This thesis deals with a contrastive analysis of German phraseological units containing an animal and their Czech equivalents. In the theoretical part, we will explain the basic concepts of phraseology and focus on the contrastive phraseology. The core of the thesis is formed by analysis of German proverbs and other verbal phraseological units and finding their Czech equivalents. The selected phraseological units are accompanied by examples. The aim of the thesis is to divide the phraseological units into groups according to the degree of equivalence.

В работе рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с достижением эквивалентности при переводе фразеологизмов в языковой паре вьетнамский-русский. Любой человек использует фразеологизмы, как в своей речи, так и на письме. Необходимо, чтобы системы машинного перевода корректно и понятно переводили фразеологизмы, если это возможно, подбирая соответствующие эквиваленты. В работе представлены инструменты машинного перевода фразеологизмов, проанализировано прошлое, настоящее и будущее машинного перевода, а также очерчены перспективы перевода фразеологизмов при помощи машины. / The paper deals with the problems associated with the achievement of equivalence when translating phraseological units in the Vietnamese-Russian language pair. Any person uses phraseological units, both in his speech and in writing. It is necessary that machine translation systems correctly and clearly translate phraseological units, if possible, by selecting appropriate equivalents. The paper presents the tools of machine translation of phraseological units, analyzes the past, present and future of machine translation, and outlines the prospects for the translation of phraseological units using a machine.

The object of the work are phraseological units with somatic components «head» and «heart». Phraseological units of each group are analyzed by a semantic and structural perspective. An etymologic explanation is introduced and then phraseological units are illustrated within a Russian context. The foundations of the Russian and Czech languages are deduced by exploration of the differences and similarities of the phraselogical units.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar a terminologia do futebol em inglês e português por meio do estabelecimento de equivalentes fraseológicos. A escolha de trabalhar com unidades fraseológicas, e não apenas com termos isolados, deve-se ao fato de acreditarmos que um termo raramente ocorre sozinho. Em outras palavras, é muito provável que este venha acompanhado de um colocado, formando uma colocação e, muitas vezes, seja até parte de uma unidade de sentido maior. Para tanto, a fundamentação teórica embasa-se na Linguística de Corpus, na Terminologia Textual, na Tradução Técnica como ato comunicativo sujeito a condicionantes culturais e no conceito forma-representação. O corpus de estudo possui, aproximadamente, um milhão de palavras em cada língua: 917.073 em português e 1.002.897 em inglês. Cada corpus é dividido em quatro subcorpora: regras do jogo, textos jornalísticos sobre resultados de partidas, narrações minuto a minuto e transmissões sociais. A análise do corpus foi realizada de maneira semiautomática, utilizando o etiquetador Tree-Tagger para fazer a etiquetagem morfossintática dos textos e o programa WordSmith Tools para explorar o corpus. O estudo nos mostrou que a extração de unidades fraseológicas é uma abordagem promissora para a compilação de um glossário que tenha como objetivo registrar o uso autêntico da terminologia técnica - em nosso caso, do futebol. Ao final do trabalho, apresentamos um modelo de glossário bilíngue português-inglês de fraseologias formadas a partir do termo gol, com base na análise realizada. / This study investigates football terminology both in English and in Portuguese and attempts to establish phraseological equivalents. Phraseological units were chosen to the detriment of individual terms because these usually occur in a larger context rather than as isolated lexical items living a life of their own. We believe that a term tends to be accompanied by a collocate, making up a collocation, which is frequently part of an extended unit of meaning. Therefore, the study is based on the notions of Corpus Linguistics and Textual Terminology. To explain cultural differences, technical translation is viewed as a communicative act subject to cultural restraints and the concept of form-representation is called upon to elucidate such differences. Our corpus consists of approximately two million words - 1.002.897 in English and 917.073 in Portuguese. Each corpus is divided into four subcorpora: laws of the game, newspaper reports on match results, live minute by minute commentaries and live commentaries by sports journalists and by football fans via social media like twitter and facebook. The analysis was carried out semi-automatically on tagged corpora, for which we used Helmut Schmids Tree-Tagger and Mike Scotts WordSmith Tools. All in all, the study proved that the extraction of phraseological units is a promising approach to build a glossary which aims at registering the authentic use of specialized language, in this case, the language of football. The study concludes with a model for a bilingual Portuguese-English phraseological glossary with entries made up of the term goal.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar a terminologia do futebol em inglês e português por meio do estabelecimento de equivalentes fraseológicos. A escolha de trabalhar com unidades fraseológicas, e não apenas com termos isolados, deve-se ao fato de acreditarmos que um termo raramente ocorre sozinho. Em outras palavras, é muito provável que este venha acompanhado de um colocado, formando uma colocação e, muitas vezes, seja até parte de uma unidade de sentido maior. Para tanto, a fundamentação teórica embasa-se na Linguística de Corpus, na Terminologia Textual, na Tradução Técnica como ato comunicativo sujeito a condicionantes culturais e no conceito forma-representação. O corpus de estudo possui, aproximadamente, um milhão de palavras em cada língua: 917.073 em português e 1.002.897 em inglês. Cada corpus é dividido em quatro subcorpora: regras do jogo, textos jornalísticos sobre resultados de partidas, narrações minuto a minuto e transmissões sociais. A análise do corpus foi realizada de maneira semiautomática, utilizando o etiquetador Tree-Tagger para fazer a etiquetagem morfossintática dos textos e o programa WordSmith Tools para explorar o corpus. O estudo nos mostrou que a extração de unidades fraseológicas é uma abordagem promissora para a compilação de um glossário que tenha como objetivo registrar o uso autêntico da terminologia técnica - em nosso caso, do futebol. Ao final do trabalho, apresentamos um modelo de glossário bilíngue português-inglês de fraseologias formadas a partir do termo gol, com base na análise realizada. / This study investigates football terminology both in English and in Portuguese and attempts to establish phraseological equivalents. Phraseological units were chosen to the detriment of individual terms because these usually occur in a larger context rather than as isolated lexical items living a life of their own. We believe that a term tends to be accompanied by a collocate, making up a collocation, which is frequently part of an extended unit of meaning. Therefore, the study is based on the notions of Corpus Linguistics and Textual Terminology. To explain cultural differences, technical translation is viewed as a communicative act subject to cultural restraints and the concept of form-representation is called upon to elucidate such differences. Our corpus consists of approximately two million words - 1.002.897 in English and 917.073 in Portuguese. Each corpus is divided into four subcorpora: laws of the game, newspaper reports on match results, live minute by minute commentaries and live commentaries by sports journalists and by football fans via social media like twitter and facebook. The analysis was carried out semi-automatically on tagged corpora, for which we used Helmut Schmids Tree-Tagger and Mike Scotts WordSmith Tools. All in all, the study proved that the extraction of phraseological units is a promising approach to build a glossary which aims at registering the authentic use of specialized language, in this case, the language of football. The study concludes with a model for a bilingual Portuguese-English phraseological glossary with entries made up of the term goal.

(in English): The theme of this thesis project is the "Functioning of proper names in phraseological units". In the study researched phraseological units with proper names (anthroponymes) which are taken from the phraseological dictionary "Russian phraseology: historical and etymological dictionary", ed. V.M Mokienko. The subject of our study is to determine the characteristics of the functioning of proper names in phraseological units, in order to explain and show the translation of the function of proper names, to identify the role of proper names. In the thesis project were performed the following tasks: 1) identify and classify phraseological units with anthroponymes for reasons of their occurrence, and 3) explain by psycholinguistic experiment how the proper name loses its primary function - nominative, getting an evaluation function, and 4) check an acquisition of estimator function by anthroponymes on materials Russian National Corpus. In the study were analyzed 80 phraseological units with anthroponimes, revealed changes in the scope and content of the concept of a proper name in the phraseological unit. Finally, conclusions are made about acquisition the proper name in the frezeologicheskoy unit properties that can be applied to unlimited number of denotations.

Работа посвящена изучению особенностей перевода фразеологических единиц с компонентом антропонимом в составе на базе современной литературы. Материал исследования составили отрывки из произведений Стивена Кинга, Терри Праттчета и Нила Геймана. В Главе 1 мы даем определение понятия фразеологической единицы, рассматриваем основные классификации фразеологизмов (В.В. Виноградов, А.В. Кунин и т.д.) и общепринятые способы перевода. Затем мы рассматриваем место фразеологической единицы в разделе лингвокультурологии и ее особенности, как лингвокультурного феномена. В последнем пункте теоретической части мы разбираем основные способы перевода фразеологических единиц с антропонимом в составе. В Главе 2 данной работы мы проанализируем фразеологические единицы с компонентом антропонимом, взятые из отрывков произведений Стивена Кинга, Терри Праттчета и Нила Геймана, и посмотрим, какие переводческие стратегии были использованы, а также какие лингвокультурные тенденции можно наблюдать на их фоне. Основные выводы, а также практический материал, представленные в работе, могут быть использованы в курсе лексикологии английского языка, а также в курсе теории и практики перевода. / The work is devoted to the study of the features of the translation of phraseological units with an anthroponym component on the basis of modern literature. The material of the study was taken from books of Stephen King, Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman. In Chapter 1, we define the concept of a phraseological unit, consider the main classifications of phraseological units (V.V. Vinogradov, A.V. Kunin, etc.) and generally accepted methods of translation. Then we consider the place of the phraseological unit in the section of linguoculturology and its features as a linguocultural phenomenon. In the last paragraph of the theoretical part, we analyze the main ways of translating phraseological units with an anthroponym included. In Chapter 2 of the work, we will analyze phraseological units with an anthroponym component, taken from books of Stephen King, Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman, and observe what translation strategies were applied, and what linguistic and cultural trends can be observed against their background. The main conclusions, as well as practical material presented in the work, can be used in the course of English lexicology, as well as in the course of theory and practice of translation.

Диссертация посвящена исследованию фразеологизмов, номинирующих и характеризующих язык и речь. На материале лексикографических источников предложена непротиворечивая методика, позволившая описать тематическую группу «Речь человека и речевое общение». Наряду с фразеологическими сращениями, единствами, сочетаниями выделены списки фразеологизированных высказываний, функционирующих в русских диалогах как отдельные реплики, выявлены конвенциональные принципы русской коммуникации. Сделаны наблюденияи обобщения, связанные с интерпретацией русско-вьетнамских фразеологических аналогий. / The object of the dissertation is phraseology which names and characterizes language and speech. On the basis of lexicographical data there has been put forward a non-controversial method which may help to describe the thematic group “Human speech and communication.” Together with phraseological fusions, unities and combinations, there have been distinguished a number of phraseological utterances, functioning in Russian dialogues as separate lines. Certain conventional principles of Russian communication have been found out. The dissertation provides observations and generalizations connected with interpreting Russian – Vietnamese phraseological analogies.

Данная диссертация посвящена теоретическим основам перевода во фразеологии. В ней рассматривается фразеология как лингвистическая дисциплина, различные типы фразеологических единиц и подходы к их классификации, а также важная роль перевода в передаче фразеологизмов. Во введении описывается актуальность исследования, ставится цель и определяются задачи исследования, а также его объект и предмет. Кроме того, во введение выдвигается гипотеза исследования, обосновывается научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость, а также практическая ценность исследования. В первой главе рассматриваются основные аспекты фразеологии как лингвистической дисциплины, а также основные принципы и методы изучения фразеологических единиц. В дополнение рассматривается важная роль перевода в передаче фразеологизмов между различными языками, выявляются особенности перевода фразеологических выражений и обсуждаются методы эффективной передачи смысла и структуры фразеологических единиц при переводе. Вторая глава посвящена выявлению национально-культурной специфики фразеологизмов каждого из языков. Кроме того, проводится анализ особенностей перевода фразеологических единиц с русского, английского и китайского языков, включая различные типы фразеологизмов. В завершающем разделе формулируются рекомендации по переводу фразеологических единиц для обеспечения наиболее точной передачи смысла и выражения культурных особенностей при переводе между языками. В заключении формулируются выводы, а также подтверждается гипотеза исследования. / This dissertation is devoted to the theoretical foundations of translation in phraseology. It examines phraseology as a linguistic discipline, various types of phraseological units and approaches to their classification, as well as the important role of translation in the transmission of phraseological units. The introduction describes the relevance of the study, sets the goal and defines the objectives of the study, as well as its object and subject. In addition, the introduction puts forward a hypothesis of the study, substantiates the scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance, as well as the practical value of the study. The first chapter examines the main aspects of phraseology as a linguistic discipline, as well as the basic principles and methods of studying phraseological units. In addition, the important role of translation in the transmission of phraseological units between different languages is considered, the features of the translation of phraseological expressions are identified and methods for effectively conveying the meaning and structure of phraseological units in translation are discussed. The second chapter is devoted to identifying the national and cultural specificity of phraseological units in each language. In addition, the analysis of the features of the translation of phraseological units from Russian, English and Chinese is carried out, including various types of phraseological units. In the final section, recommendations are formulated for the translation of phraseological units to ensure the most accurate transfer of meaning and expression of cultural features when translating between languages. In conclusion, conclusions are formulated, and the research hypothesis is confirmed.

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