abstract: Whole school physical activity (PA) programming provides additional PA opportunities at school beyond Physical Education. Physical Educators often absorb the additional responsibilities of leading such programs, resulting in some Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) programs adopting expanded PA programming and integrating related topics into their curriculum. The Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (CSPAP) is of interest to the present study as it focuses on Quality Physical Education and is the model utilized at the institution of interest. Arizona State University’s PETE program began integrating CSPAP concepts in 2009 and serves as the focal program for this study. The purpose of this study, which was informed by The Diffusion of Innovations and the Teacher Socialization Theories, was to determine the degree to which graduates integrate PA programming into their own K-12 schools. In a two-phase (electronic survey followed by campus visit and interview with sub-sample), mixed methods’ approach, 101 graduates (between the years of 2000-2019) of Arizona State University’s PETE program provided details of their current practices related to expanded PA. Results: Quantitative findings included weak but positive relationships between year of graduation and knowledge of CSPAP and having positive perceptions of expanded PA as an innovation. Bachelors’ graduates reported higher PA integration than Masters’ graduates. Visual inspection of data shows a slight increase in perceptions of expanded PA as an innovation and a slight decrease in PA programming integration across years of graduation. Interviews provided evidence that more recent graduates may still be figuring out their roles, delaying their PA program. Increased perceptions scores suggest the PETE program at ASU has been successful in providing students positive interactions with expanded PA programming. Graduates indicated they felt well prepared with strategies and resources for promoting and maintaining such programs, but they noted a need for more exposure to tools for initiating a new program. Findings can inform changes in the ASU PETE program and may be applicable in other settings. Establishing ongoing contact with graduates to provide marketing and support tools graduates can access may be beneficial as teachers often realize the need for these materials well beyond graduation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Learning, Literacies and Technologies 2020

L’évolution croissante de l’obésité n’épargne pas les adolescents présentant une déficience intellectuelle. Nos travaux reposent sur le principe d’une « recherche- action » avec pour but l’amélioration de la prise en charge des personnes en situation de handicap mental. Réalisées dans 5 instituts médico-éducatifs, notre première étude montre que plus de 40% des adolescents déficients intellectuels présentent un excès de masse grasse. Plus de 30% des adolescents rapportent un faible niveau d’activité physique et seule la moitié pratiquerait suffisamment d’activité physique pour lutter contre le développement de l’obésité. De plus, les adolescents les plus actifs présentent moins de risques de développer un excès de masse grasse. Leur faible niveau de condition physique observé est un facteur de risque élevé pour la santé. Pour ces jeunes présentant un handicap mental, cela constitue un « sur-handicap » qui peut accentuer la restriction de participation sociale et altérer la qualité de vie. Etre actif au quotidien permettrait de limiter les risques pour la santé, notamment de limiter le développement de l’obésité. De ce fait, un programme d’Activité Physique Adaptée a été proposé aux jeunes repérés en situation de sur-adiposité. Celui-ci a permis d’augmenter les temps de pratique d’activité physique et de stabiliser l’évolution du poids, tout en diminuant la masse grasse et le tour de taille. L’approche interdisciplinaire de cette recherche nous a permis de considérer l’évolution du concept de soi chez ce public spécifique et de constater qu’il n’était pas altéré par cette prise en charge visant le contrôle du poids. / The growing evolution of obesity has not spared children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Ours studies based on "research-action", with the aim of improving care for people with mental disabilities. Conducted in 5 specialized schools, our first study shows that over 40% of adolescents with intellectual disabilities have an excess body fat. More than 30% of adolescents report a low physical activity level, and only half reaches enough physical activity to avoid an excess of body fat. Moreover, the most active adolescents are less likely to develop an excess body fat. Their low level of physical fitness is a high risk factor to health. For these adolescent with intellectual disabilities, this is an "extra-handicap" which may increase the restriction of social participation and impair quality of life. Being active daily would reduce the health risks, including limiting the obesity development. Thus, we proposed an Adapted Physical Activity program to over-fatness adolescents. This program has helped to increase level of physical activity and stabilize weight, while decreasing fat mass and waist circumference. The interdisciplinary approach of this research has allowed us to consider the evolution of self-concept and to note that it was not altered by this weight management program.

Ce travail doctoral propose d’étudier les troubles de l’image du corps et les troubles psychologiques associés, chez des patientes anorexiques, comparées à des femmes sans trouble du comportement alimentaire (TCA), et d’examiner l’impact des facteurs socioculturels sur l’émergence de ces troubles, ainsi que l’influence d’un programme d’activés physiques adaptées (APA) sur leur régulation. L’étude 1 indique que l’insatisfaction corporelle des femmes sans TCA augmente significativement en fonction de l’âge et de la corpulence, démontrant de l’importance de l’image du corps sur la santé mentale des femmes dans nos sociétés occidentales. L’étude 2 montre que les patientes anorexiques ont une insatisfaction corporelle significativement plus importante, des scores d’anxiété physique sociale et de dépression significativement plus élevés, ainsi que des scores d’estime de soi globale et de soi physique globale significativement plus faibles que les femmes sans TCA, traduisant la coexistence de troubles psychologiques chez les patientes anorexiques. L’étude 3 révèle que les mécanismes de comparaison sociale et d’internalisation des messages sociaux sont significativement plus activés chez les anorexiques comparées aux femmes sans TCA. Toutefois, il apparaît qu’une amorce « idéal de minceur » n’a aucun effet significatif sur l’insatisfaction corporelle et la silhouette idéale, chez les deux groupes. Enfin, l’étude 4 montre que, même si le programme d’APA ne permet pas de réguler les troubles de l’image du corps et les troubles psychologiques, il n’interfère pas négativement dans le traitement thérapeutique de l’anorexie mentale. Ces différents résultats sont ensuite discutés, et des perspectives de recherche sont proposées. / The present doctoral research aims to investigate body image disturbances and associated psychological troubles, in patients with anorexia nervosa as compared to healthy controls, and to examine the impact of sociocultural factors on the emergence of the aforementioned troubles, as the effects of an adapted physical activity program (APA) on their regulation. Study 1 indicates that body dissatisfaction of women without eating disorders (ED) increases significantly according to age and shape, enlightening the role of body image in women’s health in Western societies. Study 2 shows that anorexics present significantly more body dissatisfaction and significantly higher scores of social physical anxiety and depression, but also a global self-esteem and a global physical self significantly lower, as compared to women without ED. Study 3 reveals that social comparison and social messages internalization are more relevant in anorexics than in women without ED. However, we observed no significant effect of thin ideal priming on body dissatisfaction and ideal body size in both groups. Finally, Study 4 shows that, even if APA program reveals no significant effect on body image disturbances and associated psychological troubles, it does not interfere negatively with the therapeutic treatment for anorexia nervosa. These results are then discussed and perspectives of research are presented.

The present knowledge of factors associated with older adults’ physical activity behaviour is limited. Therefore, this study trialled an innovative physical activity program for older adults, investigating effective recruitment and retention strategies, and exploring the adults’ perceptions of physical activity. A total of 573 subjects were recruited into the quasi-randomised controlled trial, located in 30 intervention and 30 control neighbourhoods in the Perth metropolitan area. The initial response rate was 74% (260/352) in the intervention group and 82% (313/382) in the control group. Self-reported questionnaires administered at three time points (baseline, 3-months, 6-months) measured physical activity levels, personal and demographic information, including perception of financial struggle, proximity to friends, and other psychosocial data. Descriptive statistics, repeated measure analysis of variance, logistic regression and generalised estimating equations were used in the analysis. Qualitative data on the participants’ perceptions of physical activity were collected through one-on-one interviews (n=16). The results showed that: 1. This cost-effective recruitment procedure facilitated the selection of a reasonably representative sample of 65 to 74 year olds from the Perth metropolitan area. Names of 7378 older adults were obtained from the Federal Electoral Roll, then 6401 potential subjects were matched to telephone numbers and phoned with subjects meeting the screening criteria invited to join the program (n = 4209). From this sample, 573 subjects were recruited. More females (63%) than males (37%) were recruited. / The study attracted a greater proportion of ‘obese’ older adults (27%) relative to state averages. 2. Over the intervention period there was a significant increase in participants’ total physical activity of 2.25 hours per week (p >.001). The General Estimating Equation analysis confirmed significant increase in physical activity from baseline to midpoint (p=.002) and to post intervention (p=.0031). Perceptions of financial struggle (p=.020) were positively correlated with physical activity time spent by participants, whereas having friends or acquaintances living nearby (p=.037) had a significant negative correlation with physical activity time. 3. At the end of the intervention, 32% of the intervention group and 25% of the control group had dropped out, resulting in an overall drop out rate of 28%. Most of the attrition occurred in the first 3 months (77%). Characteristics of individuals lost to attrition (n=86, 35%) were compared with program completers (n=162, 65%). Logistic regression analysis showed that those lost to attrition came from areas of lower socio-economic status, were overweight, were less physically active, and had a lower walking self-efficacy score and a higher loneliness score. The results suggest that to improve retention and to avoid potential bias, early assessment of these characteristics should be undertaken to identify individuals at risk of attrition. 4. Based on the finding of this research, future intervention studies should consider: the role of tertiary students as a skilled resource; the use of volunteers to contain costs; the importance of a tailored program; the appropriateness of walking as a form of physical activity for this age group; the enjoyment associated with a walking group; and the usefulness of social support. / This practical program is potentially effective and sustainable for mobilizing physically inactive older people. 5. Qualitative research highlighted the need for older adults to receive more specific information on: the benefits of physical activity; the role of pain management in physical activity; and the concept that involvement in physical activity in younger years leads to involvement when older. The older adults also expressed a desire to engage in less age appropriate activities. These results suggest that the intervention was successful in recruiting older adults into and retaining them in the intervention, documenting a need for early identification of individuals at risk of attrition. The program significantly increased the participants’ weekly mean time for physical activity and identified factors that affect their commitment to physical activity programs. This program was practical and could be used as a model for physical activity programs aimed at older adults.

Le cancer du sein est la forme de cancer la plus souvent diagnostiquée chez les femmes. Elles doivent vivre avec des séquelles qui nuisent à leur qualité de vie. Plusieurs études ont montré les bienfaits de l’activité physique (AP) sur les composantes physiques et psychologiques des patientes. Toutefois, elles réduisent souvent leur pratique d'AP suite aux traitements en raison de la détérioration de leur condition physique. Or, le maintien à long terme de la pratique d’AP est essentiel pour en conserver les bénéfices. La première section du mémoire présente une recension des écrits sur les bienfaits de l’AP auprès des femmes atteintes d'un cancer du sein et la seconde rend compte d'une étude expérimentale ayant pour objectif d'évaluer l’impact d’un programme d’AP sur le sentiment d’efficacité personnel et sur le plaisir associé à la pratique d'AP. Une enquête de suivi a été menée trois mois après la fin du programme afin d’évaluer le maintien à long terme de la pratique d'AP. L'étude a été réalisée auprès de 18 patientes en cours de traitement. Le groupe expérimental a suivi un programme supervisé d’AP combiné à des séances de counseling sur une période de 16 semaines. Le groupe témoin avait la possibilité de suivre un programme de yoga. Nos résultats indiquent une amélioration statistiquement significative des trois composantes mesurées, soit le sentiment d'efficacité personnelle, le plaisir à faire de l'AP et le maintien de la pratique après la participation au programme. / Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. They have to live with the negative impacts of the disease on their quality of life. Many studies have shown that exercise benefits women with breast cancer in several ways, including improved quality of life. However, women reduce their physical activity levels following the treatment due to the relative deterioration of their physical condition. To keep the benefits of participation in an exercise program, breast cancer patients need to maintain their physical activity involvement. The first part of this thesis presents a literature review of the physical activity benefits among women with breast cancer, and the second part assesses the impact of a circuit training and counseling program on exercise self-efficacy and physical activity enjoyment as well as the level of physical activity involvement at 3-month follow-up. Eighteen women undergoing treatment participated in this study. The experimental group followed a 16-week supervised circuit training and counseling program. The control group was offered yoga lessons. The results showed statistically significant improvements on the three patient-rated outcomes. The results showed that a supervised circuit training program combined with counseling enhances exercise self-efficacy. This suggests that it can be a promising program to maintain physical activity involvement.

Le cancer du sein est la forme de cancer la plus souvent diagnostiquée chez les femmes. Elles doivent vivre avec des séquelles qui nuisent à leur qualité de vie. Plusieurs études ont montré les bienfaits de l’activité physique (AP) sur les composantes physiques et psychologiques des patientes. Toutefois, elles réduisent souvent leur pratique d'AP suite aux traitements en raison de la détérioration de leur condition physique. Or, le maintien à long terme de la pratique d’AP est essentiel pour en conserver les bénéfices. La première section du mémoire présente une recension des écrits sur les bienfaits de l’AP auprès des femmes atteintes d'un cancer du sein et la seconde rend compte d'une étude expérimentale ayant pour objectif d'évaluer l’impact d’un programme d’AP sur le sentiment d’efficacité personnel et sur le plaisir associé à la pratique d'AP. Une enquête de suivi a été menée trois mois après la fin du programme afin d’évaluer le maintien à long terme de la pratique d'AP. L'étude a été réalisée auprès de 18 patientes en cours de traitement. Le groupe expérimental a suivi un programme supervisé d’AP combiné à des séances de counseling sur une période de 16 semaines. Le groupe témoin avait la possibilité de suivre un programme de yoga. Nos résultats indiquent une amélioration statistiquement significative des trois composantes mesurées, soit le sentiment d'efficacité personnelle, le plaisir à faire de l'AP et le maintien de la pratique après la participation au programme. / Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. They have to live with the negative impacts of the disease on their quality of life. Many studies have shown that exercise benefits women with breast cancer in several ways, including improved quality of life. However, women reduce their physical activity levels following the treatment due to the relative deterioration of their physical condition. To keep the benefits of participation in an exercise program, breast cancer patients need to maintain their physical activity involvement. The first part of this thesis presents a literature review of the physical activity benefits among women with breast cancer, and the second part assesses the impact of a circuit training and counseling program on exercise self-efficacy and physical activity enjoyment as well as the level of physical activity involvement at 3-month follow-up. Eighteen women undergoing treatment participated in this study. The experimental group followed a 16-week supervised circuit training and counseling program. The control group was offered yoga lessons. The results showed statistically significant improvements on the three patient-rated outcomes. The results showed that a supervised circuit training program combined with counseling enhances exercise self-efficacy. This suggests that it can be a promising program to maintain physical activity involvement.

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