsp; i elektron-akceptora). Praćen je stepen mineralizacije merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; jonske hromatografije.&nbsp; U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti&nbsp; AMI, ispitan je&nbsp; in vitro&nbsp; rast četiri ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E i HT-29.&nbsp; Zatim, proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih TiO₂/polianilin nanokompozitnih prahova, kao i&nbsp; prevlaka&nbsp; čistog TiO_2&nbsp;i WO₃/TiO₂&nbsp; u razgradnji AMI primenom UV i SSZ. Takođe, ispitan je uticaj&nbsp; strukture&nbsp; supstrata&nbsp; na efikasnost&nbsp; fotokatalitičke razgradnje kroz ispitivanje&nbsp; efikasnosti sintetisanih TiO₂&nbsp; nanoprahova dopiranih jonima W(VI), zatim me&scaron;anih&nbsp; cink-kalaj-oksid&nbsp; nanoprahova, kao i&nbsp; indijum-cink-oksid nanoprahova primenom UV i SSZ.</p> / <p>Direct and indirect photolysis of alprazolam (ALP) and amitriptyline (AMI) were studied using UV, visible,&nbsp; and simulated solar irradiation (SSI). Also, the stability of the ALP and AMI aqueous solutions in the dark were monitored. Photocatalytic degradation of ALP was studied in&nbsp; the&nbsp; presence of&nbsp; ZnO and TiO₂ Degussa&nbsp; P25&nbsp; using UV and SSI. Also, the influence of the photocatalyst&nbsp; loading, pH, as well as the influence of the radical&nbsp; and&nbsp; holes scavengers&nbsp; and electron acceptors&nbsp; were studied. The&nbsp; degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring&nbsp; of&nbsp; total organic carbon and&nbsp; using&nbsp; ion chromatography. Also, reaction intermediates were examined in detail. Further, reusabillity&nbsp; of ZnO was investigated in three consecutive degradation processes of ALP. In order to&nbsp; get insight into the&nbsp; cytotoxicity of the ALP&nbsp; and intermediates formed during photocatalytic degradation, their influence on the growth of two cell lines: Neuro-2a and MRC-5 were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized ZnO (ZnO modified with milling&nbsp; and calcination, ZnO doped with Mg(II) ions, ternary and coupled binary&nbsp; tin-zinc-oxide) and TiO₂&nbsp; (anatase&nbsp; TiO₂&nbsp; undoped and&nbsp; doped&nbsp; with&nbsp; La(III) ions&nbsp; and&nbsp; brookite TiO₂) nanopowders in ALPdegradation using UV and&nbsp; SSI&nbsp; were investigated. Within the photocatalytic degradation of AMI, the&nbsp; degradation efficiency under different experimental conditions was studies (influence of the photocatalyst and irradiation type, photocatalyst&nbsp; loading, initial&nbsp; substrate concentration, the effect of the presence of radical and&nbsp; holes scavengers, and electron acceptors). The degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring&nbsp; of&nbsp; total organiccarbon and&nbsp; using&nbsp; ion chromatography.&nbsp; In order to&nbsp; study&nbsp; the cytotoxicity of AMI&nbsp; and degradation intermediates, their influence on the&nbsp; growth of four cell lines: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E,&nbsp; and HT-29&nbsp; were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposite powders, as well as photocatalysts of pure TiO₂&nbsp; and WO₃/TiO₂&nbsp; in the form&nbsp; of&nbsp; films&nbsp;&nbsp; in AMI degradation using UV and SSI were studied. In addition, the effect of the&nbsp; substrate&nbsp; structure on the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation was studied by testing the activity&nbsp; of synthesized TiO_2&nbsp; nanopowders doped with W(VI)&nbsp; ions, then&nbsp; coupled binary tin-zinc- oxide&nbsp; nanopowders, as well as coupled binary&nbsp; indium-zinc- oxide nanopowders using UV and SSI.</p>

Les procédés de photodégradation, de conversion photocatalytique du CO2 et la technologie des supercondensateurs représentent des options intéressantes pour palier aux problèmes environnementaux et pour apporter des réponses à la crise énergétique. Dans ces trois domaines, les matériaux à base d'oxydes métalliques sont très prometteurs. Cependant, les voies classiques (c'est-à-dire par voies hydrothermales ou de sol-gels) présentent un certain nombre d’inconvénients tels que leur longues durées de préparation et leurs rendements limités. En outre, la mise en oeuvre de nanopoudres suppose une opération de post-filtration dans les procédés de photodégradation et l’utilisation supplémentaire d’un liant dans la confection d’électrodes de supercondensateurs, ce qui non seulement réduit les performances respectives de ces deux procédés mais entrave également leur développement au niveau industriel. Dans cette thèse, les technologies SPPS (Solution Precursor Plasma Spray) et SPFS (Solution Precursor Flame Spray) ont été introduites pour préparer des films d'oxydes métalliques à base de ZnO, en bénéficiant des avantages de rapidité et simplicité de ces techniques de formation de dépôts. Les films ainsi obtenues ont ensuite été testés dans des expériences de photodégradation, de conversion photocatalytique du CO2 et sous forme de supercondensateurs. Tout d'abord, à notre connaissance, c'est la première fois que l'on synthétise directement des nanostructures de ZnO (par exemple des nanotubes ou des nanofils) par des procédés SPPS. Ces films nanostructurés et hiérarchisés présentent non seulement une croissance préférentielle le long du plan cristallin (002), mais contiennent aussi des lacunes d'oxygène dans leurs réseaux. La mise en œuvre de simulations DFT a permis de proposer un mécanisme possible de croissance des nanostructures de ZnO lors de leur synthèse par la voie SPPS. Deuxièmement, divers films “composites”, constitués de ZnO et d’un second oxide “MO” ont également été préparés par SPPS afin de réduire les bandes d'énergie interdites. Dans cette partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié l’effet du rapport molaire MO/ZnO sur la structure des films MO/ZnO obtenus (M = Mn et Cu); nous avons aussi préparé, par cette nouvelle méthode, des films fins CuO/ZnO et CeO2/ZnO ainsi que des films de ZnO “décorés”. Troisièmement, des films mettant en œuvre des structures du type spinelle (tels que les oxydes mixtes ZnFe2O4, NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4 et Co3O4) ont également été synthétisés et déposés à l’aide des techniques SPPS et SPFS, ceci en raison de leur grand intérêt pour les applications susmentionnées. Il a été constaté que les structures obtenues sont très sensibles aux rapports MO/ZnO et que les morphologies de surface dépendent davantage des paramètres d'injection des solutions. En outre, la puissance de la torche joue un rôle plus critique dans la synthèse in situ de la phase spinelle binaire que la température de préchauffage du substrat. Enfin, la voie de préparation par SPPS favorise la formation de dépôts de textures floconneuses, notamment dans le cas des films de NiCo2O4 et Co3O4, tandis que des particules de formes sphériques ont été plutôt observées dans les échantillons préparés par la voie SPFS... / The fields of research dealing with photodegradation, photocatalytic conversion of CO2 and supercapacitors are important to address environmental problems and respond to the energy crisis. Metal oxides are promising materials in these three domains. However, the conventional routes (i.e. hydrothermal, sol-gel) suffer from major deficiencies, namely their multi-step natures, their long preparation duration and small-scaled yields. Moreover, the usage of nanopowders implies a post-filtration operation at the end of the photodegradation processes and requires an additional binder in supercapacitor electrodes. In this thesis, “Solution Precursor Plasma Spray” (SPPS) and “Solution Precursor Flame Spray” (SPFS) technologies have been introduced to develop metal oxide films in view of the three aforementioned applications, benefiting from the facility and rapidity advantages of this one-step process.Firstly, to our best knowledge, it is the first time that films composed by ZnO nanostructures (e.g. nanorods, nanowires) are directly synthesized via a SPPS process. These hierarchical ZnO nanostructured films not only exhibit preferential orientation growth along the (002) crystal plane, but also feature in-situ oxygen vacancies. As a result, a possible growth mechanism of ZnO nanostructures via SPPS route was proposed.Secondly, various metal oxides composite films containing ZnO and a second metal oxide were also prepared by SPPS in an effort to narrow the energy bandgaps. In this work, not only the effect of the molar CuO/ZnO and MnO/ZnO ratio was investigated, but also laminated CuO/ZnO and CeO2/ZnO films and CuO, Co3O4 and Fe2O3 decorated ZnO nanorods films were pioneeringly deposited via this novel route.Thirdly, films involving spinel-type materials (including ZnFe2O4, NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4 and Co3O4) were also synthesized and deposited by the SPPS and SPFS technologies, owing to their high-interest in the aforementioned applications. We found that the phase compositions are more sensitive to the Fe/Zn and Ni/Co ratios and that the surface morphologies are more dependent on the patterns of the solution injection. In addition, the power of the torch plays a more critical role on the in-situ synthesis of binary spinel phase. Besides, the SPPS route promotes the formation of flake-like particles both in the NiCo2O4 and Co3O4 films, while sphere-like particles were observed in the SPFS-prepared samples.Finally, some as-prepared films were selected to evaluate their performances within the three applications. On the one hand, Orange II was successfully (100%) degraded within 2h under UV irradiation and about 85% was removed within 6h under visible light irradiation. On the other hand, Co3O4 samples exhibited specific capacitances up to 1190 F g−1 with a retention capacity of 136% after 2500 cycles at a 20 mV/s scanning rate in 2 M KOH electrolyte. Finally, when using ZnCo2O4 as photocatalyst, CO2 was converted into CO by visible light irradiation with a maximum turnover number as high as 61.38 and a selectivity as high as 90.5 %.Overall, this work not only improves the performances of the three studied processes thanks to the use of novel, fast preparation methods, but also suggests that “Solution Precursor Thermal Spray” should be a highly promising technology for further, alternative functional applications that involve finely structured metal oxides film.

Ph. D. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Aromatic organic contaminants are difficult to biodegrade, and thus effective green technologies are required to remove these pollutants from the ecosystem. Tetracycline antibiotic, an organic water pollutant, can be degraded by heterogeneous photocatalysis using an appropriate catalyst, with capability in converting the visible light energy into active species. The thesis focused on silver nanoparticles anchored on silver bromide (Ag/AgBr) as a plasmonic catalyst dispersed on activated carbon (ACK), were used as a photocatalyst (AABR-ACK) in tetracycline removal. The aim is to develop a catalyst that is active in low intensity visible light, whilst the addition of activated carbon will increase the light absorption and separate the charge pairs, after the photocatalyst has been excited by the visible light. The activated carbons were derived from pinecone pyrolyzed in a microwave. The pinecone mass to potassium hydroxide impregnation ratio and microwave pyrolysis time influenced the activated carbon properties. An impregnation ratio of 2.24 and microwave pyrolysis time of 16 minutes at constant microwave power of 400 W yielded the activated carbon with the best-developed porous structure and electrochemical properties. This activated carbon was used during the optimisation of the Ag/AgBr activated carbon (AABR-ACK) catalysts preparation using a thermal polyol precipitation method and response surface methodology. The most active catalyst was the AABR-ACK 11 obtained by a preparation temperature of 140 ºC, time (17.50 minutes), mass of surfactant and activated carbon (0.26 g and 0.03 g) respectively. This catalyst had an ordered nanospheres morphology, reduced electron-hole recombination rate, better electrochemical properties and exhibited enhanced activity on the tetracycline antibiotic removal in comparison to other Ag/AgBr activated carbon catalysts. A percentage degradation of 92% was obtained in 180 minutes were obtained with the AABR-ACK 11 catalyst. The photocatalyst prepared using the best activated carbon derived from pinecone developed in this study was compared to photocatalysts prepared using commercial activated carbon and biochar. The Ag/AgBr activated carbon catalysts using pinecone-derived activated carbon degraded the tetracycline to 92%, which is significantly higher than the percentage degradations (80% and 74%) for the catalyst prepared using commercial activated carbon and biochar catalysts respectively. The higher activity of the Ag/AgBr activated carbon catalysts using pinecone-derived activated carbon was due to the conductive attributes of the catalyst support for accelerated transfer of photo-induced electrons. The Ag/AgBr activated carbon catalysts using pinecone- derived activated carbon also exhibited better performance on tetracycline removal when compared to photocatalysts reported in literature. Two catalyst preparation methods, thermal polyol and deposition precipitation, were compared. The thermal polyol method yielded a more active catalyst for the degradation of the tetracycline in comparison to the deposition precipitation method. The degradation reaction conditions such as pH, light intensity and degradation temperature influenced the rate of the reaction. The highest rate of degradation was obtained at a pH of seven, white light and 40 ºC temperature. The intermediate products formed because of hydroxylation, deamination, demethylation and dehydration during the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics were identified using liquid chromatography mass spectrometer. Quenching experiments with hydroxyl, hole, and superoxide anion species showed that the most important radical responsible for the tetracycline degradation was the superoxide anion radical.

The technology of semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen using solar energy has been considered as one of the most important approaches to solve the world energy crisis. Therefore, the development of the effective semiconductor photocatalysts has undergone considerable research. However, the traditional photocatalysts suffer from the negative effects from rapid charge recombination, which reduces the excited charges by emitting light or generating phonons. Efficient charge separation and fast charge transport, avoiding any bulk/surface recombination, are fundamentally important for photocatalytic hydrogen generation through water splitting. Here, we have introduced assembled layered materials as photocatalyst systems with their unique physicochemical properties to realize the effective charge separation and high photocatalytic activity. Using graphene as a two-dimensional supporting matrix, we have succeeded in selective anchoring of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles as separate catalytically active sites on the graphene surface. The ability of graphene to capture, transfer and store electrons and its potential to serve as a conductive support are demonstrated. The TiO₂ semiconductor/metals nanocrystals-graphene ensemble makes it possible to carry out selective catalytic processes at the separate sites and provides the potentials for applications in water splitting reactions. After demonstrating the positive role of graphene in such photocatalytic system, we then fabricate a simple but highly cooperative ensemble with CdS and MoS₂ nanocrystals dispersed on graphene sheets. It is demonstrated that CdS nanocrystals can also capture visible light energy and facilitate excited electron transfer to MoS₂ (as metal substituent) for catalytic hydrogen production via the 2-D graphene which plays a key role as an efficient electron mediator. Hexagonal multilayer MoS₂ with a layered structure in this system serves to provide active sites for hydrogen evolution by its exposed Mo edges. Hence, multilayer MoS₂ is an ideal cocatalyst of semiconductors for hydrogen generation. This crystalline-layered structure also shows semiconducting properties, however, its characteristic indirect band gap displays a poor light capture and emission ability with excited electrons and holes with different momentum. In contrast, single layer MoS₂ shows a direct band gap behavior. Our studies have clearly shown that single layer MoS₂ prepared with lithium intercalation indeed displays encouraging results in hydrogen evolution due to the direct band gap and quantum confinement effects. In addition, the exfoliated single layer MoS₂ exhibits extraordinary enhanced activity and stability in combination with the Eosin Y sensitized system when compared to those of multilayer MoS₂ and bulk MoS₂ counterparts, which is attributed to the improvement of the density of surface active sites with stronger adsorption for the Eosin Y molecules on the single layer MoS₂. In addition, this multifunctional catalyst on graphene sheet can also create adsorption sites on a defective basal surface of single layer MoS₂ through adsorption of Eosin Y where electron transfer from photoexcited Eosin Y molecule to graphene via the 2-D MoS₂ mainly takes place. Thus, the photo-generated electrons are then effectively transported to the exposed active sites of MoS₂ for the proton reduction to hydrogen molecule. It is believed the above novel assembled molecular layered systems may be applicable for a wide range of catalytic,photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reactions.

L'objet de cette thèse traite du dépôt de couches minces photocatalytiques de dioxyde de titane par l'utilisation d'un dispositif plasma à la pression atmosphérique. Le dispositif industriel utilisé permet le traitement du substrat en post-décharge à basse température. L'objectif à terme est le développement d'un procédé de dépôt en vue de recouvrir des pièces 3D thermosensibles d'un revêtement autonettoyant à moindre coût. Après avoir mis en évidence les bonnes propriétés photocatalytiques des dépôts effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse, le présent travail s'est focalisé sur la compréhension des mécanismes responsables cette photocatalycité. Pour ce faire, trois séries de dépôts correspondant à trois températures de substrat différentes ont été étudiées selon leur composition chimique, leurs mécanismes de croissance et leur cristallinité. Il ressort de cette étude que la photoactivité des dépôts est essentiellement le fait de leur importante surface spécifique ; la cristallinité, bien que présente à haute température de substrat, semblant avoir une influence moindre. Cette surface spécifique est quant à elle due à la croissance d'agglomérats, dont l'adhésion au dépôt diminue avec leur taille. Formés en phase gaz dans des boucles de recirculation, ceux-ci semblent se développer du fait de multiples phénomènes : croissance CVD à leur surface, « agglomération de surface » et « redépôt ». Aussi, il apparait qu'à débit de précurseur donné, leur nombre et leur taille sont deux facteurs intimement liés. Ainsi, en vue de l'optimisation du procédé de dépôt, la maîtrise de leur formation est nécessaire. Celle-ci passe par la diminution du débit de précurseur, de la puissance incidente et de l'ensemble des débits de gaz, telles sont les perspectives principales de ce travail / This PhD work deals with the deposition of photocatalytic thin films of titanium dioxide at low temperature in the post-discharge of an atmospheric pressure plasma process. The main objective is the development of a low cost route for the deposition of self-cleaning coatings on 3D thermosensitive substrates. The deposited coatings present good photocatalytic properties which origin is firstly investigated. The elemental composition, the growth mechanisms and the crystallinity of three series of coatings corresponding to three different deposition temperatures are studied. The high specific surface of the coatings, due to the growth of agglomerates, appears to be the main parameter responsible for such photocatalytic properties. But these agglomerates are also responsible for the poor mechanical properties of the coatings as their adhesion decreases with their size. These agglomerates are formed in gas phase in recirculation loops and develop through multiple phenomena: CVD growth, agglomeration at the surface of the coating and redeposition due to the influence of the post-discharge on the surface of the coating. Moreover, at a given precursor flow rate, their number and their size are interlocked. Thus, with the aim of optimizing the deposition process, the control of the formation of such structures through the decrease of the precursor flow rate, the power input and the gas flows are mandatory and are a perspective of this PhD work

Au cours des dernières décennies, les produits pharmaceutiques sont devenus une nouvelle préoccupation environnementale. Les produits pharmaceutiques ont été largement détectés dans les eaux souterraines, les eaux de surface et même dans l'eau de boisson, avec une concentration allant du ng au µg L-1 dans les effluents d'eaux usées. Les stations d’épuration ne peuvent pas éliminer complètement tous les produits pharmaceutiques en raison de leur faible concentration dans l’eau et de leur résistance à la dégradation biologique. Dans les procédés d’oxydation avancée (AOP), les méthodes les plus fréquemment utilisées incluent les réactions homogènes telles que le procédé de Fenton, de type Fenton ou le procédé Photo-Fenton.Dans ce travail, un nouveau catalyseur composite BiOCl0,75I0,25 a été synthétisé par méthode de précipitation sous pression ambiante et à basse température, suivie d'une série de caractérisations. De plus, les capacités d'adsorption et de dégradation photocatalytique du catalyseur dans l'eau ont été testées sous une lumière solaire simulée en utilisant deux polluants chimiques (Acétaminophène, acide p-hydroxyphénylacétique). / In recent decades, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have emerged as a new environmental concern. Pharmaceuticals have been widely detected in ground water, surface water and even drinking water with a concentration ranging from ng to µg L-1 in wastewater effluents. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) cannot remove completely all pharmaceuticals due to their low concentration in water and resistance to biological degradation. In AOPs, the most frequently used methods include homogeneous reaction such as Fenton, Fenton like or Photo-Fenton process. In this work, composite catalyst BiOCl0.75I0.25 was synthesized by precipitation method under ambient pressure and low temperature followed with a series of characterization. Moreover, the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation abilities of new bismuth catalyst in water are tested under simulated solar light using Acetaminophen, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and as chemical pollutant.

O emprego de TiO2, na qualidade de semicondutor mais comumente utilizado em fotocatálise heterogênea adquire relevância, devido à sua eficiência na decomposição de poluentes da água, do ar, bactérias, células cancerígenas e na degradação de compostos orgânicos tóxicos. Este trabalho investigou a correlação entre as propriedades fotocrômicas e fotocatalíticas de fibras e dos filmes de TiO2, e de TiO2 dopados com H2WO4 e Na2WO4.2H2O. Para a síntese de fibras por electrospinning os reagentes utilizados foram: ácido acético glacial, propóxido de titânio, polivinilpirrolidona 10%, ácido túngstico e tungstato de sódio di hidratado. As fibras obtidas foram tratadas termicamente entre 650 ºC e 800 ºC, com patamar de 1 hora e taxa de aquecimento de 1,4 °C/min. Para obtenção dos filmes por spin-coater foram peparadas soluções contendo: 0,25 g de fibras tratadas entre 650 ºC e 800 ºC, etanol anidro, acetilacetona, Triton X-100 e polivinilbitiral. As amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e de transmissão (MET), análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e termo-diferencial (ATD), espectroscopia de reflectância difusa (ERD), perfilometria, teoria Brunnauer Emmet e Teller (BET), ensaios de degradação de 125 mL de uma solução 20 ppm do corante alaranjado de metila e colorimetria através do sistema CIELa*b*. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as amostras deTiO2∕Na2WO4.2H2O. Estas amostras foram mais eficientes na mineralização do corante alaranjado de metila, pois 3 das 4 amostras sintetizadas degradaram aproximadamente 100% do corante e simultaneamente expressaram os maiores valores de reflectância, possivelmente devido a existência de uma sincronização entre as características químicas e físicas destes óxidos e a formação de defeitos pontuais (vacâncias) que ocupam posições atômicas de rede. / The use of TiO2 as the most commonly used semiconductor in heterogeneous photocatalysis becomes relevant because of its efficiency in the decomposition of pollutants from water, air, bacteria, cancer cells and the degradation of toxic organic compounds. This work investigated the correlation between the photocatalytic and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 and TiO2 fibers and TiO2 doped with H2WO4 and Na2WO4.2H2O. For the synthesis of fibers by electrospinning the reagents used were: glacial acetic acid, titanium propoxide, 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone, tungstic acid and sodium tungstate dihydrate. The obtained fibers were heat treated between 650 °C and 800 °C, with a 1 hour threshold and a heating rate of 1.4 °C/min. To obtain the films by spin-coater were prepared solutions containing: 0.25 g of treated fibers between 650 ºC and 800 ºC, anhydrous ethanol, acetylacetone, Triton X-100 and polyvinylbutyral. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission (TEM), thermogravimetric (TGA) and thermo-differential analysis (DTA), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (ERD), profilometry, Brunnauer Emmet and Teller (BET) theory, 125 ml degradation assays of a 20 ppm solution of methyl orange dye and colorimetry through the system CIELa*b*. The best results were obtained with TiO2/Na2WO4.2H2O samples. These samples were more efficient in the methyl orange dye mineralization, since 3 of the 4 synthesized samples degraded approximately 100% of the dye and simultaneously expressed the highest values of reflectance, possibly due to the existence of a synchronization between the chemical and physical characteristics of these oxides and the formation of point defects (vacancies) that occupy atomic network positions.

O chorume in natura utilizado foi proveniente do aterro sanitário da cidade de Cachoeira Paulista no interior do estado de São Paulo. Possui baixa razão de biodegradabilidade (DBO/DQO = 0,094) evidenciado principalmente através das análises de caracterização dos parâmetros COT (618,1 mg C/L), DQO (4345,88 mg O2/L) e DBO5 (409,7 mg O2/L) que estão acima do limite permitido pela legislação. Em função disso, os processos oxidativos avançados (POA´s) surgem como alternativa para o seu pré-tratamento. O foco principal desse trabalho foi utilizar a aplicação da fotocatálise homogênea, empregando concomitantemente a luz solar com o reagente Fenton (H2O2 + Fe2+) num reator aberto com volume constante da amostra (3L) em sistema semi-batelada para verificar a eficiência do processo na remoção da carga orgânica. O reator solar possui um suporte de madeira que está direcionado ao Equador com um ângulo de inclinação de 23º, com uma placa metálica sem pigmentação denominada branco, numa vazão constante (13 L / min) em períodos com maior intensidade de radiação UV e monitorados pelo radiômetro. Após o ajuste do chorume de acordo com a planilha experimental, o volume do reagente Ferro (0,82 mol) foi adicionado totalmente no início da reação e o peróxido de hidrogênio (30% m/v) durante 30 min do tempo total de 1 hora, através de uma bureta dosadora, de maneira controlada que o peróxido de hidrogênio fosse consumido integralmente na reação de degradação, aumentando assim sua eficiência. O chorume tratado foi bombeado até a parte superior da placa, percolando-a uniformemente enquanto recebia a radiação solar sobre a placa. O processo fotocatalítico foi otimizado por um planejamento fatorial (23) com duplicata e triplicata no ponto central contendo 19 experimentos com variáveis de entrada: pH (3, 3,5 e 4) , quantidade de [H2O2] ( 73,2 g , 85,4 g e 97,6 g ) e quantidade de [Fe2+ ] (4,0 g , 5,0 g e 6,0 g ). As variáveis respostas do processo utilizadas foram: eficiência de remoção de COT (Carbono Orgânico Total) e DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio). As maiores reduções percentuais de DQO e COT, respectivamente, 89,19% e 86,12%, além do aumento de sua biodegradabilidade para 0,55 com um custo de R$ 0,3558 / 3L. Desta forma, o processo fotocatalítico mostrou grande viabilidade técnica e econômica em relação à degradação da carga orgânica de chorume. / The leachate used was fresh from the landfill of the city of Cachoeira Paulista in the state of São Paulo. Has a low ratio of biodegradability (BOD / COD = 0.094) demonstrated mainly through the analysis parameters characterizing the TOC (618,1 mg C / l) COD (mg O2 4345,88 / L) and BOD5 (mg O2 409,7 / L) that are above the limit allowed by law. As a result, the advanced oxidation processes (AOP\'s) are an alternative to their pre-treatment. The main focus of this work was to use the application of photocatalysis homogeneous, employing concurrently sunlight with Fenton\'s reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) in an open reactor with constant volume of sample (3L) in the semi-batch to verify the efficiency of the process in removal of organic matter. The solar reactor has a wooden support that is directed to the equator with a tilt angle of 23 º, with a metal plate without pigmentation called white, a constant flow rate (13 L / min) in periods with higher UV intensity and monitored by radiometer. After adjusting the leachate according to the experimental sheet, the volume of reagent iron (0,82 mol) was added entirely at the beginning of the reaction and hydrogen peroxide (30% w / v) for 30 min to 1 hour total time through a dosing burette so controlled that the hydrogen peroxide was consumed entirely in the degradation reaction, thus increasing its efficiency. The treated leachate was pumped to the top of the plate evenly percolating while receiving the solar radiation on the plate. The photocatalytic process was optimized by a factorial design (23) with duplicate and triplicate center point experiments containing 19 input variables: pH (3, 3,5 and 4), the amount of [H2O2] (73,2 g, 85,4 g 97,6 g) and the amount of [Fe 2+] (4,0 g, 5,0 g and 6,0 g). The response variables of the process were: removal efficiency of TOC (Total Organic Carbon) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). The largest percentage reductions of COD and TOC, respectively, 89,19% and 86,12%, besides increasing its biodegradability to 0,55 at a cost of R $ 0,3558 / 3L. Thus, the photocatalytic process showed great technical and economic feasibility in relation to the degradation of the organic leachate.

O chorume in natura utilizado foi proveniente do aterro sanitário da cidade de Cachoeira Paulista no interior do estado de São Paulo. Possui baixa razão de biodegradabilidade (DBO/DQO = 0,094) evidenciado principalmente através das análises de caracterização dos parâmetros COT (618,1 mg C/L), DQO (4345,88 mg O2/L) e DBO5 (409,7 mg O2/L) que estão acima do limite permitido pela legislação. Em função disso, os processos oxidativos avançados (POA´s) surgem como alternativa para o seu pré-tratamento. O foco principal desse trabalho foi utilizar a aplicação da fotocatálise homogênea, empregando concomitantemente a luz solar com o reagente Fenton (H2O2 + Fe2+) num reator aberto com volume constante da amostra (3L) em sistema semi-batelada para verificar a eficiência do processo na remoção da carga orgânica. O reator solar possui um suporte de madeira que está direcionado ao Equador com um ângulo de inclinação de 23º, com uma placa metálica sem pigmentação denominada branco, numa vazão constante (13 L / min) em períodos com maior intensidade de radiação UV e monitorados pelo radiômetro. Após o ajuste do chorume de acordo com a planilha experimental, o volume do reagente Ferro (0,82 mol) foi adicionado totalmente no início da reação e o peróxido de hidrogênio (30% m/v) durante 30 min do tempo total de 1 hora, através de uma bureta dosadora, de maneira controlada que o peróxido de hidrogênio fosse consumido integralmente na reação de degradação, aumentando assim sua eficiência. O chorume tratado foi bombeado até a parte superior da placa, percolando-a uniformemente enquanto recebia a radiação solar sobre a placa. O processo fotocatalítico foi otimizado por um planejamento fatorial (23) com duplicata e triplicata no ponto central contendo 19 experimentos com variáveis de entrada: pH (3, 3,5 e 4) , quantidade de [H2O2] ( 73,2 g , 85,4 g e 97,6 g ) e quantidade de [Fe2+ ] (4,0 g , 5,0 g e 6,0 g ). As variáveis respostas do processo utilizadas foram: eficiência de remoção de COT (Carbono Orgânico Total) e DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio). As maiores reduções percentuais de DQO e COT, respectivamente, 89,19% e 86,12%, além do aumento de sua biodegradabilidade para 0,55 com um custo de R$ 0,3558 / 3L. Desta forma, o processo fotocatalítico mostrou grande viabilidade técnica e econômica em relação à degradação da carga orgânica de chorume. / The leachate used was fresh from the landfill of the city of Cachoeira Paulista in the state of São Paulo. Has a low ratio of biodegradability (BOD / COD = 0.094) demonstrated mainly through the analysis parameters characterizing the TOC (618,1 mg C / l) COD (mg O2 4345,88 / L) and BOD5 (mg O2 409,7 / L) that are above the limit allowed by law. As a result, the advanced oxidation processes (AOP\'s) are an alternative to their pre-treatment. The main focus of this work was to use the application of photocatalysis homogeneous, employing concurrently sunlight with Fenton\'s reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) in an open reactor with constant volume of sample (3L) in the semi-batch to verify the efficiency of the process in removal of organic matter. The solar reactor has a wooden support that is directed to the equator with a tilt angle of 23 º, with a metal plate without pigmentation called white, a constant flow rate (13 L / min) in periods with higher UV intensity and monitored by radiometer. After adjusting the leachate according to the experimental sheet, the volume of reagent iron (0,82 mol) was added entirely at the beginning of the reaction and hydrogen peroxide (30% w / v) for 30 min to 1 hour total time through a dosing burette so controlled that the hydrogen peroxide was consumed entirely in the degradation reaction, thus increasing its efficiency. The treated leachate was pumped to the top of the plate evenly percolating while receiving the solar radiation on the plate. The photocatalytic process was optimized by a factorial design (23) with duplicate and triplicate center point experiments containing 19 input variables: pH (3, 3,5 and 4), the amount of [H2O2] (73,2 g, 85,4 g 97,6 g) and the amount of [Fe 2+] (4,0 g, 5,0 g and 6,0 g). The response variables of the process were: removal efficiency of TOC (Total Organic Carbon) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). The largest percentage reductions of COD and TOC, respectively, 89,19% and 86,12%, besides increasing its biodegradability to 0,55 at a cost of R $ 0,3558 / 3L. Thus, the photocatalytic process showed great technical and economic feasibility in relation to the degradation of the organic leachate.