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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
791

Dynamique des photoexcitations de nanostructures supramoléculaires d'oligothiophènes

Glowe, Jean-François January 2009 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
792

Dynamique de séparation de charges à l'hétérojonction de semi-conducteurs organiques

Provencher, Françoise 08 1900 (has links)
Une compréhension profonde de la séparation de charge à l’hétérojonction de semi-con- ducteurs organiques est nécessaire pour le développement de diodes photovoltaïques organiques plus efficaces, ce qui serait une grande avancée pour répondre aux besoins mondiaux en énergie durable. L’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les processus impliqués dans la séparation de charges à hétérojonctions de semi-conducteurs organiques, en prenant en exemple le cas particulier du PCDTBT: PCBM. Nous sondons les excitations d’interface à l’aide de méthodes spectroscopiques résolues en temps couvrant des échelles de temps de 100 femto- secondes à 1 milliseconde. Ces principales méthodes spectroscopiques sont la spectroscopie Raman stimulée femtoseconde, la fluorescence résolue en temps et l’absorption transitoire. Nos résultats montrent clairement que le transfert de charge du PCDTBT au PCBM a lieu avant que l’exciton ne soit relaxé et localisé, un fait expérimental irréconciliable avec la théorie de Marcus semi-classique. La paire de charges qui est créée se divise en deux catégories : les paires de polarons géminales non piégées et les paires profondément piégées. Les premiers se relaxent rapidement vers l’exciton à transfert de charge, qui se recombine radiativement avec une constante de temps de 1– 2 nanoseconde, alors que les seconds se relaxent sur de plus longues échelles de temps via l’effet tunnel. Notre modèle photophysique quantitatif démontre que 2 % de l’excitation créée ne peut jamais se dissocier en porteurs de charge libre, un chiffre qui est en accord avec les rendements élevés rapportés pour ce type de système. / A deep understanding of charge separation at organic semiconductor heterojunctions is instrumental in developing organic photovoltaic diodes with higher power conversion efficiencies, which could be a game changer for meeting sustainable global energy needs. The goal of this thesis is to describe the processes involved in charge separation at organic semiconductor heterojonctions, taking the special case of PCDTBT:PCBM as an example. We probe interfacial excitations using time-resolved spectroscopic methods covering timescales from 100 femtoseconds to 1 millisecond. These main spectroscopic methods are femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, time resolved fluorescence and transient absorption. Our results unambiguously show that charge transfer from PCDTBT to PCBM happens before the exciton is relaxed and localised, an experimental fact that in irreconcilable with semi-classical Marcus theory. The charge pair that is created then falls into two categories : un-trapped geminate polaron pairs or deeply trapped geminate polaron pairs. The former quickly relax to charge transfer exciton, which relax radiatively with a time constant of 1–2 nanosecond, while the latter form a charge transfer exciton on much longer timescales via tunneling. Our quantitative photo-physical model demonstrate that 2% of created excitation can never dissociate into free charge carrier, a figure that is in agreement with the high efficiencies reported for this type of system.
793

A Study on the Nature of Anomalous Current Conduction in Gallium Nitride

Spradlin, Joshua K. 01 January 2005 (has links)
Current leakage in GaN thin films limits reliable device fabrication. A variety of Ga and N rich MBE GaN thin films grown by Rf, NH3, and Rf+ NH3, are examined with electrical measurements on NiIAu Schottky diodes and CAFM. Current-voltage (IV) mechanisms will identify conduction mechanisms on diodes, and CAFM measurements will investigate the microstructure of conduction in GaN thin films. With CAFM, enhanced conduction has been shown to decorate some extended defects and surface features, while CAFM spectroscopy on a MODFET structure indicates a correlation between extended defects and field conduction behavior at room temperature. A remedy for poor conduction characteristics is presented in molten KOH etching, as evidenced by CAFM measurements, Schottky diodes, and MODFET's. The aim of this study is to identify anomalous conduction mechanisms, the likely cause of anomalous conduction, and a method for improving the conduction characteristics. Keywords: 111-Nitride, 111-V, Gallium Nitride, GaN, Electrical Properties, Conduction, Conductivity, Mobility, Hall Measurements, Resistivity, Schottky Diode, Modulation Doped Field Effect Transistor (MODFET), Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Defects, Molten Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) etching, Silvaco, Atlas, and Illumination.
794

Optical spectroscopy of bound excitonic states in single walled carbon nanotubes / É tude spectroscopique des états excitoniques liés dans les nanotubes de carbones monoparois

Morim Santos, Silvia 16 May 2012 (has links)
Dans ce manuscrit nous décrivons des études originales sur les propriétés photophysiques des nanotubes de carbone monoparois réalisées à l'échelle de la molécule unique. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur deux problématiques : l'effet du remplissage des nanotubes par de l'eau sur leurs propriétés de photoluminescence (PL) et la création de complexes multi-excitoniques en régime de forte excitation laser. Dans ce but nous avons utilisé une combinaison de microscopie, de spectroscopie et de mesures de déclin de PL. Nos résultats montrent pour des nanotubes de différents diamètres un décalage vers le rouge des énergies d'émission pour les nanotubes remplis d'eau. De plus, des déclins de PL biexponentiels sont obtenus pour des nanotubes individuels (6,4) vides et remplis d'eau. Les temps de déclin caractéristiques de ces deux espèces de nanotubes sont distincts, avec une réduction de la composante courte pour les nanotubes remplis. Ces résultats sont expliqués par une augmentation de la constante diélectrique dans les nanotubes remplis d'eau. Notre résultat le plus conséquent a été l'observation de la génération de trions dans des nanotubes non dopés en utilisant des moyen tout optiques. L'émission du trion apparaît dans les spectres de PL comme une bande latérale décalée vers le rouge. Basé sur nos observations expérimentales, nous proposons le modèle de génération du trion suivant lequel dans un régime multiexcitonique les interactions d'annihilation exciton-exciton créent des porteurs de charge qui sont piégés dans les fluctuations de potentiel électrostatique induites par les inhomogénéités de l'environnement. L'absorption subséquente d'un photon amène à la formation d'un trion localisé sur les charges piégées. / In this dissertation we report on original experimental investigations of the photophysical properties of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at the single molecule level. We focused on two problems: the effect of water-filling nanotubes on their photoluminescence (PL) properties and generation of multi-excitonic complexes in regimes of strong laser excitation. To do so we used a combination of microscopy, PL spectroscopy and PL time decay measurements. Our results show, for different nanotube diameters, a red-shift of the PL emission energy for water-filled nanotubes. Furthermore, biexponential PL time decay behaviors are obtained for individual water-filled and empty (6,4) SWCNTs. The characteristic decay times for both species of nanotubes are distinct, with a reduction of the short component in water-filled SWCNTs. These results are explained by an increase of the dielectric constant for water-filled nanotubes. Our most consequential experimental result was the observation of all optical trion generation in undoped nanotubes. Trion emission appears in the PL spectrum as a red-shifted sideband. Based on our experimental observations, we propose a trion generation model according to which, at a multiexcitonic regime, exciton-exciton annihilation interactions create charge carriers that are transiently trapped at electrostatic potential fluctuations induced by the inhomogeneities of the environment. Subsequent photon absorption leads to trion formation localized at the trapped carriers.
795

Non-stoichiometric Cu–In–S@ZnS nanoparticles produced in aqueous solutions as light harvesters for liquid-junction photoelectrochemical solar cells

Raevskaya, Alexandra, Rosovik, Oksana, Kozytskiy, Andriy, Stroyuk, Oleksandr, Dzhagan, Volodymyr, Zahn, Dietrich R. T. 06 March 2017 (has links) (PDF)
A direct “green” aqueous synthesis of mercapto acetate-stabilized copper indium sulfide (CIS) nanoparticles (NPs) and core/shell CIS@ZnS NPs of a varied composition under ambient conditions and a temperature lower than 100 °C is reported. The CIS@ZnS NPs can be anchored to the surface of nanocrystalline FTO/TiO2 films without additional purification or ligand exchange steps yielding visible-light-sensitive heterostructures ready for using as photoanodes in the liquid-junction solar cells. The highest photoelectrochemical activity in a three-electrode cell was demonstrated by a TiO2/CIS@ZnS heterostructure with atomic Cu : In : S and Zn : Cu ratios of 1 : 5 : 10 and 1 : 1. The optimized TiO2/CIS@ZnS photoanodes were tested in two-electrode solar cells with aqueous polysulfide electrolyte and TiO2/Cu2S heterostructures produced by a photo-assisted method as counter-electrodes. Under illumination by a 30 mW cm−2 xenon lamp, the optimized cells showed the average light conversion efficiency of 8.15%, the average open-circuit voltage of −0.6 V and the average fill factor of 0.42. The cells revealed excellent stability and reproducibility of photoelectrochemical parameters with around one percent variation of the light conversion efficiency around an average value for six identical solar cells. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
796

Microcavidades ópticas à base de silício: projeto, confecção e propriedades / Silicon based optical microcavities: project, construction and properties

Gallo, Ivan Braga 26 September 2014 (has links)
Estruturas fotônicas à base de silício têm despertado grande interesse por permitirem uma perfeita integração entre processos ópticos e eletrônicos em um único chip. Além de compatíveis com a atual indústria microeletrônica, acredita-se, que tais estruturas possam aumentar consideravelmente a velocidade de processamento de informações. Uma microcavidade óptica é um exemplo de estrutura fotônica simples. Feita à base de silício, e dopada com íons terra-rara, tal microcavidade pode intensificar a emissão gerada pelo íon e resultar em um dispositivo de importância tecnológica. O projeto-construção deste tipo de microcavidade deve considerar a sua região de funcionamento e os materiais a serem utilizados. Deve contemplar, ainda, algumas condições externas que, eventualmente, possam alterar o seu funcionamento. Uma dessas condições é descrita pelo chamado coeficiente termo-óptico que indica a dependência do índice de refração com a temperatura. Dentro desse contexto a presente Tese de Doutorado foi dedicada ao estudo de microcavidades ópticas com janelas de transmissão em 650 nm e em 1550 nm – correspondendo às regiões de menores perdas de fibras ópticas de plástico e de sílica. As microcavidades compreenderam espelhos de Bragg [camadas alternadas de silício amorfo (a-Si) e nitreto de silício amorfo (a-SiN)], um filme de a-SiN como espaçador, e foram depositadas sobre substratos de sílica pela técnica de sputtering. As cavidades MC-Er e MC-ErYb tiveram como espaçadores filmes de a-SiN dopados com Er e Er + Yb, respectivamente. Medidas de fotoluminescência da MC-ErYb na região do infravermelho próximo indicaram um aumento de 48 vezes na emissão dos íons Er3+ (em ~1535 nm) comparado a um filme de a-SiN dopado com érbio devido: (1) a presença do itérbio e, (2) às múltiplas reflexões sofridas pela luz nos espelhos de Bragg. As microcavidades cujos espaçadores eram a-SiN puro foram submetidas a medidas de transmissão óptica em função da temperatura de medida. O deslocamento da janela de transmissão devido às variações de temperatura permitiu determinar o valor do TOC do a-SiN como: (6.2±0.1)×10-5 ºC-1 (em ~ 620 nm) e, (4.7±0.1)×10-5 ºC -1 (em ~ 1510 nm). Até onde sabemos, o TOC do a-SiN no VIS foi determinado pela primeira vez neste trabalho. / Silicon photonic based structures have attracted great interest for allowing a perfect integration between optical and electronic process in a single chip. Besides being compatible with the actual microelectronic industry, it is believed that such structures can considerably increase the information processing speed. An optical microcavity is an example of a simple photonic structure. Made based on silicon, and doped with rare-earth ions, such microcavity may enhance the emission generated by the ion and become a device of technological importance. The project-construction of this kind of microcavity has to consider the operation region and the materials used. It still has to take into account external conditions that may, eventually, change its operation. One of these conditions is described by the thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) that shows the dependence of the refractive index with the temperature. Within this context the present PhD thesis was dedicated to the study of optical microcavities with transmission windows at 650 nm and at 1550 nm – corresponding to the low losses regions of the plastic and silica optical fibers. The microcavities comprised Bragg mirrors [alternated layers of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and amorphous silicon nitride (a-SiN)], one film of a-SiN as spacer, and were deposited on silica substrates by the sputtering technique. The MC-Er and MC-ErYb cavities had Er and Er+Yb-doped a-SiN films as spacers, respectively. Photoluminescence measurements of the MC-ErYb in the near infrared showed an enhancement of 48 times in the emission of the Er3+ ions (at ~ 1535 nm) compared with an Er-doped a-SiN film owing to: (1) the presence of ytterbium and, (2) the multiple reflections experienced by the light at the Bragg mirrors. The microcavities whose spacers were pure a-SiN were submitted to optical transmission measurements as a function of the measurement temperature. The shift of the transmission window due to variations in the temperature allowed determining the a-SiN TOC: (6.2±0.1)×10-5 ºC-1 (at ~ 620 nm) and, (4.7±0.1)×10-5 ºC -1 (at ~ 1510 nm). To the best of our knowledge, the a-SiN TOC in the visible was determined for the first time in this work.
797

"Efeitos de interface sobre as propriedades ópticas de polímeros conjugados" / Effect of Interface on the Optic Conjugated Polymer Properties

Borges, Célio Aécio Medeiros 28 June 2005 (has links)
Esta tese de doutorado apresenta os resultados do estudo sistemático das propriedades ópticas das interfaces que aparecem em dispositivos orgânicos atuais emissores de luz ou OLEDs. Estamos interessados no entendimento do papel de cada uma das interfaces metal/polímero e ITO/polímero sobre a emissão da camada orgânica ativa emissora de luz. Para tanto, se fez necessário o domínio de todas as etapas de preparação e caracterização de filmes finos orgânicos, desde a síntese química dos polímeros até a preparação de amostras adequadas que permitissem a realização dos objetivos propostos. Ênfase foi dada aos processos de excitação e de relaxação energética dos portadores de carga (elétrons e buracos) em filmes ultrafinos automontados próximos às interfaces, correlacionando-os direta ou indiretamente com os efeitos de interface. Através do desenvolvimento e domínio de uma nova metodologia de preparação de filmes orgânicos, verificamos que a intensidade da luminescência de um filme de prova ultrafino de poli(p-fenileno vinileno) (PPV) com espessura em torno de 1,5 nm sofre grandes variações em uma extensa região próxima às interfaces metálicas de Au, Al e de ITO (óxido de índio-estanho). Esta camada de prova foi gradualmente separada da interface variando-se de forma controlada a espessura de um filme polimérico espaçador opticamente inerte. O perfil de intensidade da fotoluminescência nas proximidades das interfaces foi determinado em função da distância entre as superfícies estudadas (vidro, quartzo, metálica ou ITO) e a camada de prova emissora de PPV. Duas regiões relacionadas a processos radiativos distintos foram bem estabelecidas para as interfaces metálicas: uma região de extinção, nas proximidades da interface (< 20 nm), onde a luminescência é fortemente suprimida e uma outra de aumento da luminescência entre 20 e 90 nm. A grande variação da intensidade da luminescência observada neste trabalho é explicada considerando efeitos de interferência em uma semicavidade óptica, além dos processos de transferência de energia tipo Förster entre estados do PPV e estados de plásmons superficiais no metal. Verificamos que a distribuição espacial da radiação emitida é profundamente alterada por processos não radiativos de transferência de energia e pelas condições impostas pelas interfaces em uma semicavidade óptica. Modificações da superfície de ITO foram realizadas pelo tratamento acídico com água-régia suave. Nós observamos que a refletividade do ITO é fortemente dependente do tempo do tratamento e da espessura do espaçador. Como nos filmes metálicos, a emissão de um filme de prova de PPV sofre alterações nas proximidades da interface contendo ITO. Aqui, os parâmetros materiais (índice de difração, reflectância e comprimento de onda da emissão), a estrutura de superfície do ITO e os fatores geométricos mostram um papel importante. Cálculos da intensidade da emissão nas proximidades das interfaces descrevem de modo satisfatório os resultados experimentais. Do perfil de intensidade calculado próximo das interfaces, concluímos que a espessura e a posição da camada ativa emissora de luz devem ser otimizadas de modo a coincidir com a região de aumento ou amplificação da luminescência. / This PhD thesis is an extensive study of the optical properties of the interfaces of organic light-emitting devices (OLED’s). In particular, we investigated the influence of interfaces metal/polymer and ITO/polymer on the emission of an active layer in such devices. Therefore, it was necessary to dominate all the processes of fabrication and characterization of the multilayered structures used in the present investigation. We have used a very thin PPV probe layer (1.5 nm) to map the optical properties very near the metal/organic and the Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO)/organic interfaces. A new Spin-Layer-by-Layer method was employed which allowed a control of deposition of layers at the monolayer level. Precise variation of the metal/PPV or ITO/PPV separation over the entire substrate surface was achieved by the deposition of an organic inert spacer layer. The ITO surface modifications were carried out by soft acidic aquaregia treatment. A strong modulation of the probe layer emission was observed near the metal and ITO interfaces. These results are explained by calculations which include competing short range radiationless energy transfer and intensity modulation due effects produced by the optical cavity formed by metal/polymer films/air. At small distances (<20 nm) from interface, collective excitations in the metal act as energy acceptors, which open up an efficient nonradiative channel. Here, material parameters (diffraction index, reflectance and emission wavelength, for example), surface treatment and structure as well as geometrical factors may play an important role.
798

Estudo da estrutura e dinâmica molecular em filmes de polifluorenos e correlações com a fotoluminescência / Study of structure and molecular dynamics of polyfluorene films and correlations with photoluminescence

Faria, Gregório Couto 09 April 2008 (has links)
Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma investigação sistemática da microestrutura e da dinâmica de dois polímeros emissores de luz derivados do polifluoreno, a saber, Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (BE 329) and Poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylene-fluorenylene)-altco-{ 2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene}] (GE 108), utilizando técnicas de Difração de Raios X em Alto Ângulo (WAXD), Espalhamento de Raios X em Baixo Ângulo (SAXS), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) no estado sólido, Análise Térmica Dinâmico-Mecânica (DMTA) e Espectroscopia de Fotoluminescência (PL). Em relação as propriedades estruturais, diferenças notáveis entre a microestrutura de ambos os polímeros foram observadas. As medidas de WAXD revelaram a presença de cristalinidade nos filmes da amostra BE 329 (cristalinidade de aproximadamente 47 %) e, também, que o polímero sofre uma modificação estrutural em 433 K. Em contrapartida, as mesmas medidas na amostra GE 108 não revelaram a presença de cristalinidade, mas sim a de estruturas agregadas similares a fases mesomórficas típicas de cristais líquidos. A interpretação dos dados foi feita assumindo um modelo estrutural, onde a distância entre anéis aromáticos coplanares (empilhados) é de d1 = ~ 4.5 Å, e o espaçamento lateral entre eles é de d2 = ~ 18 Å. Estas distâncias possibilitaram a associação com os picos de WAXD, que foram obtidos em diversas temperaturas e revelaram que até aproximadamente 380 K, o parâmetro d1 não muda consideravelmente, entretanto, a partir desta temperatura começa a mudar com intensidade, até atingir 5.5 Å em 413 K. Em contrapartida, o parâmetro d2 varia intensamente até 330 K, permanecendo praticamente estável até 413 K. Por DMTA, ambos os polímeros apresentaram uma relaxação em aproximadamente 210 K e outra em aproximadamente 370 K. A natureza microscópica das relaxações foi elucidada via métodos de RMN capazes de detectar dinâmica molecular de grupos químicos individuais. Mostramos que a relaxação em baixa temperatura é associada a movimentos da cadeia lateral, que apresentaram energia de ativação de aproximadamente 20 kJ/mol para ambos os polímeros. Mesmo apresentando energias de ativação similares, pudemos observar que a fração móvel das cadeias laterais do GE 108 é maior, indicando a presença de cadeias laterais rígidas no BE 329, provavelmente relacionado a fase cristalina. Medidas de RMN também revelaram a presença de movimentos lentos (com tempo de correlação de ms) na cadeia principal, principalmente acima de 370 K, indicando que a relaxação em mais alta temperatura observada por DMTA esta associado a este tipo de dinâmica. Analisados em conjunto, esses resultados indicam que o início dos movimentos das cadeias laterais produz um aumento do espaçamento lateral dos anéis aromáticos nas estruturas agregadas, facilitando o início de movimentos de torção na cadeia principal. Além disso, em 370 K, o aumento da amplitude dos movimentos na cadeia principal induz o aumento da distância entre anéis agregados. Por fim, o entendimento da evolução estrutural e da dinâmica dos diferentes grupos químicos foi aplicado para explicar mudanças observadas nos espectros de PL em função da temperatura. Particularmente as variações de amplitude e deslocamentos para o azul dos espectros de PL foram diretamente associadas com processos de dissociação (aumento da distância) dos anéis agregados e com o aumento dos movimentos de torção dos anéis favorecidos pelo ganho de dinâmica na cadeia lateral. / In this work we present an investigation of the microstructure and dynamics of two Polyfluorene based polymers, said Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (BE 329) and Poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylene-fluorenylene)-alt-co-{2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4- phenylene}] (GE 108), using Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) and Fluorescence Spectroscopy (PL). Concerning the structural properties, remarkable differences between the microstructure of both polymers were found. The WAXS measurements revealed that cast films prepared with BE 329 are semi-crystalline (with crystalinity ration of ~ 47 %) and undergo a structural modification at ~ 433 K. In contrast, WAXS measurements revealed that Ge108 as cast films do not present crystallinity, but forms aggregated structures similar to a mesomorphic liquid crystal phase, such as observed in MEH-PPV like polymers. Assuming a model for the aggregated structure, where the phenyl rings planes are stacked parallel to each other with an average distance of d1 = ~ 4.5 Å and laterally spaced by d2 = ~ 18 Å, it was possible to associate these distances with specific peaks in the WAXS pattern. By doing so, the evolution of d1 and d2 as a function of temperature was probed, revealing that d1 remains mostly constant as a function of temperature until ~ 380 K and then start increasing, reaching 5.5 Å at 413 K. d2 also present a trend change at ~ 380 K, but in this case it first increases swiftly and than become more constant. The DMTA data show that both polymers have a low temperature relaxation at ~ 210 K and a high temperature relaxation at ~ 373 K. The microscopic nature of these relaxations was elucidated by solid-state NMR methods capable of detecting molecular dynamics of individual chemical groups[6]. It was show that the low temperature relaxation is associated with motion in the side-chain, occurring with activation energies of ~ 20 kJ/mol in both polymers. Despite the similar activation energies, it was also observed that the fraction of mobile side chains is higher in the GE 108 sample, pointing to the presence of rigid side-chains in BE 329, probably in the crystalline phase. Besides, NMR measurements also revealed the presence of slow motions (ms correlation time range) in the polymers backbones, mainly above 370 K, showing that the high temperature relaxation observed by DMTA is associated to this kind of motion. Again, the fraction of mobile segments was higher for the GE 108 sample, indicating that these dynamic processes mostly occurs in the amorphous part of the polymers. Put together, these results shows that the onset of the side chain motion produces the increase the lateral spacing of the phenyl ring in the aggregated structures, facilitating the onset of torsional motion in the backbone. Besides, at 370 K the increase in the amplitude of the backbone motions induces the increase in the distance between the stacked phenyl rings. This behavior explains many aspects of the temperature dependence of the Fluorescence spectra of the polymers. Particularly, the changes in the intensity and the blue shift of the PL spectra were associated with the dissociation of the phenyl rings and the increase of torsional motion in the main chain, which are facilitated by the onset of the side-chain motions.
799

O efeito odd-even dos ligantes dicarboxilatos de cadeia alifática sobre a fotoluminescência dos complexos de terras raras / O efeito odd-even dos ligantes dicarboxilatos de cadeia alifática sobre a fotoluminescência dos complexos de terras raras

Assunção, Israel Pereira de 17 July 2017 (has links)
Os complexos [TR2(L)3&#8901;x(H2O)]y(H2O) (Eu3+, Gd3+ e Tb3+) com os ligantes dicarboxilatos alifáticos OXA, MAL, SUC, GLU, ADP, PIM, SUB, AZL, SEB, UND e DOD foram preparados pelo método de precipitação. Estes compostos de coordenação foram sintetizados em solução aquosa e com aquecimento (~ 80 ºC) e apresentaram-se na forma de pós brancos, cristalinos, não higroscópicos e insolúveis em solventes polares e apolares. A análise elementar (CHN) indicou a proporção molar M:L de 2:3 e o número de moléculas de H2O dos complexos, que foi confi rmado pelos dados de análise térmica (TG/DTG). A temperatura final de saída das moléculas de H2O dos complexos apresentou um padrão em ziguezague em função do tamanho da cadeia carbônica dos ligantes, levando ao chamado efeito odd-even. As análises de espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (FTIR) confirmaram a efetiva coordenação dos ligantes já desprotonados aos íons TR3+ via modo misto de coordenação ponte-quelato, exceto no caso dos complexos [TR2(OXA) 3&#8901;6(H2O)]4(H2O)4(H2O) que ocorre via ponte bidentada. Os difratogramas de raios-X pelo método do pó (XPD) indicam que os complexos apresentam elevada cristalinidade, pertencendo ao sistema cristalino monoclínico e que os complexos com o mesmo ligante e diferentes íons TR3+ são isomórficos. As imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) mostram que os compostos apresentam diferentes morfologias tais como bastão, placas ou um misto de placas e cubos, como no caso dos complexos de Eu3+ com os ligantes OXA, SUC e DOD respectivamente. A investigação por espectroscopia de absorção dos sais sódicos dos ligantes (Na2L) e a reflectância difusa, bem como o estudo fotoluminescente (espectros de excitação e emissão) dos complexos de Eu3+, Gd3+ e Tb3+ foi realizada e discutida. O comportamento fotoluminescente dos complexos baseados nos tempos de vida (t) do nível emissor 5D0 do íon Eu3+, rendimento quântico intrínseco (QLnLn), taxas de decaimento radiativo (Arad) e não-radiativo (Anrad) foram determinadas. Ademais, foi realizado o estudo sistemático teórico e experimental para calcular os parâmetros de intensidade &#937;2 e &#937;4. Os espectros de fosforescência resolvidos no tempo dos complexos de Gd3+ apresentaram bandas largas oriundas dos níveis tripleto (T1) dos ligantes ~ 22950 cm-1, mais próximos do nível emissor 5D4 (Tb3+) do que do nível 5D0 (Eu3+), sugerindo que a alta intensidade luminescente exibida pelos complexos de Tb3+ comparados com os complexos análogos de Eu3+ é devida à transferência de energia intramolecular mais eficiente. Os espectros de reflectância difusa confirmam a presença de bandas 4f8&#8594;4f75d1 e LMCT nos complexos de Tb3+ e Eu3+, respectivamente. Os espectros de emissão dos íons Tb3+ e Eu3+ apresentaram bandas finas referentes a transições intraconfiguracionais 4f, sendo que as transições 5D4&#8594;7F5 (~ 545 nm) e 5D0&#8594;7F2 (~ 611 nm) foram as mais intensas, respectivamente. Os valores de rendimento quântico intrínseco QLnLn dos complexos variaram entre 13 e 28%, dentro dos quais o composto [Eu2 (SUC) 3&#8901;2(H2O)]H2O apresentou o maior valor. Este comportamento espectroscópico mostra que as moléculas de H2O atuam como um eficiente canal de supressão de luminescência. Os valores dos parâmetros de intensidade experimentais e teóricos (&#937;2 e &#937;4) apresentaram excelente concordância e mostraram o comportamento em ziguezague. Isto sugere que o íon Eu3+ atua como uma poderosa sonda espectroscópica para o efeito odd-even. Os complexos de Gd3+, Eu3+ e Tb3+ apresentaram cores de emissão azul, vermelha e verde, respectivamente, sugerindo que podem ser utilizados como dispositivos moleculares conversores de luz (DMCLs). / The [RE2(L)3&#8901;x(H2O)]y(H2O) complexes (RE3+: Eu3+, Gd3+ and Tb3+) with the aliphatic dicarboxylates ligands OXA, MAL, SUC, GLU, ADP, PIM, SUB, AZL, SEB, UND e DOD have been prepared by the precipitation method. These coordination compounds were synthesized in aqueous solution and heating (~ 80 °C) and presented as white crystalline powder, non-hygroscopic and insoluble in both polar and nonpolar solvents. The elemental analysis (CHN) indicated the M:L molar ratio of 2:3 and the number of water molecules of the complexes, which were confirmed by thermal analysis (TG/DTG) data. The final evaporating temperature of the H2O molecules of the complexes presented a zigzag pattern as a function of the carbon chain size of the ligands, leading to the so-called odd-even effect. The infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the effective coordination of the already deprotonated ligands to the RE3+ ions via the mixed mode of bridge-chelate coordination, except for the [RE2 (OXA)3&#8901;6(H2O)]4(H2O) complexes that occur via bidentate bridge mode. The X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) patterns indicate that the complexes present high crystallinity and the compounds with the same ligand and different RE3+ ions present isomorphic character. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the Eu3+ complexes with OXA, SUC and DOD ligands exhibited different morphologies such as rods, sheets or a mixture of sheets and cubes, respectively. The absorption spectroscopy investigation of the ligand sodium salts (Na2L) and the diffuse reflectance as well as the luminescence study (excitation and emission spectra) for the Eu3+, Gd3+ and Tb3+ complexes have been performed and discussed. The photoluminescent behavior of the complexes based on the lifetime (t) of the 5D0 emitting level of the Eu3+ ion, intrinsic quantum yield (QLnLn), radiative (Arad) and nonradiative (Anrad) were determined. In addition, the theoretical and experimental systematic study was carried out to calculate the intensity parameters &#937;2 and &#937;4. The time resolved phosphorescence spectra of the Gd3+ complexes showed broad emission bands assigned to the triplet (T1) states of the ligands at ~ 22950 cm-1, closer to the 5D4 emitting level (Tb3+) than to the 5D0 level (Eu3+), suggesting that the higher luminescent intensity exhibited by the Tb3+ complexes compared to the Eu3+ analog complexes are due to a more efficient L&#8212;RE3+ intramolecular energy transfer. The diffuse reflectance data confirmed the presence of 4f8&#8594;4f75d1 and LMCT absorption bands in the Tb3+ and Eu3+ complexes, respectively. The emission spectra of the Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions showed narrow bands due to the intraconfigurational 4f transitions, among them the 5D4&#8594;7F5 (~ 545 nm) and 5D0&#8594;7F2 (~ 611 nm) transitions were the most intense, respectively. The values of intrinsic quantum yield QLnLn of the complexes ranged from 13 to 28%, in which the [Eu2 (SUC)3&#8901;2(H2O)]H2O complex presented the highest value due to its lower number of H2O molecules. This optical behavior shows that the H2O molecules act as an efficient luminescence quenching channel. The values of experimental and theoretical intensity parameters (&#937;2 and &#937;4) presented excellent agreement which showed the zigzag behavior. These indicate that the Eu3+ ion acts as a powerful spectroscopic probe for the odd-even effect. The Gd3+, Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes showed blue, red and green emission colors, respectively, suggesting that can be applied as light-converting molecular devices.
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Optical properties of single semiconductor nanowires and nanowire ensembles

Pfüller, Carsten 07 July 2011 (has links)
Diese Arbeit beschreibt die optische Charakterisierung mittels Photolumineszenzspektroskopie (PL) von Halbleiter-Nanodrähten (ND) im allgemeinen und einzelnen GaN-ND und GaN-ND-Ensembles im speziellen. ND werden oftmals als vielversprechende Bausteine zukünftiger, kleinster Bauele- mente bezeichnet. Diese Vision beruht insbesondere auf einigen attraktiven Eigenheiten, die ND im allgemeinen zugeschrieben werden. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden exemplarisch einige dieser Eigenschaften näher untersucht. So wird anhand von temperaturabhängigen PL-Messungen an Au- und selbstinduzierten GaAs/(Al,Ga)As-ND der Einfluss des Keimmaterials auf die PL der ND untersucht. Weiterhin werden die optischen Eigenschaften von ZnO-ND untersucht, die auf Si-, Saphir- und ZnO-Substraten gewachsen wurden. Die optische Charakterisierung von GaN-ND nimmt den Hauptteil dieser Arbeit ein. Die detaillierte Untersuchung einzelner GaN-ND und von GaN-ND-Ensembles zeigt die Relevanz des großen Oberflächen-zu-Volumen-Verhältnisses und dass jeder ND ganz eigene optische Eigenschaften aufweist. Die unerwartet starke Verbreiterung des strahlenden Übergangs donatorgebundener Exzitonen wird durch das vermehrte Auftreten von Oberflächendonatoren erklärt, deren statistische Relevanz durch PL-Messungen an einzelnen ausgestreuten und freistehenden GaN-ND nachgewiesen werden kann. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss elektrischer Felder auf die optischen Eigenschaften von GaN-ND ermittelt. Die Ein- und Auskopplung von Licht mit GaN ND wird mithilfe von Reflektanz- und Ramanmessungen bestimmt. Die zentralen Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit motivieren die Einführung eines Modells, dass die typischerweise nichtexponentielle Rekombinationsdynamik in ND-Ensemblen erklärt. Es basiert auf einer Verteilung der Rekombinationsraten. Vorläufige Ergebnisse dieses Modells beschreiben das nichtexponentielle Rekombinationdynamik in GaN ND-Ensemblen zufriedenstellend und erlauben eine Abschätzung ihrer internen Quanteneffizienz. / This thesis presents a detailed investigation of the optical properties of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) in general and single GaN NWs and GaN NW ensembles in particular by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. NWs are often considered as potential building blocks for future nanometer-scaled devices. This vision is based on several attractive features that are generally ascribed to NWs. In the first part of the thesis, some of these features are examined using semiconductor NWs of different materials. On the basis of the temperature-dependent PL of Au- and self-assisted GaAs/(Al,Ga)As core-shell NWs, the influence of foreign catalyst particles on the optical properties of NWs is investigated. The effect of the substrate choice is studied by comparing the PL of ZnO NWs grown on Si, Sapphire, and ZnO substrates. The major part of this thesis discusses the optical properties of GaN NWs. The investigation of the PL of single GaN NWs and GaN NW ensembles reveals the significance of their large surface-to-volume ratio and that each NW exhibits its own individual recombination behavior. An unexpected broadening of the donor-bound exciton transition is explained by the abundant presence of surface donors in NWs. The existence and statistical relevance of these surface donors is confirmed by PL experiments of single GaN NWs which are either dispersed or free-standing. Furthermore, the influence of electric fields on the optical properties of GaN NWs is investigated and the coupling of light with GaN NWs is studied by reflectance and Raman measurements. The central results of this thesis motivate the introduction of a model that explains the typically observed nonexponential recombination dynamics in NW ensembles. It is based on a distribution of recombination rates. Preliminary simulations using this model describe the nonexponential decay of GaN NW ensembles satisfactorily and allow for an estimation of their internal quantum efficiency.

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