Les membranes lipidiques auto-assemblées présentent une riche phénoménologie de comportements dynamiques, et sont présentes dans de nombreux systèmes biologiques. Au cours de cette thèse nous avons étudié la dynamique de ces membranes dans des situations de fort confinement par des modèles théoriques simples. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur le cas d'un confinement entre deux murs, en présence d'un potentiel double-puits menant à deux états possibles d'adhésion (sur le mur du haut, ou sur celui du bas). A l'aide de modèles de lubrification, nous avons obtenu une équation différentielle nonlinéaire et nonlocale décrivant l'évolution de la morphologie de la membrane. Nous avons surtout étudié son comportement dans les systèmes bidimensionnels, où la membrane est un objet unidimensionnel. Dans ce cadre, nous avons montré que la rigidité de courbure de la membrane mène à une dynamique différente de la dynamique de mûrissement obtenue habituellement en présence d'une tension de surface. En effet, la membrane atteint rapidement une configuration gelée, qui dépend des conditions initiales. L'arrêt de la dynamique la conséquence d'une interaction oscillante entre les kinks –définis ici comme parois de domaines dans les systèmes unidimensionnels. L'organisation spatiale de la configuration finale peut être contrôlée par la perméabilité des murs : par exemple, si la membrane est initialement plane, et à mi-chemin entre les deux murs, des morphologies désordonnées sont obtenues pour des murs perméables, alors qu'un ordre à longue distance est obtenu dans le cas imperméable. Nous avons de plus montré que différents ingrédients physiques tels qu'une tension de membrane, l'asymétrie du potentiel d'adhésion, ou le bruit thermique sont susceptibles de restaurer le mûrissement, généralement au dessus d'un seul fini. Inspirés par la biolubrification, nous avons par ailleurs étudié l'influence d'un cisaillement imposé par le mouvement des murs. Les simulations montrent une dynamique riche de plusieurs régimes, qui influence la friction effective entre les murs. Pour les faibles taux de cisaillements, nous obtenons une dynamique complexe et chaotique qui engendre du mûrissement, et mène à un comportement thixotrope, où la force décroît avec le temps. Pour des taux de cisaillement modérés et fort, nous obtenons respectivement des solutions stationnaires périodiques ou du chaos spatiotemprel. Dans ces deux régimes, le système est rhéo-fluidifiant / Self-assembled lipid membranes exhibit a rich variety of dynamical behaviors, and are ubiquitous in biology. In this thesis, we report on the study of dynamics of membranes in strong confinement, using simple theoretical models. We focus on the case of confinement between two walls, in the presence of a double-well potential leading to two possible states of adhesion (on the upper or the lower wall). Using a lubrication model, we obtained a nonlinear and nonlocal partial differential equation describing the evolution of the membrane morphology. We have mainly studied the twodimensional case, where the membrane is a one-dimensional object. Within this frame, we have shown that the membrane bending rigidity leads to dynamics that are different from the coarsening behavior obtained usually in the presence of surface tension. Indeed, the membrane reaches a frozen state, which depends on the initial conditions. The freezing of the dynamics is the consequence of the oscillatory interaction between kinks –here defined as domain walls in one-dimensional systems. The spatial organization of the final state can be controlled by the wall permeability : as an example, starting from a plane membrane half-way between the two walls, disordered configurations are obtained for very permeable walls, while long range order is obtained with impermeable walls. In addition, we have shown that different physical ingredients such as membrane tension, potential asymmetry, or thermal noise, can restore coarsening, usually above a finite threshold. Inspired by biolubrication, we have also studied the influence of shear imposed by the motion of the two confining walls. Simulations show a rich behavior with several regimes, which influence the effective friction between the walls. For weak shear rates, we obtain complex and chaotic dynamics, which induce coarsening, leading to a thixotropic behavior, where the force decreases with time. For moderate or large shear rates, we respectively obtain frozen periodic stationary solutions, or spatio-temporal chaos. In these two regimes, the system exhibits shear-thinning

Ce travail de thèse consiste en l’élaboration d’une méthodologie d’étude de monuments historiques, appliquée au château de Chambord. Il s’agit de mettre en place le carnet de santé de l’édifice, et de le compléter par une expérimentation en laboratoire, afin de réaliser un diagnostic d’altération.Les archives historiques concernant le château ont été rassemblées et analysées pour concevoir des cartographies de dates de pose et de nature des pierres. L’examen in situ des façades a ensuite conduit à réaliser des cartographies d’altération. La synthèse des informations concernant le passé et le présent du monument a permis d’établir une liste des principaux facteurs environnementaux associés aux altérations, de même que la chronologie de leur développement, pour ainsi aboutir à une première estimation des cinétiques de progression.C’est la desquamation en plaques, détérioration courante du tuffeau, à la fois la plus dommageable et la plus complexe, qui a été ciblée pour le diagnostic d’altération. Les analyses physico-chimiques réalisées sur des prélèvements in situ ont conduit à l’identification systématique du gypse dans les fissures des desquamations. Des simulations expérimentales ont été mises en place pour appréhender le rôle du gypse, son mode de transport et son origine. La pollution atmosphérique mettant en oeuvre du SO2 gazeux reproduit bien la distribution du gypse telle que mesurée dans les desquamations en plaques observées au château de Chambord. Un mécanisme incluant ce phénomène a été proposé, pour expliquer le développement de cette altération, et qui pourrait être à la base des prévisions de l’évolution des altérations, afin d’envisager le futur du monument. / This thesis is dedicated to the establishment of a methodology to study the built cultural heritage, applied to the castle of Chambord. It consists in realizing the health record of the monument, and completing it by an experimental sequence in laboratory, in order to provide a diagnosis of the state of degradation.Historical archives about the castle were gathered and analysed to obtain mappings of dating and nature of stone. By mean of in situ observations, a mapping of degradation has been added. A synthesis of the information concerning the past and the present of the monument allowed establishing a list of the main factors associated to degradations and to a chronology of development of these degradations, so as to estimate their kinetics.Spalling, which is the most damaging and complex usual degradation, has been chosen as case of study for the diagnosis of degradation. The physic-chemical characterisations made on in situ coring lead to systematically found gypsum in spalling’s cracks. Various artificial ageing tests have been performed to enlighten the role of gypsum, its transport mode, and its origin. Atmospheric pollution including gaseous SO2 reproduces well the distribution of gypsum observed in spalling at Chambord. A global mechanism taking into account this phenomenon has been proposed to clarify the development of this degradation.

O chá-verde apresenta efeitos terapêuticos na saúde geral, principalmente em função da epigalocatequina-3-galato (EGCG), componente com comprovada ação antioxidante, antiinflamatória, antimicrobiana, inativadora de endotoxina bacteriana e mineralizadora. Nesse sentido, a EGCG poderia apresentar papel promissor como medicação intracanal, durante o tratamento endodôntico de dentes portadores de necrose pulpar e lesão periapical. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um sistema de liberação tópica de EGCG, para uso no interior do sistema de canais radiculares, caracterizar suas propriedades físico-químicas bem como avaliar a possível alteração de cor dental após sua aplicação no interior dos canais radiculares de dentes decíduos e permanentes. Inicialmente, foi realizada a caracterização físico-química da EGCG por meio de espectrofotometria em Ultravioleta/Visível (UV/Vis), fluorescência e titulação potenciométrica. A seguir, foi desenvolvida uma formulação para liberação tópica prolongada de EGCG, utilizando um veículo viscoso (PEG 400). O comportamento espectral desse novo sistema de liberação de EGCG foi avaliado em função do tempo (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 24 e 27 horas) e na presença de dentes (decíduos e permanentes). Para a análise da possível alteração de cor dental, foram utilizados 20 dentes decíduos e 20 dentes permanentes, uniradiculares, recém-extraídos, provenientes do Banco de Dentes da FORP-USP. A cor da coroa dos dentes foi determinada antes (dia 0) e 21, 42 e 56 dias após a aplicação intracanal de EGCG, veiculada em água ou PEG 400, com auxílio do espectrofotômetro digital VITA Easyshade. De acordo com os resultados físico-químicos, o espectro de absorção da EGCG na região do UV/Vis apresentou um pico máximo em 274 nm e na fluorescência um pico máximo de absorção em 393 nm. A EGCG apresentou estabilidade em função do tempo e em meio ácido, tendo comportamento espectral alterado em contato com dentes decíduos e permanentes. Em meio básico o espectro de absorção da EGCG em luz UV/Vis foi alterado para 323 nm. O sistema de liberação tópica intracanal de EGCG não alterou suas propriedades físico-químicas, mantendo os valores de absorção em UV/Vis (278 nm) e fluorescência (377 nm), sua estabilidade em função do tempo e não alterou seu comportamento espectral em contato com dentes decíduos e permanentes. A aplicação do sistema proposto de liberação tópica da EGCG, no interior dos canais radiculares de dentes decíduos e permanentes, não causou alteração de cor dental significativa, após o período de 21, 42 e 56 dias. Com base nas metodologias e nos resultados obtidos no presente estudo pode-se concluir que a EGCG apresenta fluorescência e estabilidade em função do tempo e em meio ácido, enquanto em meio básico e na presença de elementos dentais seu comportamento espectral sofre alteração. O sistema desenvolvido para liberação controlada da EGCG manteve suas propriedades físico-químicas, apresentou estabilidade em função do tempo e não foi alterou seu comportamento espectral na presença dos elementos dentais. Ainda, a aplicação intracanal deste sistema não causou alteração de cor da coroa dental. / Green tea has therapeutic effects on general health, mainly due to epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component with proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, inactivating bacterial endotoxin and mineralization action. In this sense, EGCG could present promising role as an intracanal medication during endodontic treatment of teeth presenting pulp necrosis and periapical lesion. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a system for topical delivery of EGCG, for use inside the root canal system, characterize their physical and chemical properties as well as to evaluate the possible color change after its application in root canals of deciduous and permanent teeth. Initially, was performed physicochemical characterization of EGCG by spectrophotometry Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/Vis), fluorescence, and potentiometric titulation. Next, a formulation for topical extended release of EGCG using a viscous vehicle (PEG 400) was developed. The spectral characteristic of this new delivery system of EGCG was assessed in function of the medium (acidic, basic or neutral), the time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 24 and 27 hours) and in the presence of teeth (deciduous and permanent). To the analysis of possible tooth color changes, 20 primary teeth and 20 permanent teeth, single-rooted, freshly extracted, from the Bank of Teeth FORP-USP, were used. The color of the tooth crown was determined before (day 0) and 21, 42 and 56 days after intracanal application of EGCG diluted in water or PEG 400, using a digital VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer. According to results the physicochemical spectrum of absorption of the EGCG showed maximum absorption peak at 274 nm in the UV/Vis and at 393 nm in the fluorescence. The EGCG presented stability as a function of time and in acid medium, and its spectral behavior was changed in contact with deciduous and permanent teeth. In basic medium the EGCG absorption spectrum in UV/Vis was changed to 323 nm. The topical delivery system of EGCG intracanal did not change its physicochemical properties, maintaining the values of absorption in UV/Vis (278 nm) and fluorescence (377 nm), its stability as a function of time, and does not change its spectral contact with deciduous and permanent teeth. The application of the proposed system for topical delivery of EGCG in the root canals of deciduous and permanent teeth, did not cause significant tooth color change after the period of 21, 42 and 56 days. Based on the methodologies and the results obtained in this study it can be concluded that EGCG presents fluorescence and stability as a function of time and in an acidic medium, whereas in basic medium and in the presence of dental elements its spectral behavior is changed. The system developed for EGCG controlled release maintains its physicochemical properties, presents stability with time and does not change its spectral behavior in the presence of dental elements. Yet, the intracanal application of this system did not change the color of the teeth\'s crown.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-06-14T11:55:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_anderson_augusto_schock.pdf: 1520871 bytes, checksum: 3832517fddb50738dca235fa9b7cbf2e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-14T20:55:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_anderson_augusto_schock.pdf: 1520871 bytes, checksum: 3832517fddb50738dca235fa9b7cbf2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-14T20:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_anderson_augusto_schock.pdf: 1520871 bytes, checksum: 3832517fddb50738dca235fa9b7cbf2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em dois experimentos com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da aplicação de piraclostrobina na mitigação do estresse causado pelo alagamento em plantas jovens de Jatropha curcas L.. Ambos os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Município de Capão do Leão, RS. Foram utilizadas sementes de Jatropha curcas L. (pinhão manso) oriundas do município de Janaúba- MG. A semeadura foi realizada em vasos plásticos com capacidade de 5 L, dispostos em espaçamento 50 x 50 cm, contendo uma mistura de solo com areia (proporção 2:1). O primeiro experimento consistiu em testar a influência da piraclostrobina sobre a fluorescência transiente da clorofila, trocas gasosas, curvas de resposta fotossintética, atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato e níveis de nitrogênio foliar. Para isso foram instalados quatro tratamentos com piraclostrobina com as seguintes quantidade de ingrediente ativo (i.a.) por litro de calda: T1 – 0 g i.a. L-1, T2 - 0,05 g i.a. L-1, T3 - 0,10 i.a. g L-1, T4 - 0,20 g i.a. L-1. Como fonte de piraclostrobina foi utilizado o fungicida Comet® (250 g i.a L-1). As plantas receberam duas aplicações nas referidas doses, a primeira aos 30 dias após a emergência e a segunda cinco dias após. Constatou-se que as diferentes concentrações de piraclostrobina ocasionaram respostas fisiológicas diferentes às plantas ao longo do experimento. Observou-se efeitos positivos nos índices de performance fotossintética nas plantas que receberam a piraclostrobina e as taxas assimilatórias líquidas aumentaram respectivamente com o aumento das concentrações. Por outro lado apenas concentração 0,1 g i.a. L-1 demonstrou correlação positiva nos índices de clorofila. O segundo experimento consistiu em testar a eficiência da aplicação de piraclostrobina na superação do estresse hipóxico causado pelo alagamento. Para tal foram avaliados os índices de fluorescência transiente da clorofila, trocas gasosas e parâmetros biométricos. Este ensaio foi constituído por quatro tratamentos nas seguintes condições: T1- normóxia sem piraclostrobina; T2- normóxia com piraclostrobina (0,1 g i.a. L-1); T3- hipóxia sem piraclostrobina e T4- hipóxia com piraclostrobina (0,1 g i.a. L-1). Os resultados demostram que a condição de hipóxia reduziu o crescimento das plantas, proporcionado também uma serie de outros efeitos fisiológicos negativos que prejudicaram o fluxo de elétrons na cadeia transportadora de elétrons cloroplastídica e também as trocas gasosas às plantas jovens de Jatropha curcas L.. Contudo, a aplicação de piraclostrobina causou menor redução dos índices de clorofila e biomassa e também proporcionou atraso dos efeitos negativos do estresse na cadeia transportadora de elétrons cloroplastídica. Diante do exposto pode-se dizer que os processos fisiológicos da Jatropha curcas L. respondem diferentemente as concentrações de piraclostrobina ao longo do tempo. Assim sendo, os resultados deste experimento podem fundamentar futuros estudos na utilização da piraclostrobina como uma alternativa a superação de estresses abióticos. / The research was conducted in two experiments in order to verify the application of pyraclostrobin effect in mitigating the stress caused by flooding in young plants of Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut ). Both experiments were conducted at Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, City Capão do Leão, RS. Jatropha curcas L. seeds were used originated in the city of Janaúba- MG. The seeds were sown in plastic pots with 5 L capacity, arranged in spaced 50 x 50 cm, containing a soil mixture with sand (proportion 2: 1). The first experiment is to test the influence of pyraclostrobin on transient chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, photosynthetic response curves reductase activity of the enzyme nitrate and leaf nitrogen levels. To this were four treatments with pyraclostrobin at the following amount of active ingredient (ai) per liter of water: T1 – 0 g i.a. L-1, T2 - 0,05 g i.a. L-1, T3 - 0,10 i.a. g L-1, T4 - 0,20 g i.a. L-1. As pyraclostrobin source was used COMET® fungicide (250 g ai L-1). Plants take two applications in these doses, the first at 30 days after emergence and the second five days. It was found that the different concentrations of pyraclostrobin caused different physiological responses to plants throughout the experiment. We observed positive effects on rates of photosynthetic performance on plants supplied pyraclostrobin and net assimilatory rates increased respectively with increasing concentrations. In contrast, only concentration 0.1 g ai L-1 showed a positive correlation chlorophyll indices. The second experiment is to test the pyraclostrobin application efficiency in overcoming the hypoxic stress caused by flooding. To this end we evaluated the transient fluorescence of chlorophyll indices, gas exchange and biometric parameters. This test consisted of four treatments as follows: T1 normoxia without pyraclostrobin; T2 normoxia with pyraclostrobin (0.1 g ai L-1); T3-T4 hypoxia without pyraclostrobin and hypoxia with pyraclostrobin (0.1 g ai L-1). The results demonstrate that hypoxia condition reduces plant growth, also provided a number of other negative physiological effects that hindered the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain cloroplastídica and also gas exchange in young plants of Jatropha curcas L .. However, the application of pyraclostrobin caused less reduction in chlorophyll contents and biomass and also caused a delay of the negative effects of stress on the conveyor chain cloroplastídica electrons. Given the above it can be said that the physiological processes of Jatropha curcas L. respond differently to pyraclostrobin concentrations over time. Therefore, the results of this experiment can support future studies on the use of pyraclostrobin as an alternative to overcome abiotic stresses.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T14:05:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmem Virginia Mendonca Aguiar Rodrigues.pdf: 555946 bytes, checksum: 93b32ec18f4be9cd0f43b30bfcb7408b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T14:05:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmem Virginia Mendonca Aguiar Rodrigues.pdf: 555946 bytes, checksum: 93b32ec18f4be9cd0f43b30bfcb7408b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Knowledge of nematode trophic community in soil cultivated with sugarcane is fundamental for understanding variations on population dynamics of these organisms and effects on crop productivity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the vertical fluctuation of nematode community and two physical variables of soil: humidity and particle density in a swamp area cultivated intensively with sugarcane in Pernambuco, Brazil; characterize nematode community and describe relationships among variables evaluated. Horizontally it was collected samples in 40 points designed in a 36 × 12 m-net. Vertically, soil and root samples were collected at 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 cm-deep, and 0-10, 10-20 cm-deep, respectively. The total of nematodes present was 369,392 per 300 cm³, being 278,505 plantfeeding nematodes per 300 cm³ of soil. The genus Helicotylenchus (29.66%) and Pratylenchus (28.34%) were dominants within plant-feeding nematodes and the taxon Dorylaimidae (21.23%) within free-living nematodes. The ratio hyphal/bacterial-feeding was 0.16. The ratio (Omnivores + Animal Predators)/(Bacterial-feeding + Hyphal-feeding + Plant-feeding) was low (0.29), characteristic of annual crop. In general, the free-living and plant-feeding nematodes frequencies decreased as soil deep increased. Helicotylenchus sp. was the nematode which more correlated with the other taxa. In soil, Pratylenchus sp. was more frequent at 0-40 cm-deep and the taxon more affected by humidity. Soil humidity affected Pratylenchus, Criconemella, Dorylaimidae and Mononchidae frequencies negatively. Particle density of soil did not offer potential for use as indicator of nematode diversity in the area. / O conhecimento sobre a comunidade trófica de nematóides presentes no solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar é fundamental para compreensão das variações na dinâmica populacional desses organismos e os efeitos que podem ocasionar na produtividade agrícola. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a flutuação vertical da comunidade de nematóides e das variáveis físicas do solo: umidade e densidade de partículas, em área de várzea cultivada intensamente com cana-de-açúcar nas condições da Mata Norte de Pernambuco, caracterizando a nematofauna e descrevendo relações entre as variáveis estudadas. Horizontalmente foram coletadas amostras em 40 pontos, formando malha de 36 × 12 m. Verticalmente, amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm e, amostras de raiz, nas profundidades de 0-10 e 10-20 cm. O total de nematóides presentes por 300 cm³ de solo foi de 369.392, sendo 278.505 fitoparasitos. Os gêneros Helicotylenchus (29,66%) e Pratylenchus (28,34%) foram dominantes entre os fitoparasitos e o taxon Dorylaimidae (21,23%) entre os nematóides de vida livre. O valor da razão micófago/bacteriófago foi 0,16. A relação (onívoros + predadores)/(bacteriófagos + micófagos + parasitos de plantas) apresentou baixos valores (0,29), característico de cultivo anual. De maneira geral, as freqüências dos nematóides de vida livre e fitoparasitos diminuíram com a profundidade. Helicotylenchus sp. foi o nematóide que mais se correlacionou com os outros taxa. No solo, Pratylenchus sp. foi mais freqüente na camada de 0-40 cm e o taxon mais afetado pela umidade. A umidade do solo afetou negativamente os níveis populacionais dos gêneros Pratylenchus e Criconemella e das famílias Dorylaimidae e Mononchidae. A densidade de partícula do solo não se mostrou adequada para uso como parâmetro indicador da nematofauna na área estudada.

Com a implantação do Plano Nacional de Produção de Biodiesel, surgiu o interesse na produção comercial de Pinhão Manso (Jatropha curcas L.), uma vez que essa oleaginosa apresenta características favoráveis para a produção do biodiesel. Informações sobre essa cultura ainda são escassas, principalmente no Brasil onde a pouco tempo iniciaram-se as pesquisas. A necessidade de informações locais também ressalta a importância da pesquisa com o Pinhão Manso, sendo que muito se comenta sobre a adaptabilidade dessa cultura sob diferentes condições. Com base nessas necessidades, no desenvolvimento deste experimento teve-se como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de Pinhão Manso produzidas em casa de vegetação até o momento de serem transplantadas para o campo, para isto foram proporcionadas diversas maneiras de produção, envolvendo diferentes tipos e volumes de recipientes, substratos e adubações, além de contabilizar a quantidade de água consumida pelas mudas para os diferentes recipientes e substratos durante a fase experimental. Conclui-se que as mudas que apresentaram melhor qualidade e que proporcionaram maior crescimento, obtendo condições adequadas para o transplantio na sexta semana após a emergência, foram obtidas com a combinação dos fatores: substrato comercial Plantmax®, recipiente tipo tubete com volume de 290 cm3 e o adubo de liberação lenta, Osmocote®. A combinação do substrato Plantmax® e o tubete de 290 cm3 proporcionaram um consumo de água de aproximadamente 1,4 L contabilizado a partir da emergência das mudas. / With the settlement of the National Plan of Biofuel Production, the interest aroused in the commercial production of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.), once that oleaginous plant presents favorable characteristics for Biofuel production. Information on that crop is still scarce, mainly in Brazil where research is incipient. The need of information on local conditions also emphasizes the importance of research on Physic Nut, once much is commented on the adaptability of that crop to different conditions, but a few experiments to evaluate it have been performed. Therefore, during the development of this experiment we aimed to evaluate growth and quality of Physic Nut seedlings produced in greenhouse until the moment to be transplanted to the field. To do so, several production ways were analyzed, involving different types and volumes of dibble-tube containers, different substrate and fertilization. Besides, it was measured the amount of water consumed by the seedlings for different containers and substrate during the experimental phase. Results show that seedlings that presented best quality and largest growth, obtaining appropriate conditions to transplantation in the sixth week after germination, were obtained from the combination of the following factors: commercial substrate Plantmax®, dibble-tube container with volume of 290 cm3 and fertilizer of slow liberation, Osmocote®. The combination of the substrate Plantmax® and the dibble-tube container of 290 cm3 provided a consumption of water of approximately 1.4 L counted since the beginning of seedlings emergence.

A dinâmica dos herbicidas no solo é influenciada pela umidade e pela quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica, que são variáveis nos agregados organominerais. Os objetivos foram avaliar a influência do grau de umidade na mineralização e sorção do 2,4-D (ácido fraco) e Diuron (não ionizável), em quatro latossolos com diferentes quantidades de matéria orgânica do solo (M.O.S.), avaliar a influência do tamanho do agregado (> 150, 54 – 150, 21 – 53, 2 – 20 e < 2 mm) na sorção dos herbicidas e determinar o grau de humificação para explicar possíveis diferenças na sorção. Foram utilizadas amostras superficiais (0 - 0,2 m) de um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico (LAd) (Piracicaba/SP), de um Latossolo Amarelo ácrico (LAw) (Uberlândia/MG), de um Latossolo Vermelho ácrico (LVw-1) (Uberlândia/MG) e de um Latossolo Vermelho ácrico (LVw-2) (Canoinhas/SC). Foram determinados os valores de pH (em H2 O, KCl 1,0 mol L -1 e CaCl2 0,01 mol L -1 ), a quantidade de M.O.S., de fósforo, de K + , de Ca 2+ , de Mg 2+ , de Al 3+ e estimada a soma H+Al. Os óxidos de ferro, de alumínio e de silício foram quantificados após extração com ácido sulfúrico, os óxidos de ferro “livre” e mal cristalinizado também foi determinado e a análise granulométrica foi efetuada pelo método do densímetro, sendo quantificada também a argila dispersa em água (ADA). Foi determinada a mineralogia por difração de raio-X. Foram quantificadas as frações organominerais dos solos. Foram dispersos 40 g de solo em 160 mL de água destilada, que foram agitados a 160 agitações min -1 por 16 h e sonificada por 15 min. Após disperso, o solo foi peneirado para separar os agregados > 150 mm e entre 53 e 150 mm. Os agregados menores que 53 mm foram separados por sedimentação. Foi determinado o carbono orgânico dos agregados e do solo por combustão. A atividade microbiana dos solos foi determinada pelo método da radiorespirometria. Amostras dos solos foram incubadas com 14 C-2,4-D e 14 C-diuron por 42 dias umedecidas a 25, 50 e 75 % da capacidade de campo em sala climatizada semi-escura a 22 ± 2 o C, após foram realizadas três extrações com CaCl2 0,01 mol L -1 . O solo foi então fracionado após oxidação para determinar o os herbicidas sorvidos no solo e, posteriormente nos diferentes agregados. O grau de humificação das amostras foi determinado por fluorescência. A mineralização do 2,4-D foi de 62 % no LAd a 75 % da capacidade de campo. A difusão foi responsável pela sorção dos herbicidas. O 2,4-D foi menos sorvido no LAd, que tinha maior pH e menor quantidade de M.O.S.. Os solos apresentaram maior quantidade de agregados > 150 mm. Os agregados organominerais de diâmetro menores que 53 mm apresentaram maior acúmulo de carbono. A exceção do LAd, os herbicidas foram mais sorvidos pelos agregados maiores que 53 mm. A sorção só aumentou nos agregados menores que 53 mm, quando a amostra foi incubada a 75 % da capacidade de campo. Porém, no caso do diuron, isto só foi verificado no LAw e LVw-1. As sucessivas extrações alteraram a estabilidade dos agregados. O LAd que se localiza em uma área de cultivo tem maior grau de humificação que o LVw-2 localizado em uma área não cultivada. Os agregados de diâmetro entre 53 e 150 mm, foram os que tiveram maior grau de humificação nos solos. / The dynamic of herbicides in soils is influenced by soil moisture and organic matter contents and also by their quality, which are variable in the organic-mineral aggregates of the soils. The aims of this research were to evaluate the effects of soil moisture on the mineralization and sorption of the herbicides 2,4-D (weak acid) and diuron (non-ionic), in four Oxisols with different contents of soil organic matter (SOM), as well as to evaluate the influence of aggregate sizes (> 150, 54 – 150, 21 – 53, 2 – 20 and < 2 mm) and degree of humification in the sorption of these herbicides. Surface samples (0 – 0.2 m) of one Xanthic Hapludox (LAd, from Piracicaba/SP), one Xanthic Acrudox (LAw, from Uberlândia/MG), and two Anionic Acrudox (LVw-1 from Uberlândia/MG and LVw-2 from Canoinhas/SC) were collected. SOM, phosphorus, K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ contents and pH values (in H2 O, in KCl 1.0 mol L -1 and in CaCl2 0.01 mol L -1 ) were measured, whereas H+Al was calculated. Fe, Al, and Si oxides were quantified after soil extraction with H2SO4. Free and amorphous Fe oxides were determined by DCB and oxalate method, respectively. Granulometric analysis and water dispersed clay (WDC) were quantified by the densimeter method. The mineralogy was evaluated by X-ray diffraction. In order to quantify soil organic-mineral aggregates, 40 g of soil was added to 160 mL of distilled water in centrifuge tubes, which were shaken for 16 h at 160 rpm and sonicated for 15 min at 240 W. The aggregates > 150 and 53 – 150 mm were obtained by sieving, whereas the aggregates < 53 mm were obtained by sedimentation. Soil and aggregate organic carbon contents were obtained by combustion. The soil microbial activity was obtained by the radiorespirometry method. Soils were incubated with 14 C-2,4-D and 14 C-diuron, for 42 d at 25, 50 and 75 % of the field capacity and remained in a semi-dark room at controlled temperature of 22 ± 2 o C. Then, the pesticides were extracted three times with CaCl2 0.01 mol L -1 and, afterwards, the soil samples were fractionated in order to quantify the amount of herbicides in the aggregates. In these, the degree of humification was obtained by fluorescence. Diffusion markedly affected the herbicides sorption. For example, 2,4-D mineralization was 62 % on LAd only at 75 % field capacity. As expected, 2,4-D was less sorbed on LAd that had higher pH and lower SOM content. In general, the soils presented higher amounts of aggregates > 150 mm. The organic-mineral aggregates < 53 mm presented higher organic carbon content. However, the herbicides were more sorbed in the aggregates > 53 mm, except for LAd. When the soil were at 75 % of the field capacity, the sorption increased in the aggregates < 53 mm for 2,4-D, but it was only verified for LAw and LVw-1 for diuron. The successive extractions altered the aggregate stability. The LAd located in a tilled area had higher degree of humification than the LVw-2 located in a non-tilled area. The soil aggregates between 53 and 150 mm presented higher degree of humification.

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-08-04T01:30:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CRIS TESE FINAL.pdf: 3970188 bytes, checksum: 37240b01333f3a3c2c98ce2597450f53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-04T01:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CRIS TESE FINAL.pdf: 3970188 bytes, checksum: 37240b01333f3a3c2c98ce2597450f53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The life cycle of a seed plant involves subsequent stages of development including seed formation, germination and seedling establishment. Together these stages represent the critical phase of intersection between two generations and are characterized by deep cytological, morphological, metabolic and physiological changes. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is popularly known as physic nut and produces seeds rich in oil with properties that allow its use in various industries, including the production of biodiesel. This study aimed to advance on the understanding of morphophysiological patterns and elucidate morphoanatomical adaptations involving embryogenesis, maturation, germination and seedling growth in J. curcas. Therefore, it was initially analysed and described the morphophysiological profile based on 13 stages of development and maturation associated to color of the fruit exocarp and seed coat, and description of the structures present at each stage (Chapter 1). Analysis of microtubular cytoskeleton configurations during embryogenesis showed cell cycle activity by the presence of cortical and mitotic microtubules during histodifferentiation and organogenesis, whilst it was possible to characterize a new organogenetic profile of embryogenesis revealed by the presence of a multimeristematic radicle and stomata in embryos of J. curcas seeds (Chapter 2). The multimeristematic embryos formed by a central apical meristem and four lateral meristems interconnected by a complex vascular system have revealed a new model of root formation during seed germination and seedling development, in which there is simultaneous protrusion of a larger main root and four smaller adventitious roots, all growing at the same time during the formation of the seedling root system (Chapter 3). The stomata occurred in the radicle-hypocotyl transition area, exhibited different sizes and ontogenic phases and short lifespan by degenerating during seedling development. This demonstrates it?s functioning as restricted to the simultaneous growth stage of the five roots during germination, apparently due to high demand in gas exchange and energy metabolism, and a likely evolution onto the lenticels present in the stem of this species (Chapter 4). / O ciclo de vida de uma planta com sementes envolve est?dios subsequentes de desenvolvimento, como a forma??o da semente, a germina??o e o estabelecimento da pl?ntula. Essas etapas juntas representam a fase cr?tica de interse??o entre duas gera??es e s?o caracterizadas por profundas mudan?as citol?gicas, morfol?gicas, metab?licas e fisiol?gicas. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) conhecida popularmente como pinh?o-manso, produz sementes ricas em ?leo com propriedades e aplica??es em diversos setores industriais, incluindo a produ??o de biodiesel. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar padr?es morfofisiol?gicos e elucidar adapta??es morfoanat?micas envolvendo a embriog?nese, matura??o, germina??o e o crescimento de pl?ntulas de J. curcas. Para tanto, foi inicialmente analisado e descrito o perfil morfofisiol?gico baseado em 13 est?dios de desenvolvimento e matura??o, associados ? colora??o do exocarpo do fruto e do tegumento das sementes e descri??o das estruturas presentes em cada est?dio (Cap?tulo 1). A an?lise das configura??es do citoesqueleto microtubular durante embriog?nese evidenciou atividade do ciclo celular por meio da presen?a de microt?bulos corticais e mit?ticos durante a histodiferencia??o e organog?nese. Foi poss?vel caracterizar um novo padr?o organogen?tico de embriog?nese revelado pela presen?a de rad?cula multimeristem?tica e de est?matos em embri?es de sementes de J. curcas (Cap?tulo 2). Os embri?es multimeristem?ticos, providos de um meristema apical central e quatro meristemas laterais, revelaram um novo modelo de forma??o de sistema radicular durante a germina??o de sementes e desenvolvimento de pl?ntulas, em que h? protrus?o simult?nea de uma raiz principal maior e quatro ra?zes advent?cias menores, todas crescendo ao mesmo tempo, durante a forma??o inicial do sistema radicular da pl?ntula (Cap?tulo 3). Os est?matos ocorrem na ?rea de transi??o hipoc?tilo-rad?cula e exibem diferentes tamanhos e fases ontog?nicas. Estas estruturas apresentaram um curto per?odo de vida, degenerando-se durante o desenvolvimento da pl?ntula, sugerindo seu funcionamento restrito ? etapa de crescimento simult?neo das cinco ra?zes durante a germina??o, aparentemente devido ? alta demanda em trocas gasosas e metabolismo energ?tico, e uma prov?vel evolu??o para as lenticelas presentes no caule desta esp?cie (Cap?tulo 4).

La présente étude a été consacrée à l'étude du potentiel du PDMS pour l'élaboration d'un procédé de séparation membranaire à sélectivité variable et contrôlée. La nanofiltration se base une théorie relativement jeune. Les mécanismes impliqués dans les performances des membranes sont encore sujet à controverse au vu des données de la littérature. La caractérisation du gonflement solvo-dépendant du polymère, ainsi que de ses propriétés de compressibilité à l'état gonflé, ont permis de relier directement les propriétés de perméation et de tamisage moléculaire d'une membrane de PDMS à son état physico-chimique. L'étude de l'influence des paramètres opératoires a dans un premier temps permis d'apporter des éléments de compréhension significatifs concernant les propriétés de perméation résultant de la variabilité de l'agencement structural et géométrique du réseau polymérique. Degré de gonflement, compressibilité de la membrane lorsque soumise à la pression transmembranaire, affinités solvant/membrane et viscosité du solvant ont été mise en avant pour décrire le flux de solvant à travers la membrane. Au vu des résultats, ce dernier résulterait davantage d'un transport de type hydraulique à travers les interstices du PDMS gonflé, qui se comporte analogiquement à un système poreux dans cet état. Les mécanismes de transport impliqués ont pu être confirmés et agrémentés au cours d'une étude de la rétention de molécules modèles : les polyéthylèneglycols. Il a alors été montré, via l'étude de leur rétention individuelle, la faisabilité d'un procédé membranaire dont les performances sont variables et peuvent être ciblés par un choix adéquat des conditions opératoires. Deux types majeures d'influences ont alors pu être soulignée : celles liées à la structure du système solvant/PDMS et celles attribuées aux propriétés physico-chimique de la solution à traiter, présentant des effets synergique pour certains d'entre eux. Après avoir démontré la flexibilité contrôlée des performances de filtration, l'application du système de NF a été concrétisée par l'étude de la purification et du fractionnement de peptides : une purification d'un milieu issu d'une synthèse par voie chimique (un hydrazynopeptide) et le fractionnement ciblé d'un hydrolysat de protéines en provenance de ressources agroalimentaires. Cette étude prospective a alors permis de conclure à de prometteuses capacités du système de NF pour la mise en oeuvre de séparations membranaire dont la sélectivité et la productivité peut être appréhendée et ciblée par des conditions opératoires adaptées / The present study aimed to study the ability to build an adaptative and controlled separation process using PDMS membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). Despite the well understanding of mechanisms implied in the performances of nanofiltration in aqueous media, the ones conditioning OSN productivity and sieving properties remains unclear. The characterization of the PDMS swelling when put in contact with several solvent and submitted under pressure allowed for correlating the structural conformation of the PDMS membrane to its permeation properties. The study of the influence of different operating parameters on the solvent fluxes has brought significant insights in the understanding of permeation mechanisms. Swelling degree (SL), membrane compressibility under transmembrane pressure (TMP), solvent/membrane affinity and solvent viscosity were pointed out as major parameters governing the filtration through PDMS membranes. The results concluded on a molecular transport attributed to hydraulic transport through the swollen PDMS, which behavior in this state was similar to a porous material. The transport mechanisms were confirmed and deepened with a study of solute retention using homologous series of polyethylenglycols as « model » molecules. The results have shown the ability to build a separation process with targeted performances when using the appropriate operating conditions (TMP, SL, temperature...). Two main categories of impact were shown to condition the selectivity and the productivity of the membrane: the ones attributed to the polymer/solvent layout and the ones concerning the physico-chemical properties of the filtrated solution. Both categories have in addition presented synergetic effects on the process performances. After the demonstration of the ability to vary and control the sieving properties of the PDMS membranes, the nanofiltration system was applied to two concrete case studies: a purification of a hydrazynopeptide after its production via a chemical synthesis and a fractionation of a protein hydrolyzate originating from renewable resources. In both cases, the prospection of the PDMS ability in terms of targeted selectivity and productivity showed interesting results that confirmed a promising development of a separation process among the sieving properties can be regulated by the application of suitable operating conditions

Le sujet de cette thèse est « L’étude dans le canal avec deux leptons de même signe de la physique du top au-delà du Modèle Standard avec le détecteur ATLAS au LHC et l’étude du niveau de déclenchement L1 du calorimètre ». Cette thèse porte sur la recherche de processus de nouvelle physique au LHC faisant jouer au quark top un rôle particulier. Le LHC est un collisionneur de protons, conçu pour un fonctionnement nominal avec une énergie dans le centre de masse de 14 TeV. Jusqu’à fin 2011 il a fonctionné avec une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse. Les premières données recueillies (5 fb−1 à 7 TeV) nous ont permis de contraindre certains paramètres de la nouvelle physique recherchée. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit cette thèse. Celle-ci est divisée en trois parties. La première décrit rapidement l’accélérateur avant de s’intéresser à l’expérience ATLAS et au fonctionnement de son détecteur. Le bon fonctionnement des cartes de sommation du signal du calorimètre électromagnétique pour le premier niveau de déclenchement des événements a été tout particulièrement étudié. La deuxième partie est une analyse phénoménologique de la physique au-delà du Modèle Standard avec quatre quarks top dans l’état final pour plusieurs modèles théoriques. Cette étude a été effectuée principalement au niveau générateur pour 14 TeV dans le centre de masse mais nous commentons également les perspectives à 7 TeV. Elle peut être appliquée à l’expérience ATLAS comme à l’expérience CMS. La troisième partie est une étude expérimentale, réalisée avec le détecteur ATLAS, recherchant des manifestations d’un modèle de Higgs composite prédisant l’existence de partenaires exotiques au quark top (T5/3) et d’un modèle de théorie effective de production des 4 tops. Une limite sur la masse du partenaire exotique a été obtenue ainsi qu’une limite sur la section efficace des événements exotiques à quatre tops. / The subject of this thesis is the « Study in the two same sign leptons channel of top Beyond Standard Model Physics with the ATLAS detector at the LHC and the study of the L1 Calo Trigger ». The central subject of this thesis is the search for new physics in which the top quark plays a crucial role. The LHC is a proton collider, designed for a nominal operation with 14TeV. in the center of mass. Until december 2011 it worked with an energy of 7 TeV in the center of mass. The first 5 fb−1 of collected data allowed us to constrain some parameters of the new physics processes presented in this thesis. The document is divided into three parts : the first one describes briefly the LHC accelerator before presenting the ATLAS experiment and operation of the detector. The Tower Builder Boards for the electromagnetic level one trigger are especially studied. The second part is a phenomenological analysis of physics beyond the Standard Model with four top quarks in the final state. This analysis is presented for several theoretical models. This study was performed mainly at the generator level for 14 TeV in the center of mass but we also comments on prospects at 7 TeV. It can be applied to both ATLAS and CMS experiments. The third part is an experimental study, performed with the ATLAS detector, searching for two exotic processes with two same signe leptons in the final state (T5/3 and four tops production). A limit on the mass of the top partner T5/3 has been obtained as well as a limit on the cross section of exotic events with four tops.